Increase Rice Yield Research Articles

Application of milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) with reduced chemical fertilizer improves rice yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency in southern China

Milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.; MV) is the most common winter green manure used in rice cropping systems in southern China. The utilization of MV can achieve the dual goals of soil fertilization and increased rice yield. Two long-term field experiments were conducted in Yujiang and Gaoan in Jiangxi Province, a typical double-rice cropping area, to explore the effects of 80 % conventional fertilizer for early rice supplemented with 15.0 (G1F80), 22.5 (G2F80), 30.0 (G3F80), and 37.5 (G4F80) t ha−1 MV on rice yield, soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and nutrient use efficiency. The results showed that, the yield data obtained from the 5-year (Gaoan) and 12-year (Yujiang) long-term experiments demonstrated that compared with conventional fertilization (F100), treatments with MV markedly increased the yield of early and late rice by 2.5–8.8 % and 5.6–10.9 %, respectively, and high rates of MV (G3F80 and G4F80) performed better in grain yields. The nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) uptake of early rice in Gaoan increased by 38.1 and 34.8 kg ha−1, respectively, and the N uptake of late rice in Gaoan and Yujiang increased by 11.7 and 62.6 kg ha−1 in G2F80, respectively, compared to that in F100. Compared with F100, treatments with MV significantly increased phosphorus (P) fertilizer recovery efficiency by 23.1–36.4 %, and the agronomic efficiency of N, P, and K fertilizers increased by 16.1–21.1 %, 13.9–19.6 %, and 15.7–21.4 %, respectively. Partial least squares path model analysis indicated that soil available P was the most important factor affecting the nutrient uptake of rice, and available K was the most important factor affecting fertilizer use efficiency. Our results suggested that 22.5 t ha−1 MV supplemented with 80 % chemical fertilizer is recommended for double-rice cropping sites to improve rice yield and crop uptake and the use efficiency of N, P, and K fertilizers.

Multiple-functionalized biochar affects rice yield and quality via regulating arsenic and lead redistribution and bacterial community structure in soils under different hydrological conditions.

Rice grown in soils contaminated with arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) can cause lower rice yield and quality due to the toxic stress. Herein, we examined the role of functionalized biochars (raw phosphorus (P)-rich (PBC) and iron (Fe)-modified P-rich (FePBC)) coupled with different irrigation regimes (continuously flooded (CF) and intermittently flooded (IF)) in affecting rice yield and accumulation of As and Pb in rice grain. Results showed that FePBC increased the rice yield under both CF (47.4%) and IF (19.6%) conditions, compared to the controls. Grain As concentration was higher under CF (1.94-2.42mgkg-1) than IF conditions (1.56-2.31mgkg-1), whereas the concentration of grain Pb was higher under IF (0.10-0.76mgkg-1) than CF (0.12-0.48mgkg-1) conditions. Application of PBC reduced grain Pb by 60.1% under CF conditions, while FePBC reduced grain As by 12.2% under IF conditions, and increased grain Pb by 2.9 and 6.6 times under CF and IF conditions, respectively, compared to the controls. Therefore, application of the multiple-functionalized biochar can be a promising strategy for increasing rice yield and reducing the accumulation of As in rice grain, particularly under IF conditions, whereas it is inapplicable for remediation of paddy soils contaminated with Pb.

Rice‐Animal Co‐Culture Systems Benefit Global Sustainable Intensification

AbstractProducing more food with less pollution and greenhouse gas emissions is a grand challenge for the 21st century. Strategies to successfully promote win‐win outcomes for both food security and environmental health are not easy to identify. Here we comprehensively assess an ecological rice‐animal co‐culture system (RAC) (e.g., rice‐fish, rice‐duck, and rice‐crayfish) through a global meta‐analysis and identify the potential benefits of global promotion. Compared to traditional monoculture of rice or animal production, the RAC can not only reduce the demand for agricultural land areas, but also increase rice yields (+4%) as well as nitrogen use efficiency of rice (+6%). At the same time, RAC reduces nitrogen losses (−16% runoff and −13% leaching) and methane emissions (−11%), except for rice‐fish coculture systems, which are likely to increase methane emissions (+29%). Furthermore, RAC increases the net income of farmers through reducing cost of fertilizer and pesticide input and achieving higher outputs with more marketable products. According to the development stage of different countries, promotion of RAC will thus realize multiple benefits and aid sustainable intensification.

Yuan Longping, a great world hunger fighter

Yuan Longping, a great world hunger fighter

Spatial distribution of status silicon availability for plant and its effect to rice yield

<p>Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for rice plants. However, evaluating the Si availability status of paddy soil is rarely done. This study aimed to investigate the Si availability for plant (Si<sub>AP</sub>), spatial distribution, Si<sub>AP</sub> correlations with some soil properties and the effect of Si<sub>AP</sub> status on the rice yield. This study used a survey method to collect paddy soil and water sample. The pot experiment method was used to evaluate paddy plant response to Si<sub>AP</sub> level. Based on K-means, cluster analysis showed that soil Si<sub>AP</sub> was categorized low (< 147 mg SiO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>), moderate (147 – 224 mg SiO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup>) and high (> 224 mg SiO<sub>2 </sub>kg<sup>-1</sup>). The Si<sub>AP</sub> status of the paddy soil area of 26,395 hectares (25%), 61,744 hectares (59%) and 15,952 hectares (15%) was categorized as low, moderate and high, respectively. This present study revealed that the upland area paddy soil has higher Si<sub>AP</sub> than the lowland area. Total silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and clay percentage were negatively correlated with the SiAP in soils. Silicon addition to the paddy soil with Si<sub>AP</sub> status showed low to high increase in rice yield by 0.2%, 3.9% and 2.7%.</p>

The Yield-Forming Role of Nitrogen in Rice in the Growing Seasons with Variable Thermal Conditions

A reduced basal and increased topdressing fertilizer rate (RBIT) can usually increase rice yield, but whether this practice alleviates the impact of poor weather on rice production is unknown. Thus, the effect of three integrated RBIT treatments (RBITs, including RBIT alone, RBIT in combination with straw incorporation (RBITS) or a reduced fertilizer rate (RBITR)) on rice growth and nutritional status under different weathers was investigated in a 9-year experiment. Conventional fertilization (CF) was the control. We found that daytime temperature and light (DTL) after heading were the main meteorological factors limiting rice yield increases. RBITs did not affect rice yield under High-DTL, compared with CF, but RBITS significantly increased rice yield under Low-DTL. Compared with High-DTL, the positive effect of RBIT and RBITR on the N concentration and proportion in vegetative organs under Low-DTL was higher than the K concentration in vegetative organs, but RBITS showed the opposite trend. Regression analysis indicated that the harvest index had stronger correlations with the N concentration (negative), K concentration (positive), and N/K (negative) in vegetative organs under Low-DTL than under High-DTL. Our findings suggested that RBITS could improve rice adaptability to daytime temperature and light changes after heading by balancing crop nutritional status (N/K).

Effects of Sowing Methods on Paddy Rice Yields and Milled Rice Quality in Rainfed Lowland Rice in Wet Savannah, Togo

Identifying the socio-economic constraints of seeding technologies uptake and analyzing the yields, milled quality and growers’ income under various seeding methods are a strategy for sustainable rainfed lowland rice. A survey and an on-farm experiment were carried out at five locations with a random sample of 50 farmers grouped in five of the fourteen partner cooperatives of ESOP-Pagouda. The survey focused on socio-economic data collection. The experiment, replicated at five locations, involved three treatments: broadcast seeding, direct seeding, and transplanting. The paddy rice yields and milled rice quality were analyzed using R software version 4.1.3, and arithmetic means discriminated at the 5% by the Duncan test. The profitability indicators, such as the Gross Margin (GM) and the Benefit/Cost Ratio (BCR), were calculated. The results showed that 14% of farmers adopted rice transplanting method. The transplanting method increased rice yield (3.3 t/ha) compared to direct seeding (2.8 t/ha) and broadcast seeding (2.2 t/ha). The milled long grain rate (56%) was significantly higher than those under both seeding methods. Additionally, the transplanting method improved the gross margin (1,146 $USD/ha) compared to 663 $USD/ha and 431 $USD/ha for direct and broadcast seeding, respectively. The benefit/cost ratio 1.5 for transplanting was almost double from that of both seeding methods. Despite its high demand for labor and agricultural inputs, the transplanting method provided the highest paddy rice yields and milled rice quality to improve farmers’ income.

How are higher rice yields associated with dietary outcomes of smallholder farm households of Madagascar?

It is widely expected that agriculture would contribute to farmers’ food security and nutrition in developing countries. However, studies that directly explore the link between agricultural productivity and micronutrients intake by farmers are scarce. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap by exploring two key channels by which agricultural production can influence dietary outcomes: a food consumption pathway and a cash revenue pathway. To achieve this, we used three-years panel data of rice farmers collected in the Vakinankaratra region of Madagascar. The results suggest that rice yield is positively and significantly associated with farmers’ calorie and micronutrients intake, though the observed elasticities are low. Secondly, raising rice yield has a positive significant impact not only on rice consumption but also on the share of the output sold and the cash revenue from rice sales. Lastly, the results suggest that households with higher cash revenue from rice sales purchase more nutritious foods. Therefore, we conclude that the market represents the channel through which increased rice yield translates into improved micronutrient intake. The findings of this study imply that in order to improve farm households’ nutrition through agricultural production, interventions that target yield enhancement should be accompanied by market access measures.

Co-Composted Chicken Litter Biochar Increases Soil Nutrient Availability and Yield of Oryza sativa L.

Intensified cultivation of rice has accelerated weathering of most tropical acid soils leading to significant loss of base cations. In most developing countries, rice yield is low and this results in its production being costly because productivity versus labor is low. The objectives of this study were to (i) enhance soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, and grain yield of rice grown on a mineral tropical acid soil using agro-wastes; (ii) determine the agro-waste (chicken manure, cow dung, forest litter, and Leucaena) that has the potential to significantly increase rice yield; and (iii) determine the residual effects of the organic soil amendments produced from the agro-wastes on soil and rice productivity. The treatments used in this three-cycle field study were (i) soil without amendments (S0); (ii) prevailing recommended rates for fertilizers (NPK-Mg); (iii) biochar–forest litter compost (OSA1); (iv) biochar–chicken litter compost (OSA2); (v) biochar–cow dung compost (OSA3); (vi) biochar–Leucaena compost (OSA4); and (vii) biochar–Leucaena–chicken litter compost (OSA5). Standard procedures were used to determine the plants’ rice growth, grain yield, plant nutrient concentrations and uptake, and selected soil chemical properties. The use of organic soil amendments (OSA1 to OSA5) significantly improved the soil chemical properties, rice plant growth, nutrient uptake, and grain yield compared with the prevailing method of cultivating rice (NPK-Mg). The application of organic soil amendments reduced the use of inorganic N, P, K, MgO, and trace elements fertilizers up to 25%, 100%, 64%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The organic soil amendments with Leucaena significantly increased rice grain yield of OSA5 at 11.17, 13.11, and 10.06 t ha−1 in the first, second, and third cropping cycles, respectively. The residual effect of the organic soil amendments also improved rice plant growth, nutrient uptake, and rice grain yield although these were slightly reduced as compared to those of the two previous cropping cycles, the afore-stated treatments were superior to the prevailing method of cultivating rice (NPK-Mg). Transforming agro-wastes into organic soil amendments can improve tropical mineral acid soils and rice productivity.

Analysis Plant Growth, Yield and Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization in Paddy using Green Manure of Azolla

The development and improvement of cultivation techniques can be done to improve soil fertility; one of the techniques is the application of organic matter. This research intends to study the interaction between Azolla application treatments with different doses of inorganic fertilizers and find out the appropriate dose of Azolla for inorganic fertilizers. This study was conducted in the experimental field of the faculty of agriculture at the university of Brawijaya located in Jatimulyo Village, Lowokwaru sub-district, Malang City in June and November 2021. This study used a split-plot design with 4 levels of N fertilizer dose as the main plot and 4 levels of Azolla dose as the subplot. The total combination of treatments was 16 and was repeated 3 times, so the total experimental plots were 48 plots. Azolla treatment with a dose of 6,800 kg ha-1 and fertilizer N 166.41 kg ha-1 had better growth compared to other doses of Azolla and fertilizers N. In the yield component, there was an interaction between Azolla and N fertilizer, except for the variable percentage of grain. Azolla treatment with the dose of 6,800 kg ha-1 along with the used fertilizer N in the dose of 166.41 kg ha-1 can increase the productivity of paddy plants by 10-20.5%, the increase in rice yields is obtained by increasing the nitrogen content of the soil through the application of Azolla as green fertilizer.

Effect of dolomite and micronutrients on the growth and yield of lowland rice on acid sulfate soil

Soil acidity, availability of P, base cations, micronutrients such as Cu and Zn, and climate change have become limiting factors in nutrient management on acid sulfate soils. Therefore, applying dolomite and micronutrient fertilizer is required to improve rice productivity and climate change adaptation. This study aims to determine the effect of dolomite, Cu, and Zn fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice in acid sulfate soils. The study was conducted in the greenhouse using a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatment consisted of control, 3 tons ha-1 dolomite application, and 4 levels of Cu and Zn fertilizer doses 0, 2, 4, and 6 g L-1. NPK as basal fertilizer was applied according to the recommended dose for all treatments. Observations included soil pH, dissolved Fe, plant height, number of tillers, number and weight of panicle, dry shoots weight, 1000 grains weight, yield, and nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn). The results showed that applying dolomite 3 tons ha-1 significantly increased soil pH, growth, and yield of rice, but applying Cu and Zn fertilizers without dolomite cannot support the growth of rice. Combination of dolomite 3 tons ha-1 with Cu and Zn fertilizers 4 ml L-1 increased nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Cu, and Zn in grains around 16% - 35% compared to without micronutrient fertilizers. Applying a combination of dolomite and micronutrient fertilizers can increase soil productivity on acid sulfate soils, nutrient uptake, and increase rice yield.

It takes more than being LAZY: regulation of shoot branching angle by BRXL4

It takes more than being <scp>LAZY</scp>: regulation of shoot branching angle by <scp>BRXL4</scp>

Winter crop rotation intensification to increase rice yield, soil carbon, and microbial diversity

Crop rotation has widely contributed to increasing farmland biodiversity as well as to improving soil carbon pools and microbial diversity. However, there is a weak understanding of the suitability of winter crop rotation intensification in double rice fields, especially rotation with various winter crops. For this task, a long-term field experiment based on one from 2012 was conducted with five winter crop systems for double rice: winter fallow (T0), winter milk vetch (T1), winter rape (T2), winter garlic (T3), winter rotation intensification with potato, milk vetch, and rape (T4). Parameters such as crop yield, soil carbon, nitrogen, and soil microorganism were measured. It was found that compared to winter fallow, winter milk vetch, rape, garlic, and crop rotation intensification practices increased the late rice yield by 2.5%, 2.3%, 4.5%, and 3.7%, respectively; winter garlic and crop rotation intensification also increased the early rice yield by 4.6% and 3.5%, respectively. This is associated with the promotion of rice tillering. At the same time, for winter crop rotation, compared to winter fallow, the soil organic carbon increased by 21%. With the input of diversified crop residues, winter crops were effective in soil carbon sequestration, improving soil microbial structure, and increasing soil microbial diversity. The Shannon diversity index of winter crops ranged from 9.75 to 9.91, while winter fallow was 9.38. The Simpson’s diversity index of winter crops ranged from 0.997 to 0.998, while winter fallow was 0.996. In conclusion, winter crop practices, especially winter crop rotation intensification, can enhance soil health and sustainability in double rice fields through its positive feedback on crop yield, soil carbon sequestration, and microorganisms.

PENGARUH APLIKASI PUPUK ANORGANIK DAN HAYATI TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.)

The main commodity of food crops cultivated in Indonesia is rice, but rice productivity in Indonesia has decreased. Factors that cause a decrease in rice productivity are land conversion that continues to increase and unbalanced fertilization. Efforts to increase rice yields are by applying a combination of inorganic fertilizers and biological fertilizers. Otherwise, this study focused on studying the effect of the application of a combination of inorganic fertilizers and biological fertilizers on several soil chemical characteristics and rice production in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jatimulyo District, Malang City. Application of biological and inorganic fertilizers with analysys of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect on chemical characteristics parameters such as pH and available P. Otherwise, this research showed a significant effect on production, such as the weight of biomass and milled dry grain harvested. Based on this research, the best combination fertilizer is T3 (75% basal inorganic fertilizer + 100% biological fertilizer).

Early harvesting and increasing stubble-cutting height enhance ratoon rice yield

Summary To clarify the combined effects of the cutting time and cutting height on ratooning ability and rice grain yield of the ratoon crop in the novel ratoon rice cropping, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the combined effects of harvesting time and the stubble-cutting height of the main crop on the growth duration, ratooning ability and grain yield of the ratoon crop. The growth period was shortened by 3.5 days on average when the harvesting time was 10 days ahead of time. On average, the growth duration was prolonged by 7 days per each decrease of 10 cm stubble height. Early harvesting and increasing stubble-cutting height greatly increased the grain yield of the ratoon crop. The highest grain yield was achieved at 10 days after flowering stage and a stubble height of 30 cm, which were 6916 kg·hm−2 for XLY900 and 7262 kg·hm−2 for YY4149, averaged across years. High rice yield of the ratoon crop was mainly depended on panicle numbers and grain-filling percentage, rather than spikelets per panicle. Increasing cutting height and the cutting time of the main crop ahead maintain more stubble biomass and nitrogen content. A significant positive correlation was observed between stubble nitrogen content and tillers-to-stubble ratio (TSR), as well as a significant positive relation was found between panicle-to-stubble ratio and TSR. Therefore, cutting 10 days after flowering stage of the main crop with 30 cm stubble-cutting height enhances ratooning ability due to higher stubble biomass and nitrogen content, and then increases rice yield of the ratoon crop.

A Mechanistic Model for Estimating Rice Photosynthetic Capacity and Stomatal Conductance from Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Enhancing the photosynthetic rate is one of the effective ways to increase rice yield, given that photosynthesis is the basis of crop productivity. At the leaf level, crops' photosynthetic rate is mainly determined by photosynthetic functional traits including the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and stomatal conductance (gs). Accurate quantification of these functional traits is important to simulate and predict the growth status of rice. In recent studies, the emerging sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides us an unprecedented opportunity to estimate crops' photosynthetic traits, owing to its direct and mechanistic links to photosynthesis. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a practical semimechanistic model to estimate the seasonal Vcmax and gs time-series based on SIF. We firstly generated the coupling relationship between the open ratio of photosystem II (qL) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), then estimate the electron transport rate (ETR) based on the proposed mechanistic relationship between SIF and ETR. Finally, Vcmax and gs were estimated by linking to ETR based on the principle of evolutionary optimality and the photosynthetic pathway. Validation with field observations showed that our proposed model can estimate Vcmax and gs with high accuracy (R2 > 0.8). Compared to simple linear regression model, the proposed model could increase the accuracy of Vcmax estimates by >40%. Therefore, the proposed method effectively enhanced the estimation accuracy of crops' functional traits, which sheds new light on developing high-throughput monitoring techniques to estimate plant functional traits, and also can improve our understating of crops' physiological response to climate change.

Response of rice growth to soil microorganisms and soil properties in different soil types

AbstractIn order to understand the relationship between rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and the microbial communities and soil properties of different soil types, and to clarify the advantages of rice production characteristics of different soil types, we investigated the soil bacterial communities and soil properties of five representative rice soils (granitic sandy soil, purple clayey soil, red yellow clayey soil, yellow clayey soil, and alluvial sandy soil) and determined their effects on rice yield. The granitic sandy soil showed the greatest potential for increasing rice yield, with a yield of 39.2 g per plant, which was 24.56% higher than the lowest yielding soil type, these differences were related to differences in the soil microbial community and soil properties. There were significant differences in the microbial communities and chemical properties among the soil types, of which the granitic sandy soil type had the highest total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available kalium, and soil organic carbon contents, which were 2.60 g kg−1, 196.07 mg kg−1, 230.65 mg kg−1, and 24.67 g kg−1, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant correlation among specific bacterial taxa, soil properties, and rice yield, with Bacteroidetes showing a significant positive correlation with rice yield. The results also showed that pH, alkaline soluble nitrogen, and fast‐acting potassium were the key soil properties affecting soil communities and rice yield. Both soil properties and soil microbial community influenced rice yield.

Condições ambientais que afetam a seletividade de herbicidas em arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Rice yield in Southern Brazil has increased linearly over the years. Early season sowing is the primary contributor to rice yield increase in Southern Brazil. However, that practice might expose rice seedlings to the risk of low-temperature stress, which can enhance herbicide injury and reduce rice yield. This research evaluated the effect of sowing dates on herbicide selectivity and agronomical rice traits. We conducted field experiments during the 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons in Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with a factorial arrangement. Factor A was early-sowed (in September) and late-sowed (in November); factor B was herbicide treatment (bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and nontreated check). Rice response to herbicide treatments differed between years. In 2010/11, bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and metsulfuron-methyl injured rice only on early-sowed. In both years, early sowing rice promoted higher yield potential despite herbicide injury. The injury caused by the herbicides bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam and metsulfurom-methyl was transient did not lead to yield losses. Cold temperature close the application increases the injury of ALS herbicides.

Impact of Front-Line Demonstration on Direct Seeded Rice Technology under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Satna laid out Front Line Demonstration in the year Kharif 2020 and 2021 direct seeded rice technology on farmer’s field. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) has outperformed farmer’s practices. DSR performance was higher at 43.03 q/ha and 44.14 q/ha in 2020 and 2021, respectively, than at 35.83 and 35.92 q/ha in farmer’s practices. The average rise in performance was 21.49%. In spite of increase in yield of rice, technology gap and extension gap existed. The DSR technology gave higher gross monetary return (80380 &amp; 85632 Rs./ha), net monetary return (44659 &amp; 50086 Rs./ha) with higher benefit cost ratio (2.25 &amp; 2.41) as compared to farmer's practices. The variation in per cent had increase the yield due to the use of long duration local rice varieties by following the practicing of broadcasting sowing method, poor crop management practices, lack of knowledge and poor socio-economic condition. With respect to sustainable farming practices, the study found that FLD programs were effective at changing attitudes, skills and knowledge about DSR adoption.

Peningkatan Produktivitas Melalui Perbaikan Sistem Budidaya Padi Sawah Di Tengah Ancaman Perubahan Iklim

The demand for food is increasing at the same rate as the population. The government continues its efforts to increase the availability of staple foods, particularly rice, despite the threat of climate anomalies and the shrinking of paddy fields. Adaptive rice cultivation technology innovations are strongly encouraged to continue to be developed on a large scale. Application of the jajar legowo planting system in conjunction with other technological components, such as the use of varieties that are flood-tolerant, drought-tolerant, and early maturing, as well as water-saving irrigation technology, can increase rice yield. The increased productivity resulting from the implementation of jajar legowo varies between 14.7% and 21.3% across regions. Improved climate-change-adapted varieties can boost yield by up to 28%. Some efforts to eliminate the negative impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector are; i) utilizing climate change information and planting calendar information to determine planting time and the commodities; ii) selecting and developing plant species and varieties that are adaptive to climate change, including varieties that are drought tolerant, inundated tolerant, and tolerant of salinity, as well as early-aged varieties to develop climate-adaptive cropping patterns; iii) applying water-saving technologies such as intermittent irrigation systems; iv) developing soil and plant management technologies to increase plant adaptabilities such as adding organic material and biochar application; v) developing crop-livestock systems to reduce risk and optimize the use of land resources; and vi) utilizing farm protection facilities such as farming insurance (Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi/AUTP) as part of mitigation efforts.