Increase In Land Area Research Articles

Multi-decadal planform changes on coral reef islands from atolls and mid-ocean reef platforms of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Gilbert Islands, Republic of Kiribati

Constructed of poorly lithified carbonate sediments with elevations of <3–5 m above MSL, coral reef islands are considered extremely vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenic climate change, particularly sea-level rise. While some studies have shown islands are dynamic landforms with the ability to physically adjust their shape and position on the reef platform, large geographical gaps still exist in reef island change records. This study presents a multi-decadal analysis of shoreline changes and planform geomorphic adjustments across coral reef islands in the equatorial Pacific from the Gilbert archipelago, Republic of Kiribati. Shoreline positions of 71 islands from 3 atolls and 4 mid-ocean reef platforms were analysed by comparing historical aerial photographs (from 1940s and 1960s) and recent satellite imagery covering a period of local sea-level rise rate of ~2.2 mm/year. Results show ~47% of the shorelines were characterised by statistically significant accretion leading to a net increase of 274.07 ha (2.45%) of planform land area. A comparative examination of changes on platform-islands and atoll-islands revealed platform-islands were relatively more stable (mean rate of 0.01 m/year) with significantly less variability in shoreline change rates, while atoll-islands were characterised by a higher mean rate of accretion (0.09 m/year). Further analysis of change rates across various shoreline exposure categories, demonstrate high dynamism across atoll-island shorelines is a function of distinctive local-scale processes occurring within atoll settings; lagoon-facing shorelines were characterised by the highest rate of accretion (0.14 m/year), spits were found to be highly dynamic and embayment infilling accounted for ~9% of the net increase in land area across the study islands. Results are instructive in defining styles of morphological change across various geomorphic settings to inform projections of future island adjustments, assessments of attribution of island change and formulation of adaptation responses across atoll nations.

Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

Conservation efforts should target the few remaining areas of the world that represent outstanding examples of ecological integrity and aim to restore ecological integrity to a much broader area of the world with intact habitat and minimal species loss while this is still possible. There have been many assessments of “intactness” in recent years but most of these use measures of anthropogenic impact at a site, rather than faunal intactness or ecological integrity. This paper makes the first assessment of faunal intactness for the global terrestrial land surface and assesses how many ecoregions have sites that could qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs – sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) based on their outstanding ecological integrity (under KBA Criterion C). Three datasets are combined on species loss at sites to create a new spatially explicit map of numbers of species extirpated. Based on this map it is estimated that no more than 2.9% of the land surface can be considered to be faunally intact. Additionally, using habitat/density distribution data for 15 large mammals we also make an initial assessment of areas where mammal densities are reduced, showing a further decrease in surface area to 2.8% of the land surface that could be considered functionally intact. Only 11% of the functionally intact areas that were identified are included within existing protected areas, and only 4% within existing KBAs triggered by other criteria. Our findings show that the number of ecoregions that could qualify as Criterion C KBAs could potentially increase land area up to 20% if their faunal composition was restored with the reintroduction of 1–5 species. Hence, if all necessary requirements are met in order to reintroduce species and regain faunal integrity, this will increase ecological integrity across much of the area where human impacts are low (human footprint ≤4). Focusing restoration efforts in these areas could significantly increase the area of the planet with full ecological integrity.

Potential and constraints for applying the \u201c4 per 1000 Initiative\u201d in the Caribbean: the case of Guadeloupe

This paper assesses the feasibility of the 4 per 1000 initiative for agricultural soils in the tropics more specifically in Guadeloupe, as a representative case study of the Caribbean and other tropical regions. We used a locally adapted and calibrated model describing soil organic carbon dynamics under the impact of climate change and a broad range of scenarios combining increased use of organic amendments, reduced soil tillage, and increased land area for the local market. We found that, in its current state, only 26% of agricultural area could achieve a 4‰ year−1 increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in the coming 30 years, due mainly to perennial cropping systems (sugarcane, banana, orchards) occupying soils with the lowest SOC stocks. Implementing reduced tillage with increased use of locally produced composts would increase the agricultural area reaching the 4 per 1000 target to 31%. However, at territory scale, all scenarios tested showed an annual decrease in SOC stocks varying from − 0.1 to − 3.2‰. The limited area on which the 4 per 1000 target is feasible and generalized SOC losses were mainly linked to the current high SOC stocks in volcanic and calcareous soils on the island and lack of practices capable of further increasing C inputs in current cropping systems. We concluded that C sequestration potential in the Caribbean is rather limited and that increasing SOC stocks, even lower than 4 per 1000, should be the primary target in adaptation to climate change, by increasing the resilience of cropping systems based mainly on SOC-poor soils.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates and Its Placement Methods on Residual Soil Phosphorus, Yield, and Phosphorus Uptake of Maize: At Bedele District, Ethiopia

In spitefulness of the increase in land areas under maize production, yield is still low due to declining soil fertility because of un-appropriate use of fertilizer rates and placement methods. Therefore this study was conducted to determine P fertilization rates and the relative effectiveness of different placement methods on the yield, P uptake of maize and concentration of P in the soil. The experiment was carried out at Bedele district. Four level of P fertilizer (0, 23, 46 and 69 P₂O₅ kgha^-1) and three placement methods of P application (broadcasting P and seeds, surface banding P to the side of the seeds, and deep band P fertilizer below the seeds) were implemented as treatments with three replications in randomized complete block design. Dry biomass, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, residual soil P, and total P in grain were highly significantly (P< 0.01) influenced by effect of P fertilizer rates and placement methods. Total P in the soil significantly (P<0.05) influenced by placement methods. Mean plant height, total N in the grain and total N in the stalks highly significant (P<0.01) influenced by effect of P fertilizer rates and its placement methods. The mean days to maturity highly significantly (P<0.01) influenced only by P fertilizer rates. The highest grain yield (78.40 qt ha^-1) and biomass yield (142.11 qt ha^-1) were noted from surface banding of P fertilizer to the sides of the seeds at application of 69 P₂O₅ kg /ha respectively when compared with the no P₂O₅ application. However, P and N uptakes by Maize ranged from 0.84% with no P₂O₅ to 1.32% at the rate of 69 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and 0.656% with no P₂O₅ to 1.04% at rate of 69 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1, respectively. Also, the residual soil P after harvest of the maize ranged from 1.312 with no P₂O₅ to 11.79ppm was recorded at application of 69 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1. Therefore, using surface banding P fertilizer to the sides of the seeds with 69kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 to increase the production of maize over increase the efficiency of P uptake.

A Socio-Economic Conditions of Society Affected by The Development of Overpass and Double-Track Railway in The Village of Gambarsari, Kebasen District, Banyumas District

The construction of road infrastructure in an area can displace residents who have previously inhabited the area. Likewise, the construction of double tracks and overpasses in Gambarsari Village, Kebasen District, Banyumas Regency. However, with the eviction, the Government takes action. The Government provided compensation that did not harm the community. This study aims to analyze the socio-economic conditions of the respondents who were evicted from the perspective of land area, living conditions and housing facilities, with 28 households evicted. The analysis method used a paired two-sample test by first testing the conditions for the normality of the data. The study results were that the average land area had decreased. However, as much as 57.14 percent of the respondents had an increase in land area. Respondent’s living conditions are all getting better with permanent buildings and there is also an increase in the score of living conditions for 67.86 percent of respondents. The condition of facilities where the respondents lived was increase in 25 percent of the respondents. The condition of the facilities includes from the good category to the complete category.

Quantifying National-Scale Changes in Agricultural Land Exposure to Fluvial Flooding

This study quantifies the exposure of agricultural land in Aotearoa-New Zealand’s (A-NZ) flood hazard zones (FHZs). We developed a spatio-temporal flood exposure framework to quantify the extent of the area and yearly earnings before income and tax (EBIT) for arable, forestry, horticulture, sheep and beef, and dairy land in FHZs between 1990 and 2016. In 1990, ~1.57 million hectares of agricultural land were exposed, decreasing slightly to ~1.50 million hectares by 2016. However, there was a change in the lower-value types of agricultural land uses being exposed, such as for sheep and beef farming and forestry, toward dairy farming (from ~364,000 hectares in FHZs in 2008 to ~471,000 hectares in 2016). Dairy farming is more intensively staffed with larger amounts of fixed assets, making them less resilient to flood impacts. Despite this, conversion to dairy farming even within the identified FHZs has been driven by the increasing profitability of the enterprise. As a result of both the production value change and land area increases, the dairy EBIT values within FHZs rose rapidly from NZD 382 million to NZD 1.25 billion between 2008 and 2012, creating significantly more economic exposure for A-NZ. This trend is particularly evident in the Southland, Canterbury, and Waikato regions. Similarly, in the Marlborough, Tasman, and Hawke’s Bay regions, there was an increase in high-value horticultural land—predominantly viticulture—in FHZs (a increase of NZD 321 million in annual EBIT for exposed horticulture across the three regions). Identifying sub-national trends in agricultural flood exposure allows for a detailed analysis of the likely impacts in high-risk areas, which can inform emergency management plans and mitigative actions that diminish the economic impacts from flood events.

The ways to improve economic regulation of environmental security in the system of local self-governance in land management

The paper addresses the substantiation of specific Land Ecology Fund in Ukraine to solve environmental problems in land management. It determines the following sources of the Fund establishment: land fee (land tax and land rent paid by legal persons and individuals), environmental tax, and penalties for pollution and littering of land resources due to violation of environmental legislation. The author proves that the funds of environmental taxes, environmental pollution fees, land fees, and penalties both at the national and local levels can only partially secure modern research and assessment of Ukrainian lands’ environmental condition and development of environmental projects for their management and protection. The paper offers an expansion of the list of penalties and the formula to calculate the amount of damage caused by landowners and land users due to ignoring the parameters of permissible arable land standards and eroded land area increase. The most advanced research data and evaluation of the environmental condition of land resources on their basis, as well as measurement acts or protocols, concluded as the result of research or the data of land plots’ environmental certification should by the foundation for calculation of environmental taxes and penalties. The funds from penalties are recommended to by directed to a specific Land Ecology Fund, and they should by distributed among the public and local funds in the proportion of 25 % and 75 %, respectively. In addition to penalties, a system of economic stimulation with the participation of the Land Ecology Fund, landowners, and land users honestly implementing the measures for land use and protection and soil fertility increase should be developed. The author argues that the main role in the development of local, regional, and national projects for efficient management of land (soil) resources is played by regional and local authorities due to the change in the types of ownership of the land resources and decentralization of the administrative and financial system.

Coastal morphological changes: Assessing long-term ecological transformations across the northern Bay of Bengal

Major rivers from the Himalayas carry a high volume of sedimentation, and deposit it across the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. This has caused significant changes in the morphology of the bay, including the development of islands across the bay area. However, few studies have been carried out on the morphological changes, especially the development of new islands across the northern Bay of Bengal. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the coastal morphological changes and ecological succession of the newly formed islands of the bay area. We used state of the art cloud computing technologies, using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Publicly available annual composites of Landsat 8, Landsat ETM+, and TM data from 1989 to 2018 were used for analysis. The findings showed significant changes in the morphology of the coastal area over a period of 30 years. There was a 1.15% increase in land area between 1989 and 2018. New islands were formed across the bay, and a few old islands disappeared between 1989 and 2018. The majority of the offshore islands developed in the estuary of the Meghna River. Among the quickly grown islands, Bhashan Char, Char Nizam, Jahajerchar, and Urir Char are prominent. Initially, the islands appeared as barren areas without any vegetation, but different types of vegetation have been observed growing on the newly formed islands recently. The findings of this study are important for the conservation and development planning of newly formed islands.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI CABAI MERAH DI KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH

&lt;p&gt;Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi cabai merah di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah khususnya di Desa Belilik Kecamatan Namang, Desa Sungkap Kecamatan Simpangkatis, Desa Keretak Kecamatan Sungaiselan, dan Desa Trubus Kecamatan Lubuk Besar. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian yaitu 40 orang petani cabai merah. Fungsi produksi cabai merah menggunakan persamaan regresi linier berganda, dengan metode pendugaan Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi cabai merah di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah yaitu luas lahan, pupuk Potasium, fungisida, dan &lt;em&gt;dummy&lt;/em&gt; kesesuaian anjuran penggunaan benih.&lt;/p&gt;

Desertification in Iraq and how to Combatit

Iraq faces many environmental challenges as a result of its geographical location within arid and semi-arid regions, as well as the economic, political and security conditions it faced. Desertification comes at the forefront of these challenges as it is considered one of the dangerous environmental manifestations because of its direct impact on food security and the impact on human health, which is the goal and main tool for development. This problem has been exacerbated during the last two decades due to several reasons, the most important of which are climate change, low rainfall rates, misuse of natural pastures, overgrazing and urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural lands in addition to unsustainable farming methods and wrong practices in irrigation operations and the increase in land areas affected by salinity and the significant deterioration in vegetation and those Covered by Moving sand dunes as a result of land degradation and erosion. In addition to the phenomenon of drying marshes, as they dried more than more than 90% of its area, and the research dealt with dividing the land of Iraq according to its production capacity into eight comprehensive sections for eight varieties.

Impact of road transportation development on habitat quality in economically developed areas: A case study of Jiangsu Province, China

AbstractThe excessive expansion of road transportation often has an impact on the quality of regional habitats. This paper attempts to assess the impact of road transportation on regional habitat quality in economically developed areas. A kernel density analysis was used to characterise the road transportation development in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2015. An Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade‐offs (InVEST) habitat quality model was applied to assess changes in habitat quality. Furthermore, a fixed‐effect regression model was utilised to examine the impact of road transportation development in Jiangsu Province on habitat quality. The analysis indicates that the average kernel density of road transportation in the province increased from 0.109 to 0.551 km/km2 while the habitat quality decreased from 0.51 to 0.48. The development of road transportation in Jiangsu Province has had a serious negative impact on the quality of the habitat. For every 1‐ha increase in land area for road use, the habitat quality index will decrease by 0.066; for every 1 km/km2 increase in road transportation kernel density, the habitat quality index will decline by 0.121.

The effectiveness of rice field expansion program in increasing rice product in Tanah Miring District, Merauke Regency

The Program of Expansion Rice Fields on Rice Production in Current District Tanah Miring Regency of Merauke. This research aimed to describe the implementation of rice field expansion programs in increasing paddy production, analyze the effectiveness of the rice field expansion program in increasing paddy production, and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of the effectiveness of race field expansion program. The research was conducted using descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach. The research location was Tanah Miring District, Merauke Regency. The data collection was done using structural interviews through the questionnaires and the written documents. The 88 samples were chosen using the Slovin formula and the sampling probability approach. The data were analyzed using a descriptive quantitative and qualitative approach. The research results indicated that the implementation of the rice field expansion program in increasing paddy production had been run according to the regulation and the stated determination. The farmers’ evaluation concerning the effectiveness of the rice field expansion program in increasing the paddy production in Tanah Miring District, Merauke Regency were categorized as effective and effective enough. Some of the supporting factors were the improvement of dikes and land management, quality of excellent seeds, good quality fertilizers addition of standard land addition and increase of land area, production increase, and the paddy farmers were able to innovate the technology about the wet rice cultivation. Besides, there were inhibiting factors, such as the dike sizes were not adjusted to the land the planting season was often changed the irrigation water was not available during the planting season, the weather has not been unpredicted the rice fields were not accompanied with the irrigating canals, and the lack of farming roads.

Quantification of agricultural land balance sheet of Purworejo District in 2009 and 2018

Some districts in Central Java have problems regarding the shrinkage of agricultural land area and a high decrease in the number of farm households. The increase in population and economic development is one reason for the increased demand for land to convert agricultural land. The faster rate of land use change can affect the conditions of domestic food availability in an area, so it is important to quantify the area of agricultural land to monitor changes in land area. This research aims to calculate changes in agricultural land area through the balance of agricultural land resources. This research was conducted with quantitative methods and analyzed descriptively and spatially. Agricultural land is calculated using the land resource balance through a skronto table in 2009 and 2018. The results show that a decrease in area is more dominant than an increase in land area. The largest decrease in total land area occurred in tegal/farm area of 21.12 % and paddy field area of 3.43 % of the previous area. Spatially, changes of land area influenced by land conversion with two factors, namely physical condition and accessibility of the area.

PENGARUH MODAL DAN TENAGA KERJA TERHADAP PRODUKSI KOPI PROSES JENIS ROBUSTA DAMPIT

Coffee has a superior product potential and with the existence of this farming business is quite helpful in terms of employment and reducing the unemployment rate. And efforts to increase coffee farmers' incomes are goals that must be achieved. This study aims to determine how much influence the variables that can affect the production of Robusta coffee. In this study using a questionnaire method. The sampling technique used was positive sampling with 37 farmers who were able to process coffee well. Based on the regression analysis of the Cobb-Douglas production function model that explains LnQ = LnA + αLnK + βLnL shows the variable capital (6,555) and labor (2,055) in one season has a significant effect on coffee production. Every 1% increase in land area will increase coffee production by 6.555%. Every increase of labor by 1% will cause an increase in coffee production by 2,055%. Statistical analysis shows the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.58 and the value of the F-statistic test probability is significant at α= 5%

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT IN INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN SEED BREEDERS INDONESIA

In general, this study was aimed to reveal the extent of government contributions in encouraging increased productivity of seed breeders in Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia. This study was conducted in Southeast Sulawesi using cross-sectional data from 81 respondents obtained by census. The results of the research data were analyzed descriptively and used the stochastic frontier analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the increase in soybean seed production was significantly affected by the area of land, SP36 / NPK Fertilizer, Increased labor for threshing, and labor for drying. Overall, soybean breeder farmers had not achieved maximum productivity because still had productivity gap of 15 percent. The role of the government that significantly increases production and productivity could be done through fertilizer input subsidy program, increase in land area, and increase the intensity of BPSB counseling / supervision in each planting season. For this reason, the government needs to ensure access, availability and price of fertilizer during the soybean growing season. In addition, the government can intensify assistance and supervision of farmers while increasing the adoption of agricultural mechanization technology in the process of threshing and drying of seeds.Keywords: Government institutional, Soybean Farm, Productivity, Soybean Seed Breeder, JEL Classifications: D02, Q16, D24, Q12DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8645

Strategi Peningkatan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah di Kota Tebing Tinggi

This study aims to determine the amount of income from lowland rice farming, determine the factors that affect the income of lowland rice farming and determine strategies for increasing the income of lowland rice farming in Tebing Tinggi City. The study was conducted in Tebing Tinggi City, North Sumatra Province which was carried out for 3 months, namely April - June 2017. The research approach was conducted descriptively through case studies. Data collection techniques carried out by observation, interviews, and filling out questionnaires. Data analysis methods used include R / C ratio analysis, regression analysis and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The results showed that lowland rice farming in Tebing Tinggi City was profitable with an R / C ratio of 2.54, the factors of production significantly affected the income of lowland rice farming in Tebing Tinggi City, and strategies in increasing the income of lowland rice farming in Tebing Tinggi City i.e. utilizing farmers' motivation to activate farmers' institutions in managing their farming, utilizing local government support and availability of vacant land to increase land area and access to capital, utilizing farmers' experience and using superior seeds to increase production and utilizing information and marketing technology that is easy to maintain economic value and meet consumer needs

Interdependent Dynamics of LAI-ET across Roofing Landscapes: The Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus

The Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus have experienced warming higher than the global average in recent decades, resulting in many significant changes to ecosystem structures and functions. Among items that show change are the leaf area index (LAI) and evapotranspiration (ET), both of which play a fundamental role in shaping many causes and consequences of land surface processes and climate. This study examines the spatiotemporal changes of the LAI and ET and their relationships on these two roofing landscapes. Based on the MODIS products from 2000 through 2014, we found that there existed a general positive relationship between LAI and ET on the Mongolia Plateau (MP), while synergy did not exist on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Overall, 49.38% (50.62%) of land areas on the TP experienced significant increases (decreases) in LAI, while on the MP the percentages of increase and decrease were 94.92% (5.09%). For ET, the increased land area was 21.70% (124100 km2) on the TP and 88.01% (341600 km2) on the MP. More importantly, the relationships varied substantially across space and over time, with mismatches found in some parts of the landscapes. Additional observational investigations and/or experimental research are needed to explore the relationships, including the influences of vegetation characteristics and disturbances.

Analisis sub sektor perkebunan Provinsi Jambi

The purpose of this research is first, to know and analyze the development of the land area, labor, and GRDP of the plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province. Second, knowing and analyzing the contribution of the plantation sub-sector to the agricultural sector and the GRDP of Jambi Province. Third, to analyze the effect of land area and labor on the output of the plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province. The development of the land area, labor, GDP in the plantation sub-sector of Jambi Province for the period 2000-2015 continued to increase, with an average increase in land area of ​​2.52%, a workforce of 2.74%, GRDP of the plantation sub-sector by 7.84%. The contribution of the plantation sub-sector to the agricultural sector and the GRDP of Jambi Province for the period 2000-2015 also continued to increase. Based on the results of multiple linear regression calculations, simultaneously land area and labor have a significant effect on the output of the plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province. Partially, land area has a significant effect on the output of the plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province, while labor does not affect the output of the plantation sub-sector in Jambi Province. Keywords: Land area, Labor, Gross regional domestic product of plantation sub sector

Construction land sprawl and reclamation in the Johor River Estuary of Malaysia since 1973

The Johor River is the main source of water in Johor Bahru and Singapore as well as a vital maritime passage in the eastern Straits of Johor. However, the Johor River Estuary (JRE) has been experiencing environmental degradation due to construction land sprawl and reclamation (CLSR), which shows a combined effect of anthropogenic environmental change. In this paper, the spatial and temporal variation of CLSR in the JRE was studied based on twelve multi-temporal Landsat images (Landsat MSS, TM and OLI) obtained from 1973 to 2017. The results showed that the area of construction land increased more than 10-fold from 1973 (13.33 km2) to 2017 (135.46 km2). Each type of construction land showed an increasing tendency, and their area-weighted centroids migrated towards the mouth of the Johor River. Over the last four decades, an increased land area of 40.32 km2 contributed by reclamation was mainly distributed in the Tekong Island and the eastern Singapore Islands, which shortened the minimum distance between lands in the JRE. The largest decrease in minimum distance was 1889 m between Johor Bahru and Tekong Island. CLSR is mainly driven by human activities such as population growth, economic development and policy change. To better protect the coastal environment in the JRE, construction land expansion and reclamation activities should be planned properly by the local government.

Assessment of spatial, environmental, and management effects on lameness prevalence in UK sheep flocks

Assessment of spatial, environmental, and management effects on lameness prevalence in UK sheep flocks