Increasing Inclination Angle Research Articles

Energy Dissipation on Inclined Stepped Spillways

Stepped spillways, as highly effective energy dissipation facilities, have been widely applied in hydraulic engineering. By introducing an inclination angle to the horizontal step surface, either energy dissipation efficiency or sediment transport capacity can be enhanced. The manner and size of vortices within the steps vary with changes in the inclination angle and spillway slope, enhancing energy dissipation through momentum exchange between the main flow and these vortices. This study, drawing upon data in the literature and numerical simulations, investigates the influence of a spillway slope and step inclination angle on the energy dissipation characteristics of inclined stepped spillways. Results indicate that the energy dissipation rate decreases with an increasing spillway slope while increasing with a greater upward inclination of the step’s horizontal surface. However, changes in both parameters show a limiting effect on vortex development. As the spillway slope decreases and the step inclination angle increases, the rate of vortex size expansion diminishes. Finally, an inclination/slope ratio is proposed to characterize the energy dissipation effect of inclined steps, and an empirical formula relating the energy dissipation rate to the relative critical depth, relative spillway height, and inclination/slope ratio is established, with errors controlled within 10%.

Mechanical properties and macro–micro failure mechanisms of granite under thermal treatment and inclination

The coupling effects of inclination angle (θ) and high temperature (T) on rock degradation present significant construction challenges for underground engineering projects, such as underground coal gasification, inclined mining pillars, and nuclear waste repositories. This study is built on a novel combined compression and shear test system, investigating granite’s physical and mechanical properties and macroscopic failure characteristics under varying temperatures and inclination angles. Additionally, acoustic emission technology was used to analyze the impact of inclination and temperature on the micro-failure behavior of the specimens. The experimental results indicate that as the inclination angle increases, the specimens’ peak compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease linearly. In contrast, the shear stress increases non-linearly, suggesting that additional shear stress accelerates the initiation and propagation of cracks. Furthermore, these mechanical parameters initially increase with rising temperatures before decreasing, with a temperature threshold identified at 400 °C. The effect of inclination angle on the failure mode of the specimens is more pronounced than that of temperature; as the inclination angle increases, the failure mode transitions from splitting failure to shear failure at any given temperature. Acoustic emission results reveal that the specimens’ microcrack initiation (CI) and damage (CD) thresholds reduce with increasing inclination, while the corresponding shear stress increases. As temperature rises, the CI and CD thresholds exhibit an initial increase attended by a decrease. Finally, founded on the experimental findings, a multivariate equation was established to accurately predict the peak compressive strength and elastic modulus about θ and T. The results of this study provide valuable insights and references for the construction of underground thermal engineering under complex conditions.

Does curcumin supplementation affect inflammation, blood count and serum brain-derived neurotropic factor concentration in amateur long-distance runners?

Curcumin is known for its potential health benefits; however, the evidence remains inconclusive regarding its necessity as a supplement for athletes during the preparatory phase of training. This study aimed to assess the effect of 6-week curcumin supplementation at a dose of 2g/day on selected inflammatory markers, blood count, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels in middle-aged amateur long-distance runners during the preparatory period of a macrocycle. Thirty runners were randomly assigned to either a curcumin-supplemented group (CUR, n = 15) or a placebo group (PLA, n = 15). Venous blood samples were collected at rest, immediately post-exercise, and 1h post-exercise. The participants underwent a graded exercise stress test, with an increasing inclination angle after reaching a speed of 14 km/h, both before and after the 6-week supplementation period. Blood samples were collected at rest, 3 minutes post-stress test, and after 1 hour of recovery. The results showed no significant changes in C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), or blood morphology due to curcumin supplementation. However, BDNF levels increased by 21% in the CUR group post-supplementation, while a 5% decrease was observed in the PLA group. These findings do not support a significant effect of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory markers, blood count, or BDNF concentration. Further research is warranted to determine the potential benefits of curcumin supplementation for endurance athletes during the preparatory period for a training cycle.

Sealing Performance Analysis of Lip Seal Ring for High-Speed Micro Bearing

This article focuses on the problem of sealing failure in high-speed micro bearings. Based on a thermal-stress coupled finite element model, the distribution of equivalent stress and contact pressure of the sealing ring and the influence of various factors on the sealing performance are analyzed. Based on this, the Latin Hypercube sampling method, Kriging surrogate model and genetic algorithm are used to find the optimal combination of sealing performance. Finally, the accuracy of the model and method is verified through orthogonal experiments. Research has found that the maximum equivalent stress of the seal ring is 0.59234 MPa, and it increases first and then decreases with the increase in lip inclination angle, friction coefficient and radial interference amount, increases with the increase in lubricant temperature, and decreases with the increase in bearing rotation speed. The maximum contact pressure is 0.20433 MPa, and it decreases with the increase in the lip inclination angle, increases first and then decreases with the increase in the friction coefficient, and decreases first and then increases with the increase in the lubricant temperature, bearing rotation speed and radial interference amount. The most significant factor affecting the equivalent stress of the seal ring is the lubricant temperature, and the most significant factor affecting the contact stress is the interference fit amount. When the seal lip inclination angle is 43.99°, the friction coefficient is 0.01 mm, the lubricant temperature is 111.5 °C, the bearing rotation speed is 28,853 rpm and the radial interference amount is 0.04 mm, the sealing performance of the sealing ring is optimal.

Investigation of thermal and fluid dynamics behaviors of melt pool during laser direct metal deposition on inclined substrates

The laser direct metal deposition (DMD) technique offers an efficient solution for repairing and manufacturing structures with variable curvatures, such as impeller blades. However, how the non-vertical laser irradiation on curved surfaces impacts the thermal and fluid dynamics of the melt pool still remains unclear. In the current research, a high-fidelity multi-physics numerical model is developed to explore the mechanisms of melt pool development and the effects of inclined angle and laser spot diameter on morphological evolution of deposition layers during DMD under non-vertical irradiation on inclined substrates. Results indicate that as the inclination angle increases, deposited track fluctuations become evident, with a critical angle from 40° to 42.5° identified for hump formation. A smaller laser spot diameter increases the likelihood of humps and irregularities, while a larger spot diameter expands the deposition layer and enhances melt pool wettability. This study is expected to provide significant theoretical guidance for selecting and applying process parameters for the fabrication of curved structures by DMD.

Research on flow structure and heat transfer mechanism of windward bend lattice frame

The lightweight lattice sandwich structure is considered a promising heat transfer technology with broad application prospects for improving the heat dissipation capacity of thermal management systems. The heat transfer performance needs to be further researched urgently. In this study, the flow resistance and heat transfer characteristics of windward bend lattice frames with heat transfer and mechanical load capacity were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The flow mechanism and enhanced heat transfer mechanism of windward bend lattice frame was revealed from the point of view of unit structure. The results show that the bending shape alters the flow state of the fluid in the passage within the windward bend lattice frame truss to enhance the mixing effect of high-temperature and low-temperature fluids in the passage. Additionally, as the angle of inclination increases, there is a significant improvement in local flow resistance characteristics and enhanced heat transfer performance due to deflection in movement direction and rotation direction of inverse spiral vortex at rear truss rod. Furthermore, it is observed that at constant pumping power, the changes in Angle of inclination significantly affect heat transfer on different surfaces: lower surface (increasing by 101%), upper surface (increasing by 57%), followed by end wall (increasing by 16%). This work has valuable engineering applications for structures with similar bending characteristics.

Frost heave cracking and uniaxial compression failure behavior of sandstone samples containing a flaw filled with water

The frost heave failure mechanism of fractured rock mass is a complicated problem faced by engineering construction in cold area. In this study, low temperature frost heave test and post-freezing uniaxial compression test on sandstone samples with a water-filled flaw were carried out. The frost heave cracking mode, frost heave pressure, frost heave cracking criterion and the effect of frost heave-induced cracks on post-freezing uniaxial compression failure behavior under different flaw inclination angles (0 ~ 90°) and freezing temperatures (–10~–40 °C) were investigated. Frost heave cracks initiate and extend along the coplanar direction of flaws. The frost heave damage degree decreases with the increase of flaw inclination angle. As the freezing temperature drops, the flaw cracking length first increases greatly, and then decreases, reaching the maximum at − 15 °C. The evolution of frost heave pressure can be divided into six stages: pre-freeze stage, rapid increase stage, rapid decrease stage, stable stage, slight rebound stage and dissipation stage. The peak frost heave pressure first increases and then decreases with the increase of flaw inclination angle, and reaches the maximum at 60°, and increases as the freezing temperature drops. Formulas for calculating the critical stress intensity factor KIC for flaw frost heave cracking are provided, considering flaw inclination angle or freezing temperature. When the flaw is within a certain range of inclination angles (45 ~ 75°), cracks under uniaxial compression will extend from the frost heave-induced cracks.

Structural and dynamic characteristics of horseshoe vortex systems in front of rigid vegetation inclined upstream under conditions of overland flow

Inclined angle significantly impacts horseshoe vortex (HV) system and subsequent flow events upstream of vegetation stems, which are crucial for understanding of erosion mechanisms and geodynamics. Flume experiments were conducted to investigate dynamic characteristics of horseshoe vortex (HV) system upstream of inclined rigid vegetation stems under shallow overland flow conditions. Five inclination angles (10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°) were tested alongside a vertical column (0°) across four low Reynolds number conditions (ReD = 2995–4639). Using high-precision particle image velocimetry (PIV) system, we measured the flow field in upstream symmetry plane of the cylinder. Then time-averaged primary HV features were analyzed in terms of the location, radius, vorticity, swirling strength, flow direction and vertical velocity. The increasing inclination angle weakens the formation of the HV system. This is evident in the decrease of vorticity and swirling strength, as well as the gradual diffusion and eventual rupture of the HV system. In the horizontal direction, the primary HV gradually moves away from the cylinder, with minimal vertical impact. The radius of the main HV is positively correlated with the tilt angle, while vorticity and rotation intensity are negatively correlated. We also examined the time-resolved characteristics of the velocity components. The probability density functions (PDFs) of streamwise and vertical velocity components show asymmetric double peaks, indicating two high-frequency events: backflow and downwelling. Linear random estimation revealed that the backflow event is driven by a high-momentum counter current passing through the primary HV, which is mainly dominated by a backflow mode, while the downwelling event arises from low-momentum fluid that cannot penetrate the HV, dominated by a zero-flow mode. These two modes exhibited minimum and maximum time percentages within the current time range, highlighting erosion dynamics from the perspectives of flow event frequency and momentum theory.

Thermal and flow dynamics of an inclined air heat exchanger equipped with spring turbulators in the transition flow regime

The research involves an experimental investigation into the performance of a flow assisting air heat exchanger under varying angular orientation and uniform external heat fluxes without and with spring turbulators. The investigation was performed for Reynolds numbers ranging from 511 to 9676 and inclination angle 15° and 30°. Three heat fluxes (2, 3, and 4 kW/m2) were applied to the test section to investigate the effect of external surface heating on the range of transition flow regime and thermohydraulic performance. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow for plain channel at different heat fluxes and inclinations occurs within specific Reynolds number ranges: 2436–4446 for 15° inclination at 4 kW/m2, 2574–4289 at 3 kW/m2, and 2850–4152 at 2 kW/m2; for 30° inclination, the ranges are 2518–4151, 2712–4361, and 2992–4346 at the respective heat fluxes. When it comes to the effect of inclination on Nusselt number, the transition occurs sooner at lower angles, but is delayed as the angle increases. Additionally, the Nusselt number decreases as the angle of inclination increases. When comparing the Nusselt numbers of plain tubes to those with spring turbulators, the latter shows a significantly greater enhancement. In laminar flow, a maximum 100% deviation exists between highest and lowest friction factors, decreasing to 75% with increasing Reynolds number; all insert configurations exhibit highest friction factor at 15° due to stronger buoyancy forces.

Unraveling microstructure characteristics induced mechanical responses in laser welding of titanium alloy subjected to varied inclination angle

The manufacturing of large and intricate components frequently involves spatial curved features, potentially impacting the welded component quality. The differentiation of microstructure morphology distribution is more obvious under different gravity action angles. The paper aims to investigate the microstructure characteristics that influence the mechanical responses in laser welding of titanium alloy plates with varying inclination angles. The weld penetration diminishes with an increase in the inclination angle, while the residual β-columnar crystals decrease as the inclination angle rises. The growth trajectory of β-columnar crystals deviates when the inclination angle is set at 30°. Moreover, specific parameters are incorporated to assess quantitatively the impact of gravity on the depth variations of the keyhole, elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing the macroscopic morphology. The results indicate a decreasing trend in weld depth as the inclination angle increases. In uphill welding, there is a reduction in tensile strength and elongation compared to horizontal laser welding. Fractures in horizontal welding occur in the base material region, demonstrating ductile fracture characteristics, while fractures in uphill welding occur in the weld region, exhibiting quasi-dissolution fracture characteristics.

Flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of liquid film on vertical hot surface by inclined jet impingement

In this study, the flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of the liquid film on the hot wall by inclined jet impingement are experimentally studied in detail. The effects of jet parameters, such as jet inclination angle, impingement distance, jet Reynolds number (Rej), and nozzle diameter are explored. The liquid film flow is visualized using a high-speed camera, and the surface temperature and heat flux are obtained by solving the inverse heat conduction problem. The results indicate that the liquid film shape is strongly affected by jet inclination angle but is almost unaffected by other parameters. As the inclination angle increases, the liquid film shape changes from elliptical to fusiform. In addition, the onset, enhancement, and disappearance of boiling cause the expansion and contraction of liquid film. The splashing rate is barely affected by jet parameters and remains within the range of 80–95 % under all conditions. The propagation of wetting fronts exhibits anisotropy. Except for the impingement distance, the position of wetting fronts along y-axis direction displays a high dependence on all parameters. The Rej and nozzle diameter have a significant effect on the heat flux at the impingement point and parallel flow zone, while the jet inclination angle and impingement distance only effect the impingement point. The visualization image proves that the droplet impingement pattern is the main reason for the increase in heat flux at higher impingement distances. Optimizing jet parameters can promote the wall to enter the rapid cooling stage in advance and increase maximum heat flux, thereby improving the maximum cooling capacity of the jet. Finally, an empirical equation is proposed to predict the maximum Nusselt number.

Experimental and numerical simulation study of rough jointed rock samples under triaxial compression conditions

The presence of joint planes significantly affects the mechanical properties of rock and poses a threat to the safety of engineering construction. To examine the influence of Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and joint plane inclination on the mechanical behavior of jointed rock masses, this research employed 3D printing technology to fabricate jointed rock samples with varying JRC and joint inclination angles. Triaxial compression tests were then conducted on these samples in the laboratory. The results indicate that an increase in JRC strengthens the serrated interlocking effect of joint planes, leading to a corresponding increase in both the peak failure strength and elastic modulus of samples with different inclination angles. For samples with the same JRC, the peak strength initially decreases with increasing inclination angle, followed by a subsequent rise. The variation trend of Poisson’s ratio, however, shows the opposite pattern. The joint inclination significantly impacts the failure mode of the samples. However, as JRC changes, the failure mode does not show significant variation. Furthermore, drawing from the laboratory test results, numerical simulations were performed using the Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions (PFC2D) to analyze mesoscopic crack propagation mechanisms in jointed rock models subjected to triaxial compression. Finally, this research discusses the effects of JRC and joint plane inclination on the anisotropic characteristics of jointed samples and offers a detailed analysis of the failure mechanisms.

Research and application of PDC coring bit in marine drilling

Abstract The coring exploration and analysis of geological rock debris is an important part of offshore oil exploration engineering. The existing drilling coring technology has problems such as low drilling efficiency and the need for drilling operations, which increases the cost of offshore drilling. In order to improve the efficiency of offshore oil drilling and reduce drilling costs, a micro coring Polycrystalline Diamond Compact bit (PDC) has been developed, which can continuously obtain micro cores during the drilling process. Through mechanical analysis of the core teeth, the relationship between the back inclination angle of the core teeth and the rock shear failure angle was obtained. The analysis conclusion shows that the larger the back inclination angle, the more favorable it is for micro core formation. As the back inclination angle increases, the force on the core teeth increases, which affects the service life of the core teeth. Based on the rock core forming effect and the force analysis of the core teeth, the back inclination angle of the core teeth is determined to be 20 °. An analysis was conducted on the application of the micro coring PDC drill bit in three offshore drilling operations, including drilling speed, drilling efficiency, drill bit exit, and the quantity and quality of core samples obtained. The results showed that the drilling speed of the micro coring PDC drill bit was significantly improved compared to ordinary drill bits during offshore drilling, and a large number of block shaped cores and a few cylindrical cores were obtained. The application results of micro coring drill bits in offshore drilling show that this technology is beneficial for improving drilling speed and efficiency. It has the advantages of large core acquisition volume, high acquisition efficiency, and low cost in obtaining micro cores. To address the issue of low formation rate of rock cores obtained during offshore drilling applications, optimization can be achieved by adjusting the diameter of the core hole, arranging the core teeth, and adding seismic mitigation measures for rock core formation.

Analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic effects on non-Newtonian fluid flow in an inclined non-uniform channel under long-wavelength, low-Reynolds number conditions

Abstract This study utilises mathematical modelling and computations to analyse the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects on non-Newtonian Eyring–Powell fluid flow in an inclined non-uniform channel under long-wavelength, low Reynolds number conditions. The governing equations are solved by applying slip boundary conditions to determine the velocity, temperature, concentration, and streamline profiles. The key findings show that the magnetic parameter dampens the flow rate. The relationship between the variable viscosity, velocity, and temperature is nonlinear. The wall rigidity parameter and axial velocity are directly proportional until a threshold. Increasing inclination angles distorts streamlines. The magnetic field alters concentration contours and thermal transport. MATLAB parametric analysis explores MHD effects. This study enhances the understanding of inclined channel fluid dynamics, offering insights into variable viscosity, magnetic fields, wall properties, and impacts of inclination angles on non-Newtonian flow characteristics. This knowledge can optimise industrial MHD conduit/channel transport applications.

Experimental study on the compression and shear deformation evolution of coal pillar dam samples

To understand the mechanical properties and deformation failure patterns of coal pillar dams in gently inclined coal seam mine underground reservoirs, compression-shear coupling tests with variable angles were conducted on coal pillar dam samples under different saturation states. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was utilized to obtain the deformation patterns of the displacement field throughout the compression-shear failure process of the samples. Numerical simulations were used to perform a comparative analysis and validation of the experimental results. The results indicated that the load-bearing capacity of the coal pillar dam samples decreased by 12.8–17.4% under water-saturated conditions. For every 5° increase in the inclination angle, the load-bearing capacity of the coal pillar dam samples decreased by an average of 3.53%. The normal stress and shear stress on the shear surface of the saturated samples were both lower than those of the natural samples, and both exhibited a linear variation with increasing inclination angle. The deformation evolution of the coal pillar dam samples under different test conditions exhibited similarity. The initial positive and negative displacement extremities in the horizontal direction were located at the lower right and upper left corners of the samples, respectively. Ultimately, the displacement field of the samples showed a pattern of smaller displacements at the top and larger displacements at the bottom, with negative values at the top and positive values at the bottom, distributed along the direction of the sample’s bedding. The saturated state and the increase in inclination both had a weakening effect on the load-bearing performance of the samples but had a relatively small impact on the differences in the displacement field deformation patterns. The research results can provide a reference for the study of the stability of coal pillar dams under similar conditions.

Optimizing waste heat recovery for hydrogen production: Modeling and simulation of ternary size metallic granule flow in a cooling cylinder

In order to recover the waste heat of high temperature metallic granules to produce steam for hydrogen production, a waste heat recovery cooling cylinder with cooling water channel is innovatively developed. The simulation is carried out based on DEM and soft sphere model to study the flow characteristics of ternary size metallic granules. The model of cooling cylinder is established and verified by comparing to the experiment data. The change rule of bed shape in the waste heat recovery cooling cylinder is examined, and the inclination angle, rotational speed and filling rate are assessed to find their influence on the flow characteristics of ternary size metallic granules. The results indicated that, with the increase of inclination angle, the axial velocity increases by 482.76%, which means the reduce of residence time of granules. With the increase of rotational speed, the axial velocity has an increase of 161.54%, the sum velocity increases by 158.49%, leading to a decrease of residence time. As the filling rate increases from 1.5% to 15.5%, the contact number has an increase of 91.53%, which lead to the increase of heat transfer area. The residence time and heat transfer area will directly affect the waste heat recovery efficiency, so a proper arrangement of granule flow is significant for enhancing the heat transfer efficiency.

Experimental study on thermal performance of a novel serpentine-looped flat microchannel heat pipe

The pulsating heat pipe is an efficient heat transfer element widely used in a variety of applications due to the simple wickless structure and no external power requirements. Increasing the number of pipe turns can enhance the pulsation, but reduce the structural compactness. A new type of serpentine-looped flat microchannel heat pipe (SLFMHP) is proposed with numerous turns by series connection of flow channels and good thermal contact by large flat surface. The thermal performance of SLFMHP is experimentally investigated and compared with that of the copper pulsating heat pipe. Results show that the minimum thermal resistance of SLFMHP is 0.036 K/W, 80 % smaller than 0.19 K/W of the copper pulsating heat pipe. The maximum effective thermal conductivity of SLFMHP reaches 37400 W/(m·K), five times of 7233 W/(m·K) of the copper pulsating heat pipe. The sensitivity to inclination angle has also been reduced with thermal resistance at 0° improved by over 90 %. As the inclination angle increases, the thermal resistance decreases first sharply and then slowly, and the turning point is defined as the critical pulsation angle, about 15° and 8° with the filling ratio of 20 % and 40 %, respectively. The SLFMHP can provide a possible solution for the demand of the thermal control systems with miniaturization, light weight and high heat transfer capability.

Investigating the influence of geometric configurations and loading modes on mixed mode I/II fracture characteristics of rocks: Part I-Numerical simulation

The influence of geometric configurations and loading modes is a bottleneck that restricts the accurate determination of rock fracture parameters and the precise understanding of fracture mechanisms. Therefore, the phase field method is employed to analyze the influences of specimen geometry and loading modes on the dimensionless stress intensity factors, peak load, fracture toughness, and crack initiation angle during the rock mixed mode I/II fracture process. Three new configurations of specimens are proposed to test rock mixed mode I/II fracture. The research results indicate that as the prefabricated crack inclination angle increases, the peak load of three-point bending type specimen increases, while the peak load of diametric-compression type specimen decreases. Moreover, the influence of geometric configurations on the fracture parameters of three-point bending specimens is greater than that of diametric-compression disk specimens. The research findings of this work can provide basic supporting data for the establishment of mixed mode I/II fracture testing standards.

Wind-induced response and control criterion of the double-layer cable support photovoltaic module system

The cable support photovoltaic module system has obvious characteristics of wind-induced vibration. In order to study the wind-induced vibration response characteristics and mechanism of the double-cable support photovoltaic module systems, and further discuss the stiffness control criterion. The wind-induced vibration response of a new type of cable-truss support photovoltaic module system with a span of 35m is studied through the aeroelastic wind tunnel test. Firstly, the scaled aeroelastic test model was established to meet the aeroelastic test requirements. Then, the effects of wind direction, PV module inclination angle, and stability cable initial prestress on the wind-induced vibration response characteristics under uniform flow and turbulent field are studied. Finally, the wind-induced vibration response mechanism and stiffness control criterion are discussed. The results show that the increase of inclination angle will lead to a decrease in critical wind speed, the 0° wind direction is the most unfavorable, and the increase of initial prestress can increase the critical wind speed but is inefficient. The critical wind speed under the turbulent flow field is about 30% higher than that of the uniform flow field. The instability vibration is the result of multi-mode coupled vibration of vertical bending and torsion. It is suggested that the stiffness control criterion is more appropriate as 1/100. The research results are of great significance for the design and application of the cable support photovoltaic module system.

Numerical and experimental study of the combustion performance of an integrated inclined combustor

To shorten the length of an aero-engine combustor and reduce its weight, we propose an integrated inclined combustor. A combination of numerical calculations and experimental research methods is employed to conduct relevant research on the cold and combustion flow fields and ignition dynamic processes of the integrated inclined combustor. Results show that the inclination angle of the swirler has minimal effect on the total pressure loss and combustion efficiency of the integrated inclined combustor. However, as the swirler’s inclination angle increases, the uniformity of the outlet temperature distribution and recirculation flow rate of the primary combustion zone decrease. Furthermore, when the integrated inclined combustor is ignited, the flame does not propagate symmetrically to both sides in the circumferential direction but propagates faster along the inclination direction of the swirler.