Increasing Gender Equality Research Articles

Eksistensi Komisioner Perempuan dalam Mewujudkan Kesetaraan Gender pada Komisi Pemilihan Umum di Provinsi Sumatera Barat

This study examines the existence of female commissioners to increase gender equality in the General Election Commission in West Sumatra. The existence of female commissioners as election organizers is not only a matter of equality with men, but also will play a major role in efforts to encourage female political participation by maximizing female participation in elections both as voters, election participants, and as election organizers. The main act women can take as election organizers at each stage is to ensure that female needs are considered and incorporated into programs or policies that are properly designed and implemented. The research method used in this research is qualitative emphasizing the gender aspect more precisely feminist research (feminism research). The results of the number of female commissioners as election organizers are still minimal quantitatively. And if you look at the composition of the current membership structure, this female commissioners is still very minimal due to the 30 percent quota has not been fulfilled so there is still discrimination and many obstacles and challenges are found to increase gender equality and female opportunities are limited in performing the tasks of elections. Most of these commissioners also feel there is still gender inequality. Challenges and obstacles such as social barriers in the form of Patriarchal Culture that still exist in Minangkabau society are still felt even though it is not as thick as in past times. In addition, stereotypes, marginalization, subordination, and the double burden also greatly affect the existence of female commissioners to increase gender equality.

Gender Equality and the Spillover Effects of Women on Boards

The paper presents evidence that increased gender equality on boards can result in effects that extend beyond the actual boards where women are added. When working on the same board as women, those male directors who also have experience of working alongside women on a board elsewhere within their directorship network: (i) exhibit greater personal responsibility (board attendance); (ii) deliver an improved CEO accountability; and (iii) are associated with a lower risk taking. Our findings suggest that female directors exert an influence on the actions of their fellow male directors that extends beyond the focal board to other boards through a spillover effect. Failure to allow for these effects threatens to underestimate the benefits of increased gender equality in the boardroom.

Well-Being of High-Growth Women EntrepreneursQuantitative Systematic Literature Review

Despite the increasing gender equality commonplace in various life domains and evident in the business practices worldwide, there is still a rich body of research indicating gender-specific differe...

Predictors of parental leave support: Bad news for (big) dads and a policy for equality

Parenthood increases gender inequality in paid (employment) and unpaid labor (e.g., caretaking). New parental leave plans aim to increase gender equality by reducing managerial discretion and offering gender-neutral benefits. However, coworkers may undermine these inclusive aims, particularly if they show variable support per employee characteristics. Thus, we examine why and how employee gender and obesity interactively predict coworkers’ support for parental leave and test an intervention to increase equality. Three between-subjects experiments with working American adults ( Ns = 133–252) indicate that obesity decreases coworkers’ parental leave support for men, but increases coworkers’ parental leave support for women; these effects are replicated and mediated by coworkers’ caregiving ability expectations of the employees, inequalities that are reduced when parental leave is made the default. Discussion focuses on our results’ implications for theory, practice, and for men and women’s paid and unpaid labor, including recommendations for parental leave policy design and delivery to increase equality.

Children's and Parents' Well-Being in Joint Physical Custody: A Literature Review.

Joint physical custody (JPC), a parental care arrangement in which a child lives with each parent for at least 25-50% of the time after separation or divorce, is increasingly common in many Western societies. This is a major shift from the standard of sole physical custody, with mostly mothers providing primary childcare after a parental separation or divorce. The increasing share of separated or divorced parents who practice JPC, which in some countries, US states, and regions reaches 30% and more, results from increasing gender equality due to mothers participating considerably in the labor force and fathers being actively involved in their children's daily lives. This review focuses on the effects of JPC on children's and parents' well-being, based on 40 studies from North America, Australia, and Europe published between 2007 and 2018. In sum, there is empirical evidence from different countries that suggests that JPC arrangements can have positive effects on the well-being of children and of parents. However, the existing studies are conceptually, methodologically, and contextually very heterogeneous. In addition, self-selected highly educated parents with a high socio-economic status, a low conflict level, and children between the ages of 6-15 practicing JPC dominate the samples. Thus, the risks and benefits of JPC are not clear yet and are heavily debated by advocates and academics. The review concludes with suggestions for future research.

Does Fathers’ Care Spill Over? Evaluating Reforms in the Swedish Parental Leave Program

ABSTRACTThe aim of reserving months for fathers in the Swedish parental leave system was to increase fathers’ use of leave as well as encourage gender equality in the home and labor market. Using data from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency, this study investigates the effects of the reform – reserving one month of leave for fathers in 1995 and a second month in 2002 – on gender equality in the home. The study uses the take up of the parental benefit for the care for sick children (CFSC) as a proxy for gender equality and follows parents’ use of CFSC for twelve years for the first reform and ten years for the second reform. Results indicate the first reform led to more equal leave sharing, mainly because use of the benefit decreased among mothers with low education, and at least in part fulfilled the aim of increasing gender equality in the home.

AFP launches gender inequality initiative

The Association of Fundraising Professionals has launched a new campaign aimed at increasing gender equality in the profession. The AFP's Women's Impact Initiative will address issues of gender inequity in the fundraising profession and charitable sector more broadly, including sexual harassment, salary inequality and the lack of women in senior leadership roles, the group said.

Individual-level and community-level determinants of cervical cancer screening among Kenyan women: a multilevel analysis of a Nationwide survey

BackgroundStudies on the determinants of cervical cancer screening in sub-Saharan Africa have focused mostly on individual-level characteristics of cervical cancer screening. Therefore, in this study, we included both individual- and community-level indicators to examine the determinants of cervical cancer screening among Kenyan women.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys. Our analysis focused on 9016 married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). We conducted multilevel analyses using generalized linear mixed models with the log-binomial function to simultaneously analyze the association of individual- and community-level factors with cervical cancer screening.ResultsAbout 72.1% of women (n = 6498) knew about cervical cancer. Of these women, only 19.4% had undergone cervical cancer screening [58.24% Papanicolaou (Pap) test and 41.76% visual inspection]. Our multivariate analysis results indicated that the prevalence of cervical cancer screening was higher among women aged 35-49 years than women aged 15-24 years. The prevalence was also higher among women residing in the Central, Nyanza, and Nairobi regions than women residing in the Coastal region. Cervical cancer screening was more prevalent among women who had media exposure, had higher household wealth index, were employed, were insured, and had visit a health facility in 12 months than did their counterparts. The prevalence of Pap test history was 19% higher among women who had sexual autonomy than women who did not have sexual autonomy. The prevalence of Pap test history was also higher among communities comprised of higher proportions of women with sexual autonomy and higher education.ConclusionsPolicies should emphasize increasing gender equality, improving education at the community level, providing employment opportunities for women, and increasing universal health insurance coverage. These focal points can ensure equity in access to health care services and further increase the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Kenya.

Maximizing gender equality by minimizing course choice options? Effects of obligatory coursework in math on gender differences in STEM.

Math achievement, math self-concept, and vocational interests are critical predictors of STEM careers and are closely linked to high school coursework. Young women are less likely to choose advanced math courses in high school, and encouraging young women to enroll in advanced math courses may therefore bring more women into STEM careers. We looked at a German statewide educational reform that required all students to take advanced math courses and examined differential effects of the reform on young men and women’s math achievement, math self-concept, vocational interests, and field of study at university. We compared data from 4,730 students before the reform and 4,715 students after the reform. We specified multiple regression models and tested main effects of gender and cohort as well as the effect of the Cohort × Gender interaction on all outcomes. All outcomes showed clear gender differences favoring young men before the reform. However, the reform was associated with different effects for young men and women: Whereas gender differences in math achievement were smaller after the reform, differences between young men and women in math self-concept and realistic and investigative vocational interests were larger after the reform than before. Gender differences in the field of study at university did not differ between before and after the reform. Results suggest that reducing course choice options in high school does not automatically increase gender equality in STEM fields. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)

A bifurcation analysis of gender equality and fertility

In general, the spreading of gender egalitarianism has often been associated with a decline in fertility. However, recently a rebound in fertility has been observed in several industrialized countries. A possible explanation of this trend may be the spread of egalitarian values that induced institutional changes - such as expansion of child care facilities and father leave - and also changes in norms and values - such as gender equity in the distribution of domestic work - that foster the combination of parenthood and the egalitarian lifestyle. To study the diffusion from traditional to egalitarian gender-behavior and its impact on fertility a two-dimensional system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is used. It is shown that the long-run development of the total fertility within a population not only depends on key parameters such as the pace of diffusion of egalitarianism and the extent to which social interactions affect the egalitarians’ birth rates, but also on the initial number of traditionalists and egalitarians. One of the main purposes of the present paper is to illustrate how bifurcation theory can be used to study the process of increasing gender equality and its implications on fertility.

Effects of organic farming on the empowerment of women: A case study on the perception of female farmers in Odisha, India

Several projects claim that organic farming empowers women and promotes gender equality. To explore the effects of organic farming initiatives on the empowerment of women as perceived by female farmers, a qualitative field study with interviews in Odisha (India) was conducted. Results show that, although organic farming has positive impacts on women, such as improvements in health and food security, there are significant draw-backs due to factors such as the additional workload. Women are also widely excluded from business decisions in organic farming, as the investigated organic initiative works within traditional gender patterns. Although female farmer groups exist, women are neither included on the cooperative level nor in agricultural training on organic methods, which leads to the reinforcement of deeply embedded gender inequality. Fully exploiting the potential for empowering women through organic farming and increasing gender equality in India would require technical training and working beyond traditional social structures, to include women in higher administrative levels.

Gender Equality, Corruption and Meritocracy

This paper presents following arguments: 1) Corruption in its various forms is a serious social ill. 2) Democracy is not a safe cure against corruption. 3) Increased gender equality seems to be one important factor behind getting corruption under control. 4) Impartiality in the exercise of public power, not least when it “translates” into meritocratic recruitment and promotion in the public administration, has a powerful effect for lowering corruption. 5) While some aspects of impartiality are central for gender equality, research results are mixed. Some show that impartial principles promote gender equality, others show that gender bias exists also in many processes designed to be impartial. Going from these results to policy recommendations is thus fraught with many difficulties. One is how to handle problems of legitimacy in the implementation process for various forms of preferential treatment of discriminated groups. Since these problems are impossible to handle, we may be in for a “Churchillian” argument. Like representative democracy, meritocracy may be a far from ideal solution for lowering corruption and thereby promoting human well-being, but it may be the least bad of existing alternatives.

Gender Budgeting in G7 Countries

At the request of the Italian Presidency of the G7, the IMF has prepared a paper on gender-budgeting as a contribution to the G7 initiative on equality. The paper provides an overview of gender-responsive budgeting concepts and practices in the G7 countries. It summarizes recent trends in gender equality in G7 and advanced countries, noting that while equality has improved overall, exceptions and gaps remain. Recognizing that many fiscal policies have gender-related implications, this paper: Sets out the main fiscal policy instruments, both expenditure and tax, that have a significant impact on gender equality. Provides a conceptual framework for the public financial management (PFM) institutions that play an enabling role in implementing gender-responsive fiscal policies. These instruments include gender budget statements, gender impact assessments, performance-related budget frameworks, and gender audits. Ministries of finance have an especially important role in promoting and coordinating gender budgeting, and associated analytical tools. Provides an assessment of the status of gender budgeting in the G7 countries. In preparing the paper, the IMF carried out a survey of PFM institutions and practices in the G7, as well as in three comparator countries that are relatively strong performers in developing gender-responsive budgeting (Austria, Belgium, and Spain). This information was complemented by other sources, including recent studies by the OECD and the World Bank. The main policy implications and conclusions of the paper include: Well-structured fiscal policies and sound PFM systems have the potential to contribute to gender equality, furthering the substantial progress already made by the G7 countries. While G7 countries have made effective use of a wide range of fiscal and non-fiscal policies to reduce gender inequalities, there has generally been less progress in developing effective gender-specific PFM institutions; embedding a gender dimension in the normal budgeting and policy-making routines varies across G7 countries and is not done systematically. Fiscal policy instruments of relevance to increasing gender equality include the use of tax and tax benefits to increase the supply of female labor, improved family benefits, subsidized child-care, other social benefits that increase the net return to women’s work, and incentives for businesses to encourage the hiring of women.

Kurniawati Hastuti Dewi. Indonesian Women and Local Politics: Islam, Gender and Networks in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press in association with Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2015, xxi+246p.

Indonesian Women and Local Politics: Islam, Gender and Networks in Post-Suharto IndonesiaKURNIAWATI HASTUTI DEWISingapore: NUS Press in association with Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2015, xxi+246p.Indonesia began its political reform almost 15 years ago following the collapse of Suharto's authoritarian administration in 1998. As in many other democratizing countries, increasing gender equality in government became an important reform agenda in Indonesia and greater democratic freedom and increased demand for gender equality were believed to move women's issues to the center of social policymaking. The newly democratic Indonesian government introduced Law No. 31/2002 on Political Parties and Law No. 12/2003 on General Elections, as part of an affirmative action policy which set quotas for women's representation. These two laws were later revised into Law No. 2/2008 and Law No. 10/2008 regulating women's wider participation in politics and obliging political parties to nominate at least one woman in every three candidates to run in legislative elections.To date, women's representation in the national legislature has increased from only 8.8% during the Suharto administration to 17.3% in 2014. This means there are now 97 women out of a total of 560 members in the national parliament. In addition, Law No. 32/2004 on Direct Elections has lifted structural barriers to women running for leadership positions in local elections. This Law has helped a number of women to become district Mayors (Regent), Vice Governors, and Governors. In Java, the most populated island in Indonesia, there were five women elected as Regent, one Vice-Governor, and one Governor as the result of the 2005 direct election (p. 18).Yet, regardless of the increase in women's representation in government, Indonesian women continue to receive unfair treatment and are discriminated against in many social policies and practices. To name a few, the introduction of sharia-based regional regulations in the Province of Aceh and in 52 districts and municipalities since 2001 has expanded discrimination against women and limited women's freedom of expression (Bush 2008, 176). Misogynist policies continue to be put in place. In 2013, the National Ulama Council (MUI), for example, supported the initiative of some Regents to require female students to undertake a virginity test in order to get into high schools (Kompas 2013). Meanwhile, Indonesia's Military and the National Police continue to require female candidates to pass virginity tests before joining (Russin 2015). It was only recently that Indonesia's Constitutional court rejected an application made by women activists to increase the marriageable age for girls from 16 years old, as stated in Article 7(1) of the 1974 Marriage Law, to 18 (Sciortino 2015). The legislative review was initiated due to the increasing risks of unwanted pregnancies, sexual disease, maternal health hazards, and violence as girls at the age of 16 are not mentally and physically ready to enter marriages. Women and human rights activists argue that this continuing discrimination against women is the result of many contributing factors, from Indonesia's misogynist socio-cultural tradition and poor gender-based policy making to a lack of women's representation in government.The issue of whether or not an increase in women's representation in government will lead to the advancement of women's issues, in fact, has become a subject of scholarly debate among political scientists. The debate centers on the role of democracy in improving women's access to political positions, thereby enabling the women elected to pass more women-friendly policies (Fallon et al. 2012). Researching women's representation in the legislature and its impact on advancing women's issues into women's friendly policies in the United States, Osborn (2012, 1, 6) argues that while many people expect women elected to public office to address women's policy concerns and represent women's needs, it is, in fact, political parties that work in shaping and influencing women legislators in addressing their agenda and producing policies that affect them positively. …

Culture and context matter: gender in international business and management

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to argue that culture and context (policy and environment) are key factors affecting gender inequalities within and across countries.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies conceptual and descriptive statistics.FindingsThe authors found evidence of increasing gender equality in the workplace, but only for rich countries. Gender inequalities persist in the poorest countries, and the gap between rich and poor countries appears to be widening not narrowing.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper demonstrates the need for a comprehensive research program on gender and international business.Practical implicationsThe authors provided useful statistics that could possibly be picked up by newspapers. The paper also highlights the need for a more sustained research program on gender and development.Social implicationsThis paper demonstrates that the public perception of increasing gender equality applies only in very high development (rich) countries. In fact, gender inequality rises as economic development levels decline across countries, and the gap between very high and low countries has widened over the past 15 years.Originality/valueThe empirical findings with respect to gender inequality across United Nations Development Program country categories over time are, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, novel and original. Relating the gender inequality gap to culture and context highlights the roles that social issues and the environment play in affecting gender inequality across countries and across time.

대학생의 양성평등의식에 영향을 미치는 요인 : 사회복지학 전공 대학생 대상으로

This study seeks to identify factors influencing the gender equality consciousness of university students and provide data to increase gender equality consciousness for university students based on the results. The subjects of university students in D and G city at the time, data collection was from April 1, 2016 to April 14, 189 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The collected data using SPSS/WIN 20.0 program percentages, means and standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, post verification was analyzed by scheffes test, correlation between variables affect the Pearsons correlation coefficient, gender equality consciousness used a multiple regression analysis. In results of the study, gender equality consciousness appeared as 3.23±0.48 points. Gender equality consciousness were a negative correlation with gender role stereotypes(r=-.711, p<.001) and a positive correlation with self-esteem correlation(r=.186, p=.011) and showed a negative correlation with control (r=-383, p<.001). Factors affecting gender equality in research subjects appeared to be gender role stereotypes and control, explanatory power was found to be 50.1%. Through this research requires the fellow study to determine the various factors affecting the gender equality consciousness of university students, it is necessary to improve the gender equality consciousness..

Renewable Energy Systems: Technologies and Applications for Future Electric Grid

Renewable energies can substantially improve the increasing energy demands and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It also provides direct and indirect social benefits such as reducing the health and environmental impacts associated with the use of fossil and nuclear fuels, thereby improving standard of living, educational opportunities, creating jobs, reducing poverty, increasing gender equality and ensures energy security. Hybrid renewable energy systems comprising of solar and wind will be effective for efficient power generation, in spite of variability, intermittency and other grid related issues. Prospects and insights of solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems will be discussed by analyzing information reported in various literatures, government and international renewable energy agencies. Also policies and initiatives related to hybrid energy systems concerning environment and economy will be addressed. The progressive path for renewable energy development will be suggested through increased use of renewable energy generation with enhanced reliability, security and resiliency of the future electric grid.

Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974–2013

Using a large, register-based panel data set we study gender differences in top incomes in Sweden over the period 1974–2013. We find that, while women are still a minority of the top decile group, and make up a smaller share the higher up in the distribution we move, their presence has steadily increased in all top groups over the past four decades. Top income women are wealthier and rely more on capital incomes, but the difference, relative to men, has decreased since the 1970s. Over this period capital incomes have in general become more important in the top, but the share of working-rich women has gone up, while the opposite is true for men. Realized capital gains are more important for top income women but turn out to be of a more transitory nature than for men. Mobility is generally higher for top income women compared to top income men but the trend since the 1990s is toward increased gender equality in this respect too. Finally, we find important differences between top income women and men in terms of marital status and family composition. Overall, our results suggest that many of the findings in the top income literature have a clear gender component and that understanding gender equality in the top of the distribution requires studying not only earnings and labour market outcomes but also incomes from other sources.

Parental leave policies and time use for mothers and fathers: a case study of Spain and Sweden

ABSTRACTStates play an important role in gender equality through policy structuring. In this case study, the aim is to explore whether changes in parental leave policies over two decades trickle down to changes in gendered time use in two polarised countries: Sweden and Spain, represented by the Basque Country. Sweden represents dual-earner countries with high relative gender equality, whereas Spain represents a south European policy model supporting a breadwinning/homemaker ideal. The results show that changes in the gendered time use among mothers and fathers in both countries are associated with changes in parental leave policies. Changes in policies directed towards increasing gender equality reduce the gender gap in time use among mothers and fathers and seem to increase gender equality within a country. From these results, the conclusion is that parental leave policies that are structured to promote or enable gender equality could reduce the gender time gap in work among mothers and fathers.

Penyebab Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) di Kecamatan Bantul Kabupaten Bantul Yogyakarta

Increasing Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) goals that is continued in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, domestic violence has increased signiicantly every year. The domestic violance in Indonesia, 2010 reached 295 836 cases and in Bantul District increased from 6 to 12. This study aims to determine factors that lead to domestic violence in Bantul Sub-District. This was descriptive qualitative study, with purposive sampling techniques. In the beginning of the study, there were about two dozen informants, but only four people who were willing to become informants. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, semi standard way and reseracher as a key instrument. The source triangulation was used for data validation. There were many factors that lead to domestic violences: the economic situations, harmony in intimate relationships, conidence, communication, stress, and the past experiences. The education was not a cause of domestic violence. Key words: domestic violence