Increased Engine Power Research Articles

Creating the Illusion of Sportiness: Evaluating Modified Throttle Mapping and Artificial Engine Sound for Electric Vehicles

Modern computerized vehicles offer the possibility of changing vehicle parameters with the aim of creating a novel driving experience, such as an increased feeling of sportiness. For example, electric vehicles can be designed to provide an artificial sound, and the throttle mapping can be adjusted to give drivers the illusion that they are driving a sports vehicle (i.e., without altering the vehicle’s performance envelope). However, a fundamental safety-related question is how drivers perceive and respond to vehicle parameter adjustments. As of today, human-subject research on throttle mapping is unavailable, whereas research on sound enhancement is mostly conducted in listening rooms, which provides no insight into how drivers respond to the auditory cues. This study investigated how perceived sportiness and driving behavior are affected by adjustments in vehicle sound and throttle mapping. Through a within-subject simulator-based experiment, we investigated (1) Modified Throttle Mapping (MTM), (2) Artificial Engine Sound (AES) via a virtually elevated rpm, and (3) MTM and AES combined, relative to (4) a Baseline condition and (5) a Sports car that offered increased engine power. Results showed that, compared to Baseline, AES and MTM-AES increased perceived sportiness and yielded a lower speed variability in curves. Furthermore, MTM and MTM-AES caused higher vehicle acceleration than Baseline during the first second of driving away from a standstill. Mean speed and comfort ratings were unaffected by MTM and AES. The highest sportiness ratings and fastest driving speeds were obtained for the Sports car. In conclusion, the sound enhancement not only increased the perception of sportiness but also improved drivers’ speed control performance, suggesting that sound is used by drivers as functional feedback. The fact that MTM did not affect the mean driving speed indicates that drivers adapted their “gain” to the new throttle mapping and were not susceptible to risk compensation.

The influences of gasoline and diesel fuel additive types

The increasing world population and the level of prosperity have led to an increase in the need for transportation. In the historical process, the increase of the speed of transportation vehicles has been possible with the invention of internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are heat engines and use different fuels as an energy source. While combustion of fuel chemical energy transforms to the useful work and is obtained engine power and torque. To increase engine power and torque some innovations have been made for internal combustion engines such as electronic ignition system, fuel injection system, valve timing system and increasing compression ratio etc. On the one hand, these developments lead to increasing engine power and torque, emission regulations obstruct these outputs. Fuel additives are chemical compounds that can help to optimize between emissions and engine power and torque. Moreover, fuel additives are mixed with raw fuel, in order to get improving combustion efficiency, lower fuel consumption, decreasing engine wear, preventing failures, and better running in cold weather. Over and above the types and amounts of fuel additives may alterable depends on the fuel type, fuel producer and climatic factors.

Experimental investigation of the effects of ethanol‐diesel mixture on the performance and emissions of the thermal barrier coated diesel engine

AbstractIn this study, the effects of thermal barrier coating (TBC) and diesel‐ethanol mixture fuel on carcinogenic and greenhouse‐causing harmful emissions from diesel engines were experimentally investigated. In the first stage, the combustion chamber parts of the single cylinder diesel engine were coated with ceramic Al2O3TiO2 material with low thermal conductivity. Plasma spray method was used as the coating method. Then, coated and uncoated engines were run on diesel fuel. In the second stage, ethanol‐diesel mixture containing 5% ethanol E5 (v/v) was used in both engines. In both stages, the engines were operated at full load and at different engine speeds and compared in terms of emissions and performance. Combustion improved as the effect of the increased in‐cylinder temperature thanks to the low heat transfer with TBC. Therefore, an increase in engine power occurred. However, when E5 fuel was used in the TBC engine, the engine power decreased slightly. In the coated engine, HC and CO emissions have been significantly reduced. NOx emission increased with the effect of the thermal barrier coating, but decreased by 18% with the addition of ethanol in the TBC engine due to lower calorific value of ethanol.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CREEP OF PISTON ALUMINUM ALLOYS

The paper deals with the issues of reliability of piston materials in the process of increasing engine power. It is precisely the increase in the liter power of engines while ensuring environmental and economic requirements that is today one of the main areas of work in engine manufacturing. Studies have shown that material creep has significantly affects on the reliability of internal combustion engine parts. The most thermally loaded engine element is a piston. The main critical areas for it can be identified: the edge of the combustion chamber, the area of the piston rings and the piston skirt. The appearance of seizures on the piston skirt is sometimes observed even during the engine initial tests at the engine power increasing. Thus, we can speak about the relevance of the problem of identifying the reasons for reaching the critical state of the piston material. Based on these data, it becomes possible to develop measures to ensure the reliable operation of the piston. Among the most common materials for the manufacture of pistons are aluminum alloys AL25 and AK4. The chemical composition of these alloys varies considerably. The study obtained coefficients for calculating the creep rate for these materials. The identification of the calculation of the creep deformation of aluminum alloys at different stress levels, for different temperatures is carried out. The upper boundary of the region of model adequacy in terms of temperatures and stresses is determined. The creep rate of aluminum alloys is analyzed at different temperatures. In the conclusions, a comparison of the piston materials is made and the advantages of the AK4 alloy in comparison with the AL25 alloy, which are coming out when the engine power is increased, are indicated. The direction of further research is also indicated, which is associated with the analysis of the deformation of the considered materials at the first stage of creep.

Acoustical Holography-Based Analysis of Spatiospectral Lobes in High-Performance Aircraft Jet Noise

Holographic reconstructions of the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35 aircraft were achieved by applying multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography to measurements taken at a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer of the jet. The measured field, as well as reconstructions to locations where the field was not measured, show that the field can be described as a superposition of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain. These lobes are observed in the field when the aircraft is operated at a variety of engine powers, including afterburner. For a given engine power, as frequency is increased, the spatial lobes in the mixing-noise region shift aft in directivity until they disappear beyond the aperture of the measurement while new ones appear toward the sideline and shift aft with the others. At a fixed frequency, when engine power is increased, the forward-most spatial lobe increases in level more than the other lobes, which is a major factor in the observed forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Frequency-dependent raytracing of the spatial lobes gives insight into the directivity and apparent source locations for jet noise components as a function of frequency and engine power.

The synergistic effect of fuel aromatic components refinement and ignition timing on GDI engine performance and emissions

In this study, a four-cylinder, four-stroke GDI engine was used to study the effects of refined aromatic components combined with advanced ignition timing on engine combustion and emission performance at 1800 rpm, 80% load rate. It was found that the different types of aromatics in the fuel have a considerable impact on the combustion and emission performance of the engine. The aromatic components of fuel Me and fuel Tr are toluene and trimethyl-benzene, respectively. They have shorter combustion durations and ignition delays, which mean better combustion effect, compared with fuel B, whose aromatic component is mixed with toluene, xylene and trimethyl-benzene. Fuel Xy whose aromatic component is xylene has a longer combustion duration, lower indicates mean effective pressure (IMEP), and increased fuel consumption. When ignition timing is −3.75°CA ATDC, fuel Xy has the shortest ignition delay and combustion duration, which shows that fuel Xy has the best combustion effect at this ignition time. On the premise that the combustion stability does not deteriorate, when the aromatic component of the fuel is mainly toluene and the ignition timing is advanced to −5.25°CA ATDC, the IMEP of fuel Me increased by 3.16%, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased by 5.06%, and the THC content remained almost unchanged, but NOx emissions increased by 31.35%, compared with that of fuel B. Refining the type of aromatics in the fuel, combined with the adjustment of ignition timing, can optimize the combustion process to a certain extent, increase engine power output and reduce BSFC, but it will increase NOx emissions.

Rancang Bangun dan Pengujian Penghalang Heliks sebagai Pencampur Udara-Biogas pada Motor Otto

A helical barrier as air-biogas mixing device was designed and tested for direct use of biogas from digester in otto cycle generator set. Homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture can give better combustion reaction and increase engine power. The design was based on simulation, which shows that a 0.039 m length of helical barrier gave a 5% increase in power compared to non-helical barrier. Likewise, the simulations also showed that the helical barrier reduced specific fuel consumption (SFC) by 8%. Accordingly, the mixer with helical barrier was designed, and fabricated. Its performance test confirms the improvement resulted by using helical barriers as air-biogas mixer in the engine. The experiment showed that the power increased by 5% when using helical barrier, while SFC decreased by 4.5%. It is concluded that the helical barrier can increase the homogeneity of the mixture resulting in better engine performance. Besides, emissions produced from the engine using a helical barrier also decreased.

Analysis of The Effect of A Catalyst Hydrocarbon Crack System Spiral Pipe Against The 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engine Power

Engine power is produced through the change of energy from the chemical energy of the fuel by the combustion process into mechanical energy in the piston. This study aims to determine the effect of dual catalyst pipes using a hydrocarbon crack system on engine power. The design of this study used an experimental research design; the initial stage of this experimental study was by making a specimen that is a double catalyst with a spiral pipe on a hydrocarbon crack system. Retrieval of data starts from 1500rpm to 6500rpm engine speed with a lap difference in each test of 500rpm—data analysis techniques using numbers from research. They were testing the engine power of the motorcycle using the dyno test. The research data between standard machine testing results with the results of engine testing using a hydrocarbon crack system. Increased engine power occurs in HCS with a double catalyst and uses two fuel tubes. Vehicle power increased with the highest percentage by using one fuel tube that occurs at 5500rpm rotation, with an increase of 34.45%, i.e., obtained power of 6.73. Simultaneously, the use of 2 fuel tubes increased by 57.2% at 4500rpm with a power of 5.76.

Mathematical model for studying the operation of a machine-tractor unit with a tractor «DT-175S» with an elastic element in the linkage system

The increase in engine power and the speed of movement of the machine-tractor unit leads to an increase in the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the hook force. At the same time, the magnitude of these effects depends on fluctuations in the hook load, the nature of the work process, the dynamics of operating modes and the frequency properties of the transmission. Reducing the nature of transient dynamic loads can be achieved by using elastic connections in the tractor structure. The issues of a rational combination of increased operating power of the engine with a simultaneous decrease in dynamic loads in the transmission exacerbate the problem of choosing rational modes of operation of the machine-tractor unit. Uneven hook load causes fluctuations in the engine crankshaft rotation speed, an increase in the load on the transmission parts and, consequently, a decrease in power and an increase in engine fuel consumption. Therefore, to protect the transmission from vibrations that occur in the engine-transmission system, special damping devices are used. A characteristic feature of the device, which is the possibility of using elastic - damping elements, allowing to reduce the frequency of natural vibrations of the transmission.

Source Localization of Crackle-Related Events in Military Aircraft Jet Noise

Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of the steepest shocklike events in the noise field of a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based time-domain beamforming method. This method uses the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back toward the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the propagation angle, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone positions along the array are sorted into six groups. Shock events from groups related to crackle perception in the near field originate anywhere from 2 to 14.5 m downstream along the nozzle lip line, with distributions that shift downstream and broaden with increasing engine power. The crackle-related events appear to be generated by Mach wave radiation and large-scale turbulence structure noise.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕРМОМЕХАНИКИ ПУЛЬСИРУЮЩИХ ПОТОКОВ ГАЗА ВО ВПУСКНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ С КАНАВКАМИ ПРИМЕНИТЕЛЬНО К АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ДВИГАТЕЛЯМ

Reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) are widely used as heat engines for converting the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical work on the crankshaft. Aerodynamic and thermophysical processes in gas exchange systems significantly affect the efficiency of the RICE. This paper examines the possibility of influencing the gas dynamics and heat transfer of pulsating gas flows in the inlet system by placing a channel with grooves. It is known that the presence of grooves in the channel leads to the formation of significant secondary vortices, which radically change the physical picture of the gas flow. The studies were carried out on a laboratory bench, which was a singlecylinder model of a turbocharged RICE. A system of measurements of basic physical quantities is described, taking into account their high dynamics. Techniques for processing experimental data are presented. Primary data on instantaneous values of gas-dynamic and heatexchange characteristics of pulsating flows are presented. It was found that the presence of a channel with grooves in the inlet system leads to a decrease in the degree of turbulence to 40 % and an intensification of heat transfer in the range of 5–50 % compared to the basic inlet system. A positive effect is shown in the form of an increase in engine power by 3 % when using the modernized system.

Effects of liquefed petroleum gas use in a turbocharged stratified injection engine using ethanol/gasoline as pilot fuel

The production of engines using turbocharged stratified injection technology has increased rapidly in recent years. In addition, the use of liquefied petroleum gas, which is an environmental and economical fuel, is increasing in vehicles. While liquefied petroleum gas cannot be used in turbocharged stratified injection engines before, liquefied petroleum gas kits have become applicable to these types of engines with the development of technology. Turbocharged stratified injection is used to provide the first ignition of liquid fuel in engines. Therefore, liquid fuel is sprayed from the injector and then added on liquefied petroleum gas to burn liquefied petroleum gas. Thus, unlike other systems, liquefied petroleum gas in use with the increase in efficiency is also provided. Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, butanol, etc.) biomass fuels are alternative fuel characteristics. There are many studies on the use of alcohols in internal combustion engines. What distinguishes this study is that turbocharged stratified injection is used as a pilot fuel to burn liquefied petroleum gas in an engine. In the study, a vehicle with a turbocharged stratified injection motor equipped with prins liquefied petroleum gas system was used. For this purpose, the effects of 5% (E5), 10% (E10), and 20% (E20) ethanol addition on engine power, engine torque and exhaust emissions were investigated. The vehicle experiments were carried out by increasing the engine speed from 500-5500 rpm in the chassis dynamometer. The findings showed that with E10+liquefied petroleum gas fuel, there is an increase in engine power and engine torque. There is also a reduction in all CO, CO2, and HC emissions.

Optimization of four stroke spark ignition engine for firesport

The effort of engineers is to achieve the highest possible power from the engine of a given size, in other words, to improve the weight - power ratio. This must be achieved while maintaining other parameters such as service life, emissions, fuel consumption, and others. Engine power is (simply put) given by the amount of air supplied to the combustion process. From this point of view, there are two ways to increase engine power: engine overcharging or improving the hydraulic conditions of the intake and exhaust system. This paper describes the second way - modifications of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine, which lead to engine power increase. Outputs using laboratory measurements have been verified. In addition, an engine model in Lotus Engine Simulation software has been created. The paper deals with the effect of some engine adjustments on the power: modification of valve shapes, modification of intake and exhaust ports, and camshaft modification. The described engine is mainly used in firesport, which is one of the most popular sport disciplines in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. All adjustments are designed so that the modified engine meets the rules for firesport. Due to the fact that the assessed engine for sports industry has been used, neither fuel consumption nor emissions have been monitored.

Statistical evaluation of the injection timing effect on performance and emission in a diesel engine with 30% emulsion fuel

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the statistical significance tests on an emulsion with 30% water content (E30). The use of E30 fuel at standard injection timing conditions (13° CA BTDC) leads to a more extended ignition delay period with the process extending further from the upper dead spot (TDC). Therefore, to determine the impact of this process on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions, it is necessary to set injection timing ranging from 13°, 15°, 17°, and 19° CA BTDC with engine load. Furthermore, to identify errors in data retrieval, the average value measured was compared using Duncan’s multi-range test (DMRT). E30 combustion significantly increased engine power at a probability level of 1% (P < .01). The optimal power and BMEP was at 17° CA BTDC, with an average increase of 4.2%. The result showed that the optimum SFC and thermal efficiency were at 17° CA BTDC, with a decrease in SFC by 17.55%, and an increase in thermal efficiency by 13.77%. The decrease in SFC was due to complete combustion of the fuel and the optimum injection timing. Furthermore, a significant decrease (P < .01) was recorded in the combustion emissions by advancing injection timing of 17° CA BTDC, HC emissions of 17.17%, CO 12.44%, and smoke by 58.57%. Therefore, the smoke reduction due to the vapor from the combustion was bound on the soot on the exhaust gases.

Features of thermomechanics of pulsating gas flows in intake systems with grooves in relation to turbocharged engines

Reciprocating engines (RICE) are widely used as heat engines to convert the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical work on the crankshaft. Aerodynamic and thermophysical processes in gas exchange systems significantly affect the efficiency of internal combustion RICEs. This article explores the possibility of influencing the gas dynamics and heat transfer of pulsating gas flows in the intake system by placing a channel with grooves. It is known that the presence of grooves in the channel leads to the formation of significant secondary vortices, which radically change the physical picture of the gas flow. The studies are carried out on a laboratory bench, which was a single-cylinder model of a turbocharged RICE. The system of measurements of basic physical quantities is described, taking into account their high dynamics in gas exchange systems. The experimental data processing techniques are presented. Primary data on the instantaneous values of the gas-dynamic and heat-exchange characteristics of pulsating flows are reported. It is established that the presence of a channel with grooves in the intake system leads to a decrease in the turbulence number by 40% and the intensification of heat transfer in the range of 5-50% compared with the basic intake system. A positive effect is shown in the form of an increase in engine power by 3% when using an upgraded system.

Development And Research of Gas Engine Multi-Communicated Model with Delay

This article presents the simulation model of a gas engine designed to determine the optimal tuning parameters. The modern market requires the increase of engine power and a simultaneous decrease of fuel consumption [21; 19; 8]. The third important parameter is environmental friendliness [19; 8]. Thanks to computer modeling of the internal combustion engine, these parameters can be balanced [8; 1; 28]. The article presents the mathematical model of a gas-fueled engine, as well as the computer model implemented in the MATLab environment. The simulation results were compared with the parameters of a real engine after the bench test. The object of the study was the KAMAZ 82060 gas engine with thecapacity of 260 horsepower. The stand provided the version of the initial data. These are: effective power, fuel consumption per hour, temperature and pressure of the fresh charge at the inlet and the gas temperature in front of the turbine. The simulation result showed the simulation model deviations of no more than 12%. Thus, we can conclude that the developed computer model of the KAMAZ 82060 engine is quite accurate. In other words, we can conclude that this developed model of the KAMAZ 82060 engine can be used for otherstudies, or for reconfiguring the engine by changing the design parameters of the selected engine in the computer model.

The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.

Effects of gasoline composition on engine performance, exhaust gases and operational costs

New technologies to improve the performance and efficiency of internal combustion engines are related to enhance knock resistance in fuels. Aromatics, Paraffins and Lead-based additives in gasoline are used to increase octane rating, but some of these are toxic, carcinogenic or expensive. Nowadays, several alternatives for octane boosting is considered and oxygenated compounds are attracting interest, as ethanol. This compound is a renewable energy source, which can reduce the oil dependence and also can be appropriately used in gasolines as a blend. Ethanol use, widely noticed in Brazil and United States, increase octane rating, thermal efficiency and engine power due to the charge cooling effect and molar expansion capacity. For the same engine and operation conditions, octane rating and engine performance are directly correlated. The present study discusses about the influence of gasoline blend composition on the engine performance by the combustion process analysis. For this, samples of gasoline blends with different RON numbers were experimentally evaluated on a single cylinder research engine in high load and speed conditions. These conditions were selected as they are potential operation points for knock occurrence. The results show that despite the increase in aromatic content of gasoline samples and consequently the improvements in octane rating and engine performance, it is not compensated by the cost. For instance, the use of gasoline blend with higher ethanol percentage, resulted in reduction of more than 23% in net power (kW) cost and up to 32% of NOx specific emission.

Analysis of the effects of multiple injection strategies with hydrogen on engine performance and emissions in diesel engine

In this study, firstly, the turbocharged, compression-ignition, light duty vehicle engine was loaded with a DC dynamometer. The real test engine was run at partial load (90%) and at different engine speeds with normal diesel fuel. In the second stage, a model engine was created and verified with the mixing control combustion (MCC) module suitable for hydrogen combustion using AVL BOOST simulation software with real test parameters such as engine performance and cylinder pressure values. At the last stage, multiple hydrogen injection strategies were applied in the simulation program using pure hydrogen as pilot and post fuel and diesel as the main fuel, and were examined numerically in terms of performance and emissions. The results showed that 2 pilot injections and 1 post-injection strategy reduced soot emissions more than 1 pilot injection strategy. However, NOx increased slightly in all three injection applications. In addition, a significant increase in engine power was observed.

A novel fuel based on biocompatible nanoparticles and ethanol-biodiesel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions

Biodiesel fuel is one of the most important alternative sources that can replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel has many advantages such as high stability, non-toxicity, renewability, high flash point and excellent performance. However, it has disadvantages such as increased NOx emissions, oxidation in air, and incomplete combustion. One of the ways to reduce the negative effects of biodiesel fuel is to use additives such as nanoparticles and catalysts. However, the use of metal oxide and metal nanoparticles poses many environmental hazards. Graphene Quantum Dot (GQD) is one of the newest types of quantum dots that have extraordinary features such as biocompatibility, high thermal conductivity, excellent solubility, low production cost and non-toxicity. Given the potential toxicity of metallic nanoparticles to living organisms, biological nanoparticles such as GQD can be used to solve this problem. In the present study, the performance parameters and emissions of a diesel engine by adding GQD to bioethanol (with 2, 4 and 6%, vol) and biodiesel fuel (B10) at different engine speeds (1800, 2100 and 2400 rpm) was evaluated. The results showed that B10 + E4 + GQD60 was selected as the optimum fuel at all engine speeds since it increased engine power and torque and reduced CO and UHC emissions. In comparison with the pure diesel fuel (D100), the optimal fuel (B10 + E4 + GQD60) increased the engine power and torque for 24.59% and 20.02%. The optimum fuel also decreased CO and UHC emissions by 35.60% and 42.05% compared to the pure diesel fuel (D100).