Increasing Boron Content Research Articles

Intratumoral Transforming Boron Nanosensitizers for Amplified Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

AbstractBoron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an advanced binary tumor‐cell‐selected heavy‐particle radiotherapy used for treating invasive malignant tumors. However, its clinical applications have been impeded by the rapid metabolism and insufficient tumor‐specific accumulation of boron agents. To tackle this issue, we develop a smart boron nanosensitizer (BATBN) capable of transforming its size in response to cancer biomarker for optimal balance between penetration and retention of boron‐10 for BNCT. BATBN comprises an ultrasmall boron quantum dots (BQD) core (4 nm) conjugated with cell‐penetrating peptides, which facilitates its cellular uptake and deep tumor penetration. In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor biomarker can specifically initiate a self‐condensation reaction of BATBN, leading to the formation of larger‐sized nanoaggregates. Due to such a specific intratumoral transformation, BATBN demonstrates a 2.4‐fold increase in intratumoral boron concentration and a 5.0‐fold increase in tumor retention time compared to the BQDs. Thus, the tumor volume of the BATBNs‐treatment group is 2.7‐fold smaller than that of BQDs in preclinical tumor models after 21 days of neutron irradiation treatment. This study presents a supramolecular strategy to endow BNCT agents with the biomarker‐activated size interconversion, permitting precise and efficient BNCT for cancer treatment.

Intratumoral Transforming Boron Nanosensitizers for Amplified Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an advanced binary tumor-cell-selected heavy-particle radiotherapy used for treating invasive malignant tumors. However, its clinical applications have been impeded by the rapid metabolism and insufficient tumor-specific accumulation of boron agents. To tackle this issue, we develop a smart boron nanosensitizer (BATBN) capable of transforming its size in response to cancer biomarker for optimal balance between penetration and retention of boron-10 for BNCT. BATBN comprises an ultrasmall boron quantum dots (BQD) core (4 nm) conjugated with cell-penetrating peptides, which facilitates its cellular uptake and deep tumor penetration. In the tumor microenvironment, the tumor biomarker can specifically initiate a self-condensation reaction of BATBN, leading to the formation of larger-sized nanoaggregates. Due to such a specific intratumoral transformation, BATBN demonstrates a 2.4-fold increase in intratumoral boron concentration and a 5.0-fold increase in tumor retention time compared to the BQDs. Thus, the tumor volume of the BATBNs-treatment group is 2.7-fold smaller than that of BQDs in preclinical tumor models after 21 days of neutron irradiation treatment. This study presents a supramolecular strategy to endow BNCT agents with the biomarker-activated size interconversion, permitting precise and efficient BNCT for cancer treatment.

The Influence of B Content on the Microstructure and Hardness of in Situ Formed TiC-TiB2 Reinforced Fe-Based Hardfacing Coatings

In this study, Fe-Cr-Ti-(B, C) based hardfacing coatings with different ratios were produced on DIN St37 steel plate surface using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding method. It was investigated how increasing boron content affects the morphology of in situ TiC-TiB2 phases expected to form in situ in the coating. The effects of these changes in microstructure on the microhardness of the hardfacing coatings were also determined. X-ray analyses revealed that phases such as α-(Fe, Cr), M2B, TiC, and M7C3 were formed in coatings with 10% B content, and TiB2 phase was also detected in coatings with 20% and 30% boron content. In addition, it was determined that the volume fraction ratio of TiB2 phase increased in the coating microstructures and it was synthesised as a rod-like structure. Accordingly, the microhardness values of the hardfacing coatings increased significantly. The highest microhardness found was 1045 HV0.2 for the coating produced from 30B-Ti composition, which is about 4.5 times higher than the base steel (234 HV0.2).

Liquation cracking resistance and microstructural characteristics leading to low susceptibility in borated stainless steels for neutron absorbers

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of liquation cracking resistance in Borated Stainless Steels (BSSs) within the compositional range of ASTM A887 grade. Thermomechanical simulation was utilized to evaluate their hot cracking characteristics, providing valuable insights into the microstructural aspects. Cylindrical specimens were prepared from the three types of hot-rolled BSS sheets with varying boron content. The Gleeble simulator was employed to conduct on-heating and on-cooling hot ductility tests, specifically replicating the thermal cycles of the weld heat-affected zone, with a focus on the partially melted zone. The reduction in area was quantified as a measure of ductility, and in-depth microstructural analysis was conducted to unveil the underlying mechanisms contributing to liquation cracking susceptibility. BSSs corresponding to 304B3, B4, and B5 generally exhibited a lower brittle temperature range, and an increase in boron content was found to slightly reduce cracking susceptibility. This research clarifies the issues of low liquation cracking susceptibility in BSSs, offering valuable insights that significantly enhance their industrial performance as neutron absorbers in disposal of used nuclear fuel and nuclear power plants.

Boron interaction with double-walled carbon nanotubes across temperature ranges

Boron-adsorbing carbon nanotubes receive considerable attention in materials science due to their unique properties and potential applications. In particular, boron-adsorbing double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) exhibit a wide range of tunable electronic and optoelectronic properties. This study explores the influence of boron atoms on metallic (5,5@10,10) and semiconducting (8,0@17,0) DWNTs. We examine alterations in partial charge depending on the quantity of boron atoms adsorbed and affixed to the DWNT surface across temperatures from 300 K to 900 K. The results show that in both DWNTs, with the increase of energy corresponding to the temperature, the adsorption index of boron atoms (adsorbed to the first layer of DWNT) and the positive partial charge increase. Specifically, the maximum partial charge of DWNT(8,0)@(17,0) and DWNT(5,5)@(10,10) is 1.94e and 1.30e (at 300 K), 4.87e and 3.66e (at 600 K), 6.97e and 6.16e (at 900 K). Increasing boron concentration leads to heightened positive partial charge of DWNTs. This, in turn, affects the conductivity of the nanotube.

A numerical study of the effect of interfacial thermal resistance on thermal conductivity of Cu-B/diamond composites

Cu/diamond composite is a promising thermal management material for heat dissipation of high-power electronic devices. Heat transfer models for a Cu-B/diamond composite with varying boron contents added in the Cu matrix were constructed using the finite element (FE) method, based on the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization. The heat transfer behavior of the Cu/diamond composites was then investigated. The predicted effective thermal conductivities were compared to experimental values, using both analytical model calculation and FE simulation. The FE simulation effectively illustrates the dependence of thermal conductivity on interface structure evolution of the composite. The heat transfer behavior of the Cu-B/diamond composites varies as the boron content increases. In the Cu-0.3 wt%B/diamond composite, most of the heat flow is concentrated and transferred along the diamond particles. In the Cu-1.0 wt%B/diamond composite, the heat flux distribution and flow direction are similar to those in the Cu-0.3 wt%B/diamond composite, but the heat flux is substantially lower. The heat transfer behavior is closely related to the interactions between the two phases in the composite and is intensively influenced by the evolution of interfacial carbide morphology. The FE simulation provides a more accurate prediction of effective thermal conductivity compared to the analytical model calculation, as it considers the reasonable interactions between the two phases relating to the actual interfacial structure. The findings provide a fundamental basis for optimizing the interfacial structure of Cu/diamond composites and further improving their thermal conductivity.

The effect of surfactants on boron nanofuel combustion

In this study, the effect of surfactants on the combustion of boron nanofuel was experimentally observed. 1-butanol was chosen as the base fuel, and 70 nm boron nanoparticles were combined with two surfactants, Span 80 and oleic acid, to create the nanofuel. Experiments including single droplet combustion and heating value measurements were conducted, and optical and spectroscopical data were obtained to quantitatively evaluate the effects of the surfactants on boron combustion. The results showed that the addition of surfactants was essential for boron combustion by inducing puffing and atomization. The puffing intensity was stronger with Span 80 than with oleic acid, leading to more active boron combustion and a shorter droplet lifetime overall. An increase in boron concentration enhanced both puffing and boron combustion when surfactants were present. The addition of boron nanoparticles increased the heating value of the nanofuel compared to the base fuel. However, while the inclusion of oleic acid slightly rose the heating value of nanofuel, the addition of Span 80 decreased the heating value of nanofuel.

Doping dependence of boron–hydrogen dynamics in crystalline silicon

In this contribution, we investigate the formation and dissociation of boron–hydrogen (BH) pairs in crystalline silicon under thermal equilibrium conditions. Our samples span doping concentrations of nearly two orders of magnitude and are passivated with a layer stack consisting of thin aluminum oxide and hydrogen-rich silicon nitride (Al2O3/SiNx:H). This layer stack acts as a hydrogen source during a following rapid thermal annealing. We characterize the samples using low-temperature Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and four-point-probe resistivity measurements. Our findings show that the proportion of hydrogen atoms initially bound to boron (BH pairs) rises with increasing boron concentration. Upon isothermal dark annealing at (163 ± 2) °C, hydrogen present in molecular form, H2, dissociates at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of boron atoms, ∝ [B−], leading to the formation of BH pairs. With prolonged annealing, an unknown hydrogen complex is formed at a rate that is inversely proportional to the square of the boron concentration, ∝ 1/[B−]2, resulting in the disappearance of BH pairs. Based on experimental observations, we derive a kinetic model in which we describe the formation of the unknown complex through neutral hydrogen H0 binding to a sink. Additionally, we investigate the temperature dependence of the reaction rates and find that the H2 dissociation process has an activation energy of (1.11 ± 0.05) eV, which is in close agreement with theoretical predictions.

Unveiling the potential of high-temperature chemical vapour deposition growth of boron carbide: Investigating physicochemical, mechanical and electrical properties

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a widely utilized technique in industry, particularly venerated for its precision and reliability in producing hard ceramic materials. In this study, a gas mixture comprising BCl3-CH4-H2 was employed to deposit boron carbide (B4C) onto a graphite substrate to investigate the substrate temperature-dependent physicochemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of the B4C. The phase compositional and vibrational characteristics of the B4C were thoroughly assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images reveal a morphological transition from murataite to triangular flakes, accompanied by noticeable grain expansion with growing substrate temperature. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates a consistent trend of increasing boron concentration and decreasing carbon concentration with rising substrate temperature. Consequently, variations in substrate temperature notably tune the deposition rate, mechanical and electrical properties of B4C. The deposition rate at 1200 °C was 1476 μm/h. Whereas, the material hardness and electrical conductivity of the CVD deposited B4C were found to be 3166 HV and 18.358 Ω-1cm-1, respectively. The present study highlights the importance of high-temperature CVD growth of the B4C for industrial applications.

Impact of boron substitution on the thermoelectric, mechanical stability, electronic and optical properties of InP alloys

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, utilizing the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method, were performed to investigate the effect of boron (B) substitution on the InP system through GGA and mBJ-GGA formalisms, aiming to improve its band gap energy. Lattice equilibrium optimization determined that the stable structure of the alloys at equilibrium energy shows a decrease in lattice constants with increasing boron concentration (x). The calculated formation enthalpies, which are negative, indicate that these systems are experimentally synthesizable. The elastic analysis confirms that the doped alloys are elastically stable and exhibit ductile properties. The optical parameter analysis reveals that the optical energy loss functions are minimal or zero in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet ranges, suggesting their suitability for optical applications across these energy ranges. Specifically, the band gaps were found to range from 0.878 eV for x = 0.25–1.920 eV for x = 0.75 using the mBJ-GGA formalism. Furthermore, the role of B-doping in the InP system for thermoelectric technology was systematically investigated, revealing that our alloys possess good thermoelectric properties with a figure of merit (ZT) reaching up to 0.7 for x = 0.75. These results demonstrate that accurate tuning of the energy band gap through doping is an effective technique for discovering novel materials suitable for both thermoelectric and optoelectronic applications.

Investigation on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of FeNiMnCrCoTi0.1 High Entropy Alloy with B Addition

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are alloys with high potential for use in defense, aircraft, and aerospace industries due to their properties such as high strength, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and ability to operate at high temperatures. Therefore, in this study, FeNiMnCrCoTi0.1BX (x values in molar ratio, x = 0-1) high entropy alloys were produced by arc melting technique under protective gas atmosphere using a reverse vacuum method. The microstructural properties of the produced HEAs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis was also performed. The crystal lattice structure of the produced HEAs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Microhardness and compression tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the produced HEAs. It is observed that the hardness of the FeNiMnCrCoTi0.1BX high-entropy alloy increases as the boron content increases. The highest microhardness obtained was 593.8 HV in the FeNiMnCrCoTi0.1B alloy. As the boron content increases, the yield stress has also increased in compression testing. The highest yield stress was determined to be 1329 MPa in the FeNiMnCrCoTi0.1B alloy.

Anatase-rutile-brookite: Structural and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 modified with different boron concentrations

This study prepared titanium dioxide nanostructures modified with different boron (B-modified TiO2) concentrations. The percentage of the anatase was > 98 % and the rutile was < 1.1 % for pure samples or low boron concentrations. The brookite grew from 0.5 to 1.79 % with increasing boron concentration. The nanostructures with a diameter ≤ 25 nm and Egap ≤ 3.07 eV efficiently degraded 100 % of RhB up to 120 min or 45 min using UV-A or UV-C light, respectively. The most efficient material was used for the fluoxetine (FLX) photocatalysis. 3D spectrofluorimetry coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to quantify FLX and the transformation product (TP). Therefore, LC-MS-Q-TOF analyses identified other TP and proposed a degradation mechanism. In general, our results show that modifying TiO2 with a low boron concentration is an excellent way to improve the photoactivity of this material for the degradation of organic contaminants.

Enhanced crack propagation resistance after healing treatment by addition of boron in FeNi-base superalloy

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the crack propagation resistance of boron-containing FeNi-based superalloy could be enhanced by healing treatment. The healing treatment was performed by pre-straining and subsequent heat treatment, resulting in a pronounced boron segregation zone at the interface. Formation of boron segregation zone reinforced the crack propagation path, thereby effectively enhancing the mechanical properties of FeNi-based superalloy. The tested alloys were prepared by hot-rolling followed by aging treatment, resulting in precipitation of γ′-Ni3Ti and γ''-Ni3Nb embedded in the γ matrix. After pre-straining and healing heat treatment, η-Ni3Ti phase formed at the grain boundary, leading to the formation of a boron segregation zone at the interface between the η-Ni3Ti phase and γ matrix. Both strength and ductility were improved with increasing boron content from 0 at% to 0.2 at% after healing treatment. The spontaneous segregation of boron at the precipitate-matrix interface played a role in enhancing both strength and ductility by interface strengthening. Moreover, it was revealed that a critical amount of boron segregation is required for interface strengthening. Dislocation density analysis revealed that the recovery effect was weaker in alloys with boron than in those without it, leading to a more pronounced work-hardening effect.

Palladium‐Boride Nanoflowers with Controllable Boron Content for Formic Acid Electrooxidation

AbstractThe rational design of the electronic structure and elemental compositions of anode electrocatalysts for formic acid electrooxidation reaction (FAOR) is paramount for realizing high‐performance direct formic acid fuel cells. Herein, palladium‐boride nanoflowers (Pd‐B NFs) with controllable boron content are rationally designed via a simple wet chemical reduction method, utilizing PdII‐dimethylglyoxime as precursor and NaBH4 as both reductant and boron source. The boron content of Pd‐B NFs can be regulated through manipulation of reaction time, accompanying with the crystal phase transition from face‐centered cubic to hexagonal close‐packed within the parent Pd lattice. The obtained Pd‐B NFs exhibit increased FAOR mass and specific activity with increasing boron content, showcasing remarkable inherent stability and anti‐poisoning capability compare to commercial Pd and platinum (Pt) nanocrystals. Notably, the sample reacted for 12 h reveals high FAOR specific activity (31.5 A m−2), which is approximately two times higher than the commercial Pd nanocrystals. Density functional theory calculations disclose that the d‐sp orbital hybridization between Pd and B modifies surface d‐band properties of Pd, thereby optimizing the adsorption of key intermediates and facilitating FAOR kinetics on the Pd surface. This study paves the way toward the utilization of metal boride‐based materials with simple synthesis methods for various electrocatalysis applications.

Structural and temperature dependent dielectric behaviour of BxFe(3−x)O4 nanoferrite particles

AbstractThe auto‐combustion technique was employed to synthesize nano particles of BxFe(3−x)O4 (x = 0.0, 0.7, 1.18, 1.36 and 1.54). The resulting structural and dielectric properties of the boron doped Fe3O4 were evaluated. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a single spinel structure with crystallite dimensions ranging from 21.18 to 26.43 nm and lattice parameters of 8.211 to 8.487 Ǻ. The morphological images revealed homogenous and spherical grain sizes, while EDX confirmed the presence of constituent elements used. The X‐ray density increased whereas the bulk density and the porosity decreased with boron substitution. The study of dielectric properties and AC conductivity (σAC) was demonstrated and the AC conductivity decreased with increasing boron concentration, indicating a hopping mechanism. Moreover, noticeable variations in dielectric loss, AC conductivity, and dielectric permittivity with temperature and frequency were observed. These observations were attributed to the Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization and the hopping of charges between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions.

Understanding boron toxicity in aquatic plants (Salvinia natans and Lemna minor) in the presence and absence of EDTA

Even though boron is a widely used element in various industries and a contributor to water pollution worldwide, few studies have examined the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants. EDTA is used to maintain aquatic plants cultures, however it is possible to modify the toxicity of metals. The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants and explore the impact of EDTA presence on the resulting toxic responses. Floating watermoss Salvinia natans and duckweed Lemna minor were exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L for 7 days and 1 to 60 mg/L for 3 days, respectively. Growth and photosynthetic activity parameters were investigated in the presence and absence of EDTA. Growth inhibitions in both aquatic plants were observed in a concentration-dependent manner, irrespective of the presence or absence of EDTA. For instance, based on the specific growth rate (leaves coverage), EC10 values for S. natans were calculated as 12.7 (9.9–15.3) mg/L and 8.0 (5.8–10.3) mg/L with and without EDTA, respectively. In the case of L. minor, EC10 values were calculated as 1.3 (0.8–1.89) mg/L and 2.0 (0.4–4.3) mg/L with EDTA without EDTA, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the photosynthetic capacity, however there was no change in the increase of boron concentration. Generally, negligible effects of EDTA to the toxicity of boron were observed in the present study. By comparing toxicity results based on the presence and absence of EDTA, which is an essential element in the test medium, the results of this study are expected to be utilized for the ecological risk assessment of boron in aquatic ecosystems.

Enhancing the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Zr Alloy through Boron Doping

This study aims to improve the structural strength of the commonly used Ti-15Zr alloy in dental applications by investigating the effects of low boron additions. Ti-15Zr alloys containing 1-4% boron have been produced by vacuum arc melting. The phase ratios in the microstructure of the produced alloys vary according to the boron content. With increasing boron content, the ratio of TiB compound in the phase structure increases. The hardness of Ti-Zr-B alloys exhibited a notable increase in correlation with rising boron content. Measured hardness values of 36.31, 39.50, 44.14, and 53.40 displayed a clear upward trend with higher boron percentages. The tensile strength of the Ti-Zr-B alloys exhibits a trend of initially increasing with boron content, reaching its highest value of 888 MPa at 1% boron. The yield strength follows a similar with tensile strengh, with an initial rise from 449 MPa at 0% boron to a peak of 562 MPa at 1% boron content. Beyond this point, the yield strength slightly decreases to 469 MPa at 2% boron but sharply drops to 186 MPa at 4% boron content. As boron content increases in the Ti-Zr-B alloys, the percentage elongation, indicating the material's plastic deformation capacity before fracture, consistently decreases from 17.03% at 0% boron to 0.70% at 4% boron content.

Investigation of physicochemical and chemical properties of biochar activated with carbonate, nitrate, and borohydride

AbstractActivation of biomass before pyrolysis with various chemicals significantly affects the surface area and porosity, chemical composition, and formation and distribution of functional groups on the surface of the biochar produced. For this purpose, raw tea waste (RTW) was mixed with potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium sodium carbonate (NaKCO3), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in solid form and pyrolyzed at 500 °C for 1 h. The effects of the chemical activators on biomass char formation were investigated using DTA-TGA and DSC. Compared to conventional pyrolysis, carbonate, nitrate, and hydrides increase the gasification of biochar by catalyzing the decomposition of cellulose and lignin. The effect of NaBH4 on graphitization and deoxidation of carbon is higher than that of carbonates and nitrides. In addition, all prepared biochar samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and N2 adsorption–desorption. While treatment of RTW with KNO3 and NaKCO3 increased the hydroxylation of the biochar, treatment with NaBH4 decreased hydroxylation by increasing dehydrogenation and dehydroxylation. Increasing boron content led to hydroxylation of the material with hydratation of NaBO2. The surface area and pore distribution results showed that nitrates and carbonates have insignificant effect on the surface area of biochar, while NaBH4 almost doubles the surface area and total pore volume of biochar by forming hydrogen.

Microstructure and Properties Variation of High-Performance Grey Cast Iron via Small Boron Additions

A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of small boron additions on the solidification and microstructure of hypo-eutectic alloyed grey cast iron. The characteristic temperatures upon crystallisation of the treated metal melt were recorded, specifically those concerning small boron addition by using thermal analysis with the ATAS system. Additionally, a standardised wedge test was set to observe any changes in chill performance. The microstructures of thermal analysis samples were analysed using a light optical microscope (LOM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which reveal variations in graphite count number with the addition of boron within observed random and undercooled flake graphite. The effect of boron was estimated by the classical analytical and statistical approach. The solidification behaviour under equilibrium conditions was predicted by a thermodynamic approach using Thermo-Calc. Based on all gathered data, a response model was set with boron for given melt quality and melt treatment using the experimentally determined data. The study reveals that boron as a ferrite and carbide-promoting element under the experimental set shows weak nucleation potential in synergy with other heterogenic nuclei at increased solidification rates, but no considerable changes were observed by the TA samples solidified at slower cooling rates, indicating the loss of the overall inoculation effect. The potential presence of boron nitride as an inoculator for graphite precipitation for a given melt composition and melt treatment was not confirmed in this study. It seems that boron at increased solidification rates can contribute to overall inoculation, but at slower cooling rates these effects are gradually lost. In the last solidification range, an increased boron content could have a carbide forming nature, as is usually expected. The study suggests that boron in traces could affect the microstructure and properties of hypo-eutectic alloyed grey cast iron.

Influence of Boron on Stress-Relief Cracking Susceptibility of T23 Steel

The effect of boron on stress-relief cracking (SRC) sensitivity in the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of ASME SA213-T23 was studied by thermo-mechanical simulation. Then, the fracture mode, microstructure, carbide evolution, and boron segregation were observed by an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and an electron probe microanalyzer. Finally, the mechanism of increasing boron content to improve SRC resistance was described. The results showed that when the boron content is lower than 0.0038 wt.-%, T23 steel is sensitive to SRC at 550–750°C (1022–1382°F), and the sensitive temperature range narrows as the boron content increases. When the boron content increases to 0.010 wt.-%, SRC can be eliminated. Moreover, boron addition did not improve grain boundary (GB) strength nor did it fundamentally change the fracture mode at high temperatures, but it significantly improved intergranular ductility. This is because the boron segregation at the GB inhibits the precipitation of M23C6 carbides, which reduces the void nucleation and alloy element depletion near the GB, thus significantly improving intergranular plasticity. The improvement of intergranular plasticity gives the grain sufficient time to deform and greatly improves the overall plasticity of the CGHAZ. As a result, the SRC resistance of the welded joint is significantly improved because the stress can be released through enough plastic deformation during postweld heat treatment or service.