Increased Adiponectin Levels Research Articles

Change in Adipokines and Gastrointestinal Hormones After Bariatric Surgery: a Meta-analysis.

The study aimed to perform a meta-analysis about the change in adipokines and gastrointestinal hormones after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and PubMed for related articles and used Review Manager 5.4 for data aggregation. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis were also conducted when feasible. As a result, 95 articles involving 6232 patients were included in the meta-analysis. After bariatric surgery, the levels of leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), tumor necrosis, factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) reduced, while adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) levels increased significantly. Subgroup analysis indicated that there was a more significant reduction in leptin level with a longer follow-up time. OAGB had a greater effect on increasing adiponectin level compared with other procedures. SG procedure would bring about reduced ghrelin, while BPD resulted in increased ghrelin. Meta-regression analysis found that publication year, study design, number of patients, preoperative age, preoperative BMI, and quality assessment score were not significantly related to change in leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels. Bariatric surgery was associated with a significant decrease in leptin, ghrelin, CRP, IL-6, Hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-1β, as well as increase in adiponectin, GLP-1, and PYY levels.

Metabotropic Effect of Probiotic Supplementation and High-Intensity Interval Training in Menopause-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of supplementation with a native potential probiotic lactobacillus and 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in a menopause-induced metabolic syndrome. A total of 40 ovariectomized (OVX) Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control (OVX + Vehicle), exercise (EXE) (OVX + Exe), probiotic (Prob) (OVX + Prob), exercise and probiotic (OVX + Exe + Prob), and sham surgery. After the end of the treatment interventions, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), visceral fat, and serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and adiponectin were measured using colorimetric analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Data revealed a significant decrease in weight, waist circumference , visceral fat, BMI, and levels of glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but an increase in high-density lipoprotein and adiponectin levels (P = 0.001), in OVX + Exe + Prob compared with the OVX + Vehicle group. The present study indicates that native probiotic lactobacillus combined with HIIT effectively reduces body weight, visceral fat, and levels of LDL, glucose, and insulin and increases adiponectin level, although exercise contributes more to fat reduction and probiotics to insulin resistance.

ADIPONECTIN LEVELS IN GRAVES' DISEASE - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Graves' disease is the most prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide. Adiponectin, the most abundant adipokine, plays a significant role in a cluster of prevalent diseases connected to metabolic disorders. Although the association between adiponectin and Graves' disease has been studied, the existing data is inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin levels and Graves' disease. We performed a systematic electronic search on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane Library using predefined keywords. We used the NHLBI quality assessment tools to assess the included studies. There were 11 studies involving 781 subjects included in our qualitative synthesis, while 6 studies were included in our quantitative synthesis. We observed significantly increased adiponectin levels in Graves' disease patients compared to controls (MD 2.983 [95% CI 0.138-5.828]) and hypothyroidism patients (MD 3.389 [95% CI 1.332-5.446]). Nevertheless, no significant MD was observed when comparing Graves' disease patients with and without Graves' ophthalmopathy (MD -27.124 [95% CI -88.893 - 34.645]). Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in patients with Graves' disease compared to controls and hypothyroidism patients. However, patients with and without Graves' ophthalmopathy did not present a significant mean difference in adiponectin levels.

EFEITO DO EXERCÍCIO EM ESTEIRA DE INTENSIDADE MODERADA NO AUMENTO DOS NÍVEIS DE ADIPONECTINA EM PACIENTES COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adiponectin plays a significant role in the metabolic system in proinflammatory cytokine inhibition and glucose uptake utilization. The treadmill is an aerobic walking device that stimulates natural walking features. Exercises increase adiponectin levels leading to improvement in insulin sensitivity. Objectives: To analyze the effect of aerobic exercise using a moderate-intensity treadmill with a gradual increase in speed and inclination on adiponectin levels in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Twenty-two participants with T2DM were randomized into treadmill exercise and control groups. The experimental group underwent 30-minute sessions of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise with increasing speed and gradual inclination three times a week for four weeks. The control group underwent individual exercise for 150 minutes per week. Participants were assessed for clinical and laboratory parameters before and after the four-week program. Results: There was a significant increase in the adiponectin level from 456.3 ± 42 pg/ml to 586.3 ± 87.8 pg/ml (p=0.04, p<0.05) in the treadmill exercise group. In the control group, adiponectin only increased from 466.7 ± 85 pg/ml to 471.8 ± 59 pg/ml (p=0.646). Conclusions: Moderate-intensity treadmill with increasing speed and gradual inclination was found to lead to a significantly better outcome in improving adiponectin levels than standard individual physical exercise in managing T2DM. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies – Investigation of the treatment results.

Reduced Visceral Fat Weight and Body Weight Due to Ingestion of Fermented Collagen Peptide in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice.

Oral ingestion of collagen hydrolysate has various benecial effects. We developed a novel fermented collagen peptide (FCP), different from the conventional collagen peptides, by fermenting gelatin with Aspergillus sojae. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FCP in inhibiting fat accumulation under high-fat loading. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low- or high-fat diet, or a high-fat diet including 5% FCP for 28 d. Body weight, visceral fat weight, adiponectin levels, leptin concentration, fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT) activity were determined. FCP supplementation was found to significantly decrease the body weight, visceral fat weight, leptin concentration, and FAS activity, and increase adiponectin levels and CPT activity compared to that in the high-fat diet-fed group. In conclusion, FCP intake reduced visceral fat weight and body weight in high-fat diet-fed mice.

The Role Of Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism On The Change Of Adiponectin Content In Individuals Overweight And Obesity After Aerobic Exercise In Combination Diet OCD

Background: The Indonesian obesity study group examined more than 6000 people from almost all provinces and obtained obesity rates with a body mass index (BMI)> 30 kg / m² in men at 9.16% and women 11.02%. Obesity has been known to be associated with Adiponectin and insulin resistance even from an early age. Wiecek (2012) compared adiponectin, lipid and proinsulin levels between obese and normal adolescents. From these studies, it is known that obese adolescents have adiponectin up to 50% lower compared to teens with normal weight. Aim: To Find Out The Role Of Adiponecttin Gene Polymorphism On The Change Of Adiponextin Content In Overweight Individual And Obesity After Aerobic Exercise In Dicd Ocd Combination. Methods: The research method used is pre-experimental design precisely quasi-experimental research design with one group pre-post test design. The research subjects were 36 women with more than normal body weight. Results: man Whitney test results differed significantly between adiponectin levels with variations in the TT genotype with a p-value of 0.001 and GT with a p-value of 0.038 after doing aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times of exercise, but the Spearman correlation test obtained a sig value of 0.301 which showed that the correlation was not significant between adiponectin levels and adiponectin genes. The spearmen correlation value of 0.074 indicates that the direction of the positive correlation with the strength of the correlation is very weak meaning that there is an increase in adiponectin levels after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times of exercise but adiponectin levels are not related to variations in the adiponectin gene after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 practice times.. Conclusion: There was a significant increase in adiponectin levels in the GT and TT genotypes after aerobic exercise combined with the OCD diet, but adiponectin levels were not related to variations in the adiponectin gene after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times.

The Synergistic Protective Effect of γ-Oryzanol (OZ) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) against Experimentally Induced NAFLD in Rats Entails Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant, and PPARα Stimulatory Effects.

This study estimated that the combined effect of γ-Oryzanol and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats also estimated some of their mechanisms of action. Adult male rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8 each) as control, control + NAC, control + γ-Oryzanol, HFD, HFD + NAC, HFD + γ-Oryzanol, and HFD + NAC + γ-Oryzanol. NAC was administered orally at a final concentration of 200 mg/kg, whereas γ-Oryzanol was added to diets at a concentration of 0.16. All treatments were conducted for 17 weeks and daily. Both NAC and γ-Oryzanol were able to reduce final body weights, fat weights, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, serum, and serum levels of liver function enzymes as well as the inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukine-6 (IL-6), and leptin in HFD-fed rats. They also improved hepatic structure and glucose tolerance, increased adiponectin levels, and reduced serum and hepatic levels of triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol (CHOL) in these rats. These effects were concomitant with a reduction in the hepatic levels of lipid peroxides (MDA) and serum levels of LDL-C, but also with an increment in the hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, only treatment with γ-Oryzanol stimulated the mRNA levels of proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats. Of note, the combination therapy of both drugs resulted in maximum effects and restored almost normal liver structure and basal levels of all the above-mentioned metabolic parameters. In conclusion, a combination therapy of γ-Oryzanol and NAC is an effective therapy to treat NAFLD, which can act via several mechanisms on the liver and adipose tissue.

Adipokines in multiple sclerosis patients are related to clinical and radiological measures

BackgroundAn imbalance of adipokines, hormones secreted by white adipose tissue, is suggested to play a role in the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In people with MS (PwMS) of the same age, we aimed to determine whether the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are associated with MS disease severity. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether these adipokines mediate the association between body mass index (BMI) and MS disease severity.MethodsAdiponectin, resistin, and leptin were determined in serum using ELISA. 288 PwMS and 125 healthy controls (HC) were included from the Project Y cohort, a population-based cross-sectional study of people with MS born in the Netherlands in 1966, and age and sex-matched HC. Adipokine levels and BMI were related to demographic, clinical and disability measures, and MRI-based brain volumes.ResultsAdiponectin levels were 1.2 fold higher in PwMS vs. HC, especially in secondary progressive MS. Furthermore, we found a sex-specific increase in adiponectin levels in primary progressive (PP) male patients compared to male controls. Leptin and resistin levels did not differ between PwMS and HC, however, leptin levels were associated with higher disability (EDSS) and resistin strongly related to brain volumes in progressive patients, especially in several grey matter regions in PPMS. Importantly, correction for BMI did not significantly change the results.ConclusionIn PwMS of the same age, we found associations between adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) and a range of clinical and radiological metrics. These associations were independent of BMI, indicating distinct mechanisms.

Analysis of the adiponectin paradox in healthy older people.

It remains unknown why adiponectin levels are associated with poor physical functioning, skeletal muscle mass and increased mortality in older populations. In 190 healthy adults (59-86years, BMI 17-37kg/m2 , 56.8% female), whole body skeletal muscle mass (normalized by height, SMI, kg/m2 ), muscle and liver fat were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (n=135). Levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, inflammation markers, leptin and fibroblast growth factor 21 were measured as potential determinants of the relationship between adiponectin and body composition. Higher adiponectin levels were associated with a lower SMI (r=-0.23, P<0.01), BMC (r=-0.17, P<0.05) and liver fat (r=-0.20, P<0.05) in the total population and with higher muscle fat in women (r=0.27, P<0.01). By contrast, IGF-1 showed positive correlations with SMI (r=0.33), BMD (r=0.37) and BMC (r=0.33) (all P<0.01) and a negative correlation with muscle fat (r=-0.17, P<0.05). IGF-1 was negatively associated with age (r=-0.21, P<0.01) and with adiponectin (r=-0.15, P<0.05). Stepwise regression analyses revealed that IGF-1, insulin and leptin explained 18% of the variance in SMI, and IGF-1, leptin and age explained 16% of the variance in BMC, whereas adiponectin did not contribute to these models. Associations between higher adiponectin levels and lower muscle or bone mass in healthy older adults may be explained by a decrease in IGF-1 with increasing adiponectin levels.

Effects of Exercise Training on Inflammatory and Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The interaction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality stems from the progressive nature of inflammation underpinning both diseases. Exercise training is considered an effective treatment strategy for T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases. The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise training on inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in patients with T2DM. Electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to January 2022. We used random effects models to estimate weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Twenty-five RCTs were included (N = 1257 participants; mean age = 52years). Included studies had moderate to good overall methodological quality (TESTEX = 9 (range 7-13). Meta-analysis indicated that exercise training significantly increased adiponectin and decreased fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein (ps ≤ 0.05). Subgroup analysis by type of training indicated that aerobic exercise had the most consistent beneficial effects as compared to other types of exercise training; however, there was high heterogeneity among studies. Different types of exercise training increase adiponectin levels and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, as well as fasting insulin and insulin resistance markers in patients with T2DM. However, these effects were not beneficial for more commonly measured cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., lipid profiles). Additional relevant clinical trials are required to confirm these results. This systematic review and meta-analysis was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022307396).

Contraction Band Necrosis with Dephosphorylated Connexin 43 in Rat Myocardium after Daily Cocaine Administration.

Contraction band necrosis (CBN) is a common abnormality found in the myocardium of cocaine abusers, but is rarely reported in experimental models of cocaine abuse. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is essential for cardiac intercellular communication and the propagation of CBN. Under stress or injury, cardiac Cx43 is dephosphorylated, which is related to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and pathogenesis, whereas adiponectin exerts beneficial effects in the myocardium. In this study, we explore the effects of cocaine on cardiac Cx43 in vivo. Rats were administered cocaine via the tail vein at 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days, and showed widespread CBN, microfocal myocarditis and myocardial fibrosis, corresponding to a dysfunction of cardiac mitochondria under increased oxidative stress. The increase in dephosphorylated cardiac Cx43 and its negative correlation with the myocardial distribution of CBN after cocaine administration were determined. In addition, apoptosis and necroptosis, as well as increased adiponectin levels, were observed in the myocardium after cocaine exposure. Accordingly, we found altered profiles of cardiac Cx43, CBN and its negative correlation with dephosphorylated cardiac Cx43, and the possible involvement of adiponectin in the myocardium after 14 days of cocaine administration. The latter might play a protective role in the cardiotoxicity of cocaine. The current findings would be beneficial for establishing novel therapeutic strategies in cocaine-induced cardiac consequences.

Adiponectin: A player in the pathogenesis of hormone-dependent cancers.

Hormone-dependent cancers are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both genders. Accumulating evidence suggest that adiponectin, an adipokine with multifaceted functions, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies. In the present review, we discuss the existing data regarding this relationship. Several observational studies showed that low adiponectin levels are associated with higher risk for breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian and prostate cancer. A relationship between adiponectin and the aggressiveness of some of these tumors has also been reported. In vitro studies reported that adiponectin inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian and prostate cancer cells. Given the high prevalence of these cancers and the substantial associated morbidity and mortality, the role of agents that increase adiponectin levels and/or stimulate its activity should be evaluated for the prevention and management of these common tumors.

Effects of weight-bearing vs. non-weight-bearing endurance exercise on reducing body fat and inflammatory markers in obese females.

Endurance exercise is an effective strategy for maintaining an anti-inflammatory environment and weight management. However, the effect of this type of exercise on decreasing body fat and TNF-α levels and increasing adiponectin levels is controversial. The aims of this study was to prove the effects of weight-bearing vs. non-weight-bearing endurance exercise on reducing body fat and inflammatory markers in obese females. 24 obese adolescents were recruited from female students from the State University of Malang. The interventions given in this study were weight-bearing endurance exercise (WBEE), and non-weight-bearing endurance exercise (NWBEE). Serum TNF-α levels and serum adiponectin levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis techniques use paired sample T-test with a significant level of 5%. Results of the statistical analysis show that the average body fat (PBF, FM, FFM) and TNF-α levels before endurance exercise vs. after endurance exercise in both types of exercise experienced a significant decrease (p≤0.05), while average adiponectin levels in both types of exercise experienced a significant increase before endurance exercise vs. after endurance exercise (p≤0.001). In general, it can be concluded that weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing endurance exercise with moderate-intensity for 40min/exercise session reduce body fat and TNF-α levels and increase adiponectin levels as a marker of inflammation in obese female.

Adiponectin Intervention to Regulate Betatrophin Expression, Attenuate Insulin Resistance and Enhance Glucose Metabolism in Mice and Its Response to Exercise.

Aims: Adiponectin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator1α (PGC-1α), a major regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and its effect on the genesis of insulin resistance is organ-specific. Expressed predominantly in fat and liver tissues, betatrophin is primarily involved in lipid metabolism, and could be a putative therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome and T2D. We hypothesized that the adiponectin pathway may regulate the production and/or secretion of betatrophin in liver. We aimed to determine whether exercise and adiponectin affect betatrophin to improve insulin resistance in mice. Methods: To investigate this hypothesis, we used wild-type C57BL/6 mice subjected to a high-fat diet, an exercise regimen, and i.p. injection of recombinant mouse adiponectin (Acrp30), and adiponectin knockout (Adipoq−/−) mice (C57BL/6 background) subjected to i.p. injection of Acrp30. Results: In Adipoq–/– mice, betatrophin levels in the plasma and liver were upregulated. In mice, plasma and liver betatrophin levels were significantly upregulated following a high-fat diet. Exercise and i.p. Acrp30 downregulated betatrophin levels and increased adiponectin mRNA and protein expression in the plasma and liver. The trend of change in PGC-1α and betatrophin levels in the liver was consistent. Conclusions/interpretation: Exercise reverses pathogenic changes in adiponectin and betatrophin levels in insulin-resistant mice. Exercise increased adiponectin levels and reduced betatrophin levels. Furthermore, exercise reduced betatrophin levels via adiponectin, which modulated the LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling axis but was not solely dependent on it for exerting its effects.

Potential health benefits of blueberry and raspberry pomace as functional food ingredients: Dietetic intervention study on healthy women volunteers.

The fruit juice industry generates pomace as a valuable by-product especially rich in polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids. In the cookies used in this study, 30% of the gluten-free flour was replaced with dried and ground blueberry and raspberry pomace, rich source of polyphenols, dietary fibers, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid. In order to examine whether the addition of blueberry and raspberry pomace in cookie formulation can have beneficial effects on certain blood parameters and anthropometric measurements, the designed cookies were tested in 20 healthy, normally fed female subjects, aged 30–50 years (41.35 ± 8.58 years) over four-week dietetic intervention study. Significant changes in the composition of fatty acids serum phospholipids, decrease in LDL-cholesterol level (20.16%), increase in adiponectin level (25.52%) and decrease in ALT and AST values were observed, thus indicating that inclusion of cookies containing blueberry and raspberry dried and ground pomace to usual diet might have positive effects on certain cardiovascular risk factors and liver function indicators.

Pine nut oil supplementation alleviates the obesogenic effects in high-fat diet induced obese rats: A comparative study between epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue

Pine nut oil (PNO) is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is obtained from species such as Pinus siberica, Pinus gerardinia, Pinus koraiensis, and so on. A few studies have shown its protective effect against obesity by regulating lipid metabolism and suppressing appetite. However, its effect on the release of adipokines and obesity-associated signaling pathways is yet to be investigated. We hypothesized that PNO might exert its antiobesogenic effects by modulating adiponectin/leptin-mediated cell signaling pathways. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the mechanism of action of 10% PNO substitution on the high-fat diet–induced obesity in male Wistar rats. PNO incorporation in the diet significantly decreased the body weight, body mass index, Lee index, liver weight, blood glucose levels, and adipose tissue size. It also reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and triglycerides and increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum significantly. It was observed that incorporation of PNO led to a significant increase in ADIPOR1/R2 expression in visceral epididymal adipose tissue (vEAT). It also lowered serum leptin (P < .05) and increased adiponectin levels. Furthermore, PNO supplementation increased P-AMPK/AMPK and P-AKT/AKT ratio and decreased the expression of FOXO-1 in both visceral epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (vEAT and vRPAT). Therefore, the present study showed that incorporation of PNO in the diet might prevent obesity and improve the metabolic inflammatory state in obesity by controlling the release of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines. Comparative analysis between vEAT and vRPAT also revealed that vEAT is metabolically more active in combating obesity than vRPAT.

Methanolic fruit extract of Myrica nagi protects the hypothalamus and attenuates inflammation associated with gold thioglucose- and high-fat diet-induced obesity via various adipokines

BackgroundMyrica nagi is popular in unani and ayurveda. Chemical constituents like myricetin isolated from its fruit has been shown to exert beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic disorders. ObjectivesThis study aimed to elucidate the anti-obesity effect of the methanolic extract of M. nagi (MEMN) using in vivo animal models of obesity induced by gold thioglucose or a high-fat diet. Materials and methodsThe obese mice were treated or untreated with MEMN for 8 weeks. Thereafter, feed intake, Lee index, and body mass index (BMI); biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, liver enzymes and specific biomarkers of obesity, including insulin, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids (FFA), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and resistin, were recorded. The weight and histopathology of organs and fat tissue were examined to validate the effectiveness of the extract. ResultsMEMN administration at various doses significantly reduced the induced weight gain, feed intake, BMI, and Lee index. Adipose tissue decreased as the MEMN dose increased. MEMN attenuated liver enzyme activity, decreased lipid, leptin, MCP-1, resistin, and FFA levels, and increased adiponectin levels. It also increased protection of liver cells and decreased accumulation of mesenteric fat. ConclusionsMEMN supplementation decreased weight and improved obesity serum/plasma lipid biomarker, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, MCP-1, and resistin levels. The weight-reducing activity of MEMN may be mediated by decreased gastrointestinal fat absorption and modulation of inflammation associated signaling pathways, leading to reduced adipose inflammation associated with energy expenditure.

Improved Aerobic Capacity and Adipokine Profile Together with Weight Loss Improve Glycemic Control without Changes in Skeletal Muscle GLUT-4 Gene Expression in Middle-Aged Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

(1) Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of adipokines in the regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in response to a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. (2) Methods: Skeletal muscle, plasma and serum samples were examined in 22 subjects from an exercise–diet intervention study aiming to prevent type 2 diabetes. The subjects were further divided into two subgroups (non-responders n = 9 and responders n = 13) based on their achievement in losing at least 3 kg. (3) Results: The two-year exercise–diet intervention reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in responders; the changes in leptin levels were significantly associated with changes in their weights (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). In responders, insulin sensitivity (Bennett and McAuley index) increased and was associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (r = 0.831, p < 0.010 and r = 0.890, p < 0.01). In addition, the VO2peak and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle improved in responders, but not in non-responders. However, there were no changes between the two groups in expressions of the glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) gene or of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α1 or AMPK-α2 proteins. (4) Conclusions: The exercise–diet intervention decreased serum leptin and increased serum adiponectin concentrations, improved glucose control without affecting GLUT-4 gene expression in the skeletal muscle in responders.

Effects of aerobic exercise on adiponectin levels potentially mediated by vitamin D in type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective. The positive effects of exercise on adiponectin and vitamin D have independently been reported. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D increases adiponectin synthesis through inhibition of the rennin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue. However, studies evaluating the effects of an aerobic exercise on adiponectin and vitamin D simultaneously investigating the potential mechanism of vitamin D-dependent adiponectin pathways in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still limited. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on adiponectin and its association with vitamin D in patients with T2DM. Methods. Total twenty-two patients with T2DM were randomly divided into intervention and control group. The intervention group underwent a moderate intensity of a walking mode treadmill aerobic exercise for four weeks. The exercise protocol was adapted from modified Bruce test with a periodic speed and inclination increase. In both groups, body mass index (BMI), vitamin D, and adiponectin levels, were measured before and after four weeks of the lasting program. Results. The mean of the increased adiponectin and vitamin D levels after exercise was significantly higher in the intervened than the control group, but statistically significant difference was only found in the adiponectin effect (p=0.017). There was a significant association found between vitamin D and adiponectin in the intervention group after data adjustments to age and BMI (p=0.005). Conclusion. Moderate intensity of treadmill exercise with increased speed and inclination periodically increased adiponectin level in patients with T2DM. The increased adiponectin might potentially be mediated by increased vitamin D, but the level of their association impact was dependent on the age and BMI.

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Administration of Arginyl-Fructose-Enriched Jeju Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Extract in C57BL/6 Mice and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models.

In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.