Increase In Willingness Research Articles

Exposure to the Tobacco Power Wall Increases Adolescents' Willingness to Use E-cigarettes in the Future.

Adolescents' e-cigarette use is now more prevalent than their combustible cigarette use. Youth are exposed to e-cigarette advertising at retail point-of-sale (POS) locations via the tobacco power wall (TPW), but no studies have assessed whether exposure to the TPW influences susceptibility to future e-cigarette use. The study was conducted in the RAND Store Lab (RSL), a life-sized replica of a convenience store developed to experimentally evaluate how POS advertising influences tobacco use risk under simulated shopping conditions. In a between-subjects experiment, 160 adolescents (M age = 13.82; 53% female, 56% white) were randomized to shop in the RSL under one of two conditions: (1) TPW located behind the cashier (n = 80); or (2) TPW hidden behind an opaque wall (n = 80). Youths rated willingness to use e-cigarettes ("If one of your best friends were to offer you an e-cigarette, would you try it?"; 1 = definitely not, 10 = definitely yes) before and after exposure. Linear regression assessed differences in pre-post changes in willingness to use across conditions. Ever-use of e-cigarettes was 5%; use of cigarettes was 8%; use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes was 4%. There were no differences between TPW conditions on these or other baseline variables (eg, age, gender). Compared to the hidden condition, TPW exposure was associated with greater increases in willingness to use e-cigarettes in the future (B = 1.15, standard error [SE] = 0.50, p = .02). Efforts to regulate visibility of the TPW at POS may help to reduce youths' susceptibility to initiating e-cigarettes as well as conventional tobacco products like cigarettes. Past work suggests that exposure to the TPW in common retail settings, like convenience stores, may increase adolescents' susceptibility to smoking cigarettes. This experimental study builds upon prior research to show that exposure to the TPW at retail POS similarly increases adolescents' willingness to use e-cigarettes in the future. Efforts to regulate the visibility of the TPW in retail settings may help to reduce youths' susceptibility to initiating nicotine and tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.

The approach–avoidance dilemma at the heart of group‐based support: Evidence that group identification increases willingness to seek support at the same time that identity‐based support threat reduces it

AbstractDespite the benefits of shared group membership, group members often experience an approach–avoidance dilemma when seeking support. At the same time that group members’ willingness to seek support is increased by the positive implications of group identification (the approach hypothesis), it is reduced by negative implications, including the capacity for support to threaten their standing in the group (the avoidance hypothesis). As this dilemma predicts, we find evidence that as participants’ group identification increases, their willingness to seek support increases, but that this willingness is simultaneously reduced by increased identity‐based support threat (Study 1, N = 125; Study 2, N = 161). Furthermore, manipulated support threat decreases willingness to seek support. In a team‐based game (Study 3, N = 117), support threat is reduced when group norms encourage support‐seeking, leading to increases in support‐seeking behavior through increases in willingness to seek support, as predicted by the avoidance‐reduction hypothesis. Implications for strategies to promote effective social support in intragroup contexts are discussed.

An Evaluation Study of the “RESTART” Program—Short-Term Residential Treatment for Addiction

The syndrome model of addiction argues that addiction should be conceptualized as a syndrome with multiple opportunistic expressions. The model is built on the observation that despite the various manifestations of addictive behaviors, they share many commonalities in terms of the etiology and the associated consequences. This model proliferates the understanding of the high relapse rate in addiction after receiving solely symptom-focused treatment. For clinicians, this conceptual model emphasizes the importance of in-depth multidimensional assessment and treatment modality for the interacting underpinnings of addictions. In Hong Kong, very few residential services are currently provided for clients with addictive behaviors other than substance abuse. Against this background, we developed a pilot short-term residential treatment program namely “RESTART” based on the Acceptance Commitment Therapy and Expressive Arts Therapy for clients with various expressions of addiction. The program contained a 4-day and 3-night overnight residential treatment camp followed by three post-camp workshops, and a full-day camp. It aimed to help participants rebuild a positive lifestyle and raise self- efficacy and coping abilities. The program recruited 44 participants with various expressions of addiction including gambling disorder, sex addiction, compulsive buying, compulsive stealing, internet gaming disorder, alcohol, and cigarette addiction. The program evaluation focused on six outcomes, including health consciousness, motivation to build a healthy life, psychological distress, disclosure of distress, perceived emotional and life disturbance by addiction, and self-efficacy of urge management. Quasi-experimental design was adopted to compare the experimental group (program participants) and the control group with similar demographic and addiction backgrounds. They were surveyed in four intervals in which pretest before the commencement of the residential program was conducted to compare with posttest at the program endpoint and two follow-up tests in 3 months after the program. Repeated-measures general linear models indicated that relative to the control participants, the experimental participants yielded significant increase in willingness to disclose distress and self-efficacy over time, whereas their perceived disturbance by addiction significantly reduced over time. These results suggest that the residential treatment camp is a potentially promising complement to treatment for diverse addiction problems.

Accounting for the Decreasing Willingness of U.S. High School Seniors to Protest, 1976–2015

Protest waves ebb and flow in contemporary America. Willingness to protest is a key precursor to a fledgling citizen’s potential for eventually being mobilized to participate in a public demonstration. Here, we explore trends in high school seniors’ willingness to protest from 1976 through 2015, employing annual data from the Monitoring the Future survey. After modest increases in willingness to protest that occurred for cohorts during the early-1990s, willingness to protest has steadily decreased for subsequent cohorts. We found that political interest, prior political experiences, and social engagement have a significant impact on time-series and cross-sectional variations in the willingness to protest for all cohorts. We address the larger implications of our research findings for theories of political participation and social movements.

Incentive for information sharing through revenue-sharing contracts in a logistics service provider and customer relationship

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of revenue-sharing contracts in the setting of a logistics buyer-supplier relationship on the willingness to share information between the actors involved. As interests of the actors are aligned when using a revenue-sharing contract, the willingness for information sharing is expected to increase. This increase will lead to improvement of overall performance within the relationship. To measure the impact of the revenue-sharing contract on willingness for information sharing, a laboratory experiment is conducted. Basis of this experiment is a modified investment game, allowing for information sharing possibilities. The use of an experimental setup allows for a controlled environment and reproducibility when analysing the behaviour of the actors involved. To evaluate the data obtained from our laboratory experiment, non-parametric statistics are applied. The results of the experiment indicate a significant change in the subjects' behaviour when a revenue-sharing contract is in place. Results show an increase in willingness to share information when a revenue-sharing contract is introduced as well as increased overall profits. The results of the experiment indicate that revenue-sharing contracts have the potential to evoke the willingness for information sharing.

Incentive for information sharing through revenue-sharing contracts in a logistics service provider and customer relationship

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of revenue-sharing contracts in the setting of a logistics buyer-supplier relationship on the willingness to share information between the actors involved. As interests of the actors are aligned when using a revenue-sharing contract, the willingness for information sharing is expected to increase. This increase will lead to improvement of overall performance within the relationship. To measure the impact of the revenue-sharing contract on willingness for information sharing, a laboratory experiment is conducted. Basis of this experiment is a modified investment game, allowing for information sharing possibilities. The use of an experimental setup allows for a controlled environment and reproducibility when analysing the behaviour of the actors involved. To evaluate the data obtained from our laboratory experiment, non-parametric statistics are applied. The results of the experiment indicate a significant change in the subjects' behaviour when a revenue-sharing contract is in place. Results show an increase in willingness to share information when a revenue-sharing contract is introduced as well as increased overall profits. The results of the experiment indicate that revenue-sharing contracts have the potential to evoke the willingness for information sharing.

Out-of-Pocket Cost Is a Barrier to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is increasingly performed to optimize biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, patients and physicians may be reluctant to perform TDM due to concerns related to potential out-of-pocket costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient understanding and attitudes toward TDM in different clinical scenarios with and without potential out-of-pocket costs. Adult IBD patients at a tertiary gastroenterology clinic were anonymously surveyed from March to September 2016 to assess their understanding of and willingness to undergo TDM in a variety of clinical scenarios, both with and without a potential out-of-pocket cost. Responses were analyzed for associations with changes in attitudes if out-of-pocket costs were involved. Of 118 completed surveys, 68.2% of patients were aware of or had previously undergone TDM. Patient willingness to undergo TDM was high both with and without potential out-of-pocket costs (70 and 98%, respectively); however, patients were significantly less willing with out-of-pocket cost (p<0.01). Higher disease-related quality of life scores, as measured by the short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (SIBDQ), was significantly associated with an increased willingness to assume a potential out-of-pocket cost (p=0.007). Overall, patients understand and are willing to undergo TDM in certain potentially beneficial clinical scenarios, however, are significantly less willing if paying out-of-pocket. A higher SIBDQ score was associated with an increase in willingness to undergo TDM when out-of-pocket cost was involved. Physicians should discuss TDM with their patients in order to make an informed and personalized treatment decision.

Does social trust increase willingness to pay taxes to improve public healthcare? Cross-sectional cross-country instrumental variable analysis

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of social trust on the willingness to pay more taxes to improve public healthcare in post-communist countries. The well-documented association between higher levels of social trust and better health has traditionally been assumed to reflect the notion that social trust is positively associated with support for public healthcare system through its encouragement of cooperative behaviour, social cohesion, social solidarity, and collective action. Hence, in this paper, we have explicitly tested the notion that social trust contributes to an increase in willingness to financially support public healthcare. We use micro data from the 2010 Life-in-Transition survey (N = 29,526). Classic binomial probit and instrumental variables ivprobit regressions are estimated to model the relationship between social trust and paying more taxes to improve public healthcare. We found that an increase in social trust is associated with a greater willingness to pay more taxes to improve public healthcare. From the perspective of policy-making, healthcare administrators, policy-makers, and international donors should be aware that social trust is an important factor in determining the willingness of the population to provide much-needed financial resources to supporting public healthcare. From a theoretical perspective, we found that estimating the effect of trust on support for healthcare without taking confounding and measurement error problems into consideration will likely lead to an underestimation of the true effect of trust.

“I like the sound of that!” Wine descriptions influence consumers' expectations, liking, emotions and willingness to pay for Australian white wines

This study investigated how information, typically presented on wine back-labels or wine company websites, influences consumers' expected liking, informed liking, wine-evoked emotions and willingness to pay for Australian white wines. Regular white wine consumers (n=126) evaluated the same set of three commercially available white wines (mono-varietal Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc) under three information levels. Session 1, blind tasting (no information provided) and Session 2, informed tasting (held at least 1week later) with both basic (sensory description of the wines) and elaborate (sensory plus high wine quality and favourable winery information) descriptions followed by liking, wine-evoked emotions (measured with the Australian Wine Evoked Emotions Lexicon (AWEEL)) and willingness to pay evaluations. Before tasting the wine in session 2, consumers also rated expected liking.Results showed that information level had a significant effect on all investigated variables. The elaborate information level evoked higher expectations before tasting the wines, plus resulted in higher liking ratings, elicitation of more intense positive (e.g. contented, happy and warm-hearted) and less intense negative emotions (e.g. embarrassed and unfulfilled), and a substantial increase in willingness to pay after tasting the wines compared to the blind condition, with the basic condition ranging in-between. These results were consistent across the three wine samples.Furthermore, if the liking rating after tasting the wines matched the expected liking or exceeded the expectations by 1 point on a 9-point hedonic scale, participants felt the most intense positive emotions and the least intense negative emotions. Whereas, if the expectations were not met or the actual liking exceeded the expectations by >2 points, participants felt less intense positive and more intense negative emotions. This highlights not only the importance of well written and accurate wine descriptions, but also that information can influence consumers' wine drinking experience and behaviour.

TASTE TRUMPS HEALTH AND SAFETY: INCORPORATING CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS INTO A DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENT FOR MEAT

AbstractConsumers implicitly incorporate their perceptions of products into their decision processes, yet little research has explicitly focused on how those perceptions influence demand for meat. This study incorporates taste, health, and safety perceptions into a discrete choice experiment for meat products at a grocery store. Our results indicate that taste is the most important perception as a 1-unit increase in the perceived tastiness (on a −5 to +5 scale) of a food product leads to a $0.60 increase in willingness to pay, whereas equivalent increases in perceived health and safety lead to $0.31 and $0.21 increases, respectively.

The Effects of Altruism and Social Background in an Online-Based, Pay-What-You-Want Situation

Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) is a participative pricing mechanism that leaves it up to the customer to choose a purchase price. Presently, the factors that influence customers’ willingness to pay are still not completely understood. This study examines the degree to which willingness to pay in an anonymous PWYW purchase situation on the Internet is influenced by the social motif of altruism and communication that as a part of the purchase price, will be donated to a charitable institution identified in advance. We hypothesized that altruism as well as a social background exerted an increasing impact on willingness to pay. A specific purchase situation in which the social background was manipulated was simulated by using online surveys. Altruism was measured using a 7-point Likert-type scale. The sample consisted of 403 participants, predominantly students and young adult employees. We found that communication of a social background led to a highly significant increase in willingness to pay (p p

The Impact of Defaults on Technology Adoption, and Its Underappreciation by Policymakers

We conduct an experiment to understand how enrollment defaults affect the take up and impact of an education technology. We show that a standard and simplified opt-in process induce low take up. Automatically enrolling parents increases adoption significantly and improves student achievement. Our surveys show automatic enrollment is uncommon because its impact is underestimated: District leaders overestimate take-up under the standard condition by 38 percentage points and underestimate take-up under automatic enrollment by 31 percentage points. After learning the actual take-up rates, there is a 140% increase in willingness to pay for the technology when shifting implementation to automatic enrollment.

The effect of Basic Life Support (BLS) education on secondary school students’ willingness to and reasons not to perform BLS in real life

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a skill-focused BLS course on secondary school children’s self-reported willingness to and reasons not to perform BLS in real life and the relation of this willingness with simulated BLS performance.Methods 313 secondary school children (133 girls and 180 boys, age 12-18 years) constituting 18 classes received a standardized 50-min BLS course by their physical education teacher. Course content was delivered through the reciprocal peer learning model with iPads as instructional tools. Before and after the BLS course, children completed a questionnaire regarding their willingness and fear to perform BLS.Results About 50% of the children reported they would perform BLS on a family member or friend. 10% reported they would perform BLS on strangers. There were no significant differences before and after the course, except for boys who showed a significant increase in willingness to perform BLS on family members from 49% to 58%, P= 0.01. ‘Being unable’ as a reason for not performing BLS decreased significantly after the course as well as girls’ fear to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation, P< 0.01. A significant positive correlation was found between the students’ willingness to perform BLS at pretest and their BLS performance, P= 0.02.Conclusion Children’s willingness to and reasons not to perform BLS in real life were largely unaffected by a skill-focused BLS course. Future research should investigate how the willingness to perform BLS can be increased and fears reduced during BLS courses in order to increase bystander BLS.

What is the value of world heritage status for a German national park? A choice experiment from Jasmund, 1 year after inscription

There is an ongoing debate about whether World Heritage (WH) status has a significant tourism value. However, Su and Lin and Wuepper and Patry argue that the better question is which sites benefit and suggest a general pattern. In both studies, it is argued that in addition to broad regional trends, more remote and less famous destinations benefit most. We test this statement with a choice experiment at a small, remote, national park in northeast Germany. We find a per-person increase in willingness to pay of €4.70 which translates into an overall value increase of €3.8 million annually. Additionally, 9% of the visitors report they only know of the park because of the media coverage of its WH inscription and 15% report to have been convinced about the park’s quality by its WH status.

Social-Emotional Learning Program to Promote Prosocial and Academic Skills Among Middle School Students With Disabilities

This 3-year study evaluated the effectiveness of the Second Step–Student Success Through Prevention (SS-SSTP) social-emotional learning program on increasing prosocial behaviors that could serve as protective factors against peer conflict and bullying among students with disabilities. Participants included 123 students with disabilities across 12 schools in Midwest United States. Students labelled with a disability were selected for inclusion. Students completed self-report measures of school belonging, empathy, caring, and willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Report card grades and standardized test scores were collected from school records. Students with disabilities in the intervention schools reported a statistical and clinical significant increase in willingness to intervene in bullying incidents in comparison with students with disabilities in control schools and an increase of half a grade on their report cards in comparison with the control sample. The current study demonstrates the promise of social-emotional learning programming for students with disabilities.

Improvement in Trainees' Attitude and Resuscitation Quality With Repeated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training: Cross-Sectional Simulation Study.

This study investigated the effect of increasing numbers of training sessions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on trainees' attitude and CPR quality. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for hospital employees was held every year from 2006 to 2010. Participants were recruited among the trainees in 2010. The trainees' attitudes toward CPR were surveyed by questionnaire, and the quality of their CPR was measured using 5-cycle 30:2 CPR on a manikin. Participants were categorized according to the number of consecutive CPR training sessions as T1 (only 2010), T2 (2009 and 2010), T3 (from 2008 to 2010) and T4-5 (from 2006 or 2007 to 2010). The trainee attitude and CPR quality were compared among the 4 groups. Of 923 CPR trainees, 267 were enrolled in the study. There was significant increase in willingness to start CPR and confidence in chest compression and mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MTMV) with increasing number of CPR training sessions attended (especially for ≥ 3 sessions). There was a significant increase in mean compression depth and decrease in percentage of chest compressions with depth of less than 38 mm in the T3 and T4-5 compared with the T1 and T2. No-flow time decreased significantly, and the percentage of MTMV with visible chest rise increased, as the number of training sessions increased. Repeated CPR training improved trainees' attitude and CPR quality. Because the number of training sessions increased (≥3), the willingness to start CPR and the confidence in skills increased significantly, and chest compression depth, no-flow time, and MTMV improved.

A 2009. évi pénzügyi és gazdasági válság hatása az élelmiszer-kiskereskedelemre a fogyasztói bizalom tükrében – javuló trendek, ébredező fogyasztói bizalom

Az élelmiszer-kiskereskedelem volumene 2014-ig mennyiségben aggasztó mértékben csökkent, míg értékben folyamatos növekedés volt tapasztalható. A felhasznált Gfk és Nielsen adatok alapján látható, hogy az élelmiszer-kereskedelemben tevékenységet folytató vállalatok forgalmában, üzletszám-alakulásában, illetve forgalmi részesedésük változásaiban is megnyilvánulnak a válság által kialakult új szokások.A növekvő Fogyasztói Bizalom Index és részindex adatok elemzése során kiderült, hogy mélypontként a 2009-es év tekinthető. A Match-Profi-Cora hálózat kivonulása 2012-ben ment végbe, egyértelműen a válság hatására hozott piaci lépésként. A 2013-as év FBI értékei alapot nyújtottak a 2014-es év pozitív változásaihoz. További kereskedelmi szereplő nem hagyta el a piacot 2008-2014 között. Forgalmát tekintve vezető helyen állt a TESCO, melyet a 2014. évi adatok alapján a CO-OP és a CBA követ a sorban. A 2015. évi komplex Fogyasztói Bizalom Index adatok kedvező irányt mutattak, habár az ACNielsen Piackutató Shopper Trends című felméréséből az derült ki, hogy a hazai vásárlók még mindig úgy érzik válságban van a gazdaság. A JANKUNÉ, STAUDER és GYÖRE (2012), valamint RAMPELL (2009) által prognosztizált trendek többsége reálisnak bizonyult, így például a kényelmi boltok szerepének növekedése vagy a hűségprogramok növekvő megjelenése. Nem várt trend az egészséges termékek fogyasztásával járó jó közérzet trendje, a magyar termékek vásárlásának trendje és a technológiai fejlődés nyújtotta trend.Az időközben megjelenő új feltételek, szabályozások ugyancsak akadályt gördítettek a kereskedelmi szereplők elé (is). Ezeknek meg kellett felelni, ugyanakkor kitörési alternatívát is keresni kellett. A vasárnapi kereskedés tilalma szolgál erre leginkább példaként. Nem volt kérdés, hogy a vásárlóknak időre lesz szükségük ahhoz, hogy elfogadják az új szabályozást, erre azonban hamar új magatartásformát hoztak létre. Élelmiszerköltéseiket korábbi időpontra hozták. Erre a trendre alakított ki akciós struktúrát a Lidl, Spar és a Reál is.A 2016-os év kilátásai bizakodásra adnak okot. Egyrészt az online kasszarendszer a kereskedelem „kifehérítését” segíti elő, másrészt a személyi jövedelemadó kulcsa 16%-ról 15%-ra mérséklődött, így a többletköltés realizálódhat az FMCG vásárlások során is. JEL-kód: M30 General

Changes in agri-business outcomes among the dairy beneficiaries of contracted extension service delivery model in Kenya

This study compared changes in uptake of agri-business practices, productivity and wealth creation between dairy beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Contracted Extension Service Delivery Model (CESDM) implemented by Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project (KAPAP) in selected counties of Kenya since 2010. Results showed a large increase in the proportion of beneficiaries accessing extension services from private service providers and expressing satisfaction with CESDM, attaining higher dairy productivity in milk and in gross margins per animal per year. However, there was only a marginal increase in willingness to pay or paying for the services and the majority of beneficiaries continued to sell milk through informal market outlets. On aggregate, CESDM posted positive net benefits and multiplicative economic power with the best performing dairy chains multiplying every shilling invested 4 to 46 times. On average, beneficiaries earned KES 4993 per farmer at a cost of KES 353 for services, inputs and equipment. We conclude that CESDM can be a viable and rewarding approach for delivering extension services to smallholder farmers but it is necessary to strengthen farmer cooperative societies because those paying for private services are still too few to sustain remunerative private sector investment in extension service delivery. Keywords: Dairy value chain; private extension service provision; benefit-cost ratio; Quasi-experimental design; Kenya

Does a Patient-centered Educational Intervention Affect African-American Access to Knee Replacement? A Randomized Trial.

A TKA is the most effective and cost-effective surgical option for moderate to severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Yet, black patients are less willing to undergo knee replacement surgery than white patients. Decision aids help people understand treatment options and consider the personal importance of possible benefits and harms of treatments, including TKA. We asked: (1) Does a patient-centered intervention consisting of a decision aid for knee OA and motivational interviewing improve the proportion of referrals of blacks with knee OA to orthopaedic surgery? (2) Does the intervention increase patients' willingness to undergo TKA? Adults who self-identified as black who were at least 50 years old with moderate to severe knee OA were enrolled from urban primary care clinics in a two-group randomized, controlled trial. A total of 1253 patients were screened for eligibility, and 760 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria, declining to participate, or other reasons. Four hundred ninety-three patients were randomized and completed the intervention; three had missing referral data at followup. The mean age of the patients was 61 years, and 51% were women. The majority had an annual household income less than USD 15,000. Participants in the treatment group were shown a decision-aid video and had a brief session with a trained counselor in motivational interviewing. Participants in the control group received an educational booklet about OA that did not mention joint replacement. The two groups had comparable demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The primary outcome was referral to orthopaedic surgery 12 months after treatment exposure. Receipt of referral was defined as the receipt of a recommendation or prescription from a primary care provider for orthopaedic evaluation. The secondary outcome was change in patient willingness to undergo TKA based on patient self-report. The odds of receiving a referral to orthopaedic surgery did not differ between the two study groups (36%, 90 of 253 of the control group; 32%, 76 of 240 of the treatment group; odds ratio [OR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.56-1.18; p = 0.277). At 2 weeks followup, there was no difference between the treatment and the control groups in terms of increased willingness to consider TKA relative to baseline (34%, 67 of 200 patients in the treatment group; 33%, 68 of 208 patients in the control group; OR, 1.06; p = 0.779). At 12 months followup, the percent increase in willingness to undergo TKA still did not differ between patients in the treatment and control groups (29%, 49 of 174 in the treatment group; 27%, 51 of 191 in the control group; OR, 1.10; p = 0.679). A combination decision aid and motivational interviewing strategy was no better than an educational pamphlet in improving patients' preferences toward joint replacement surgery for knee OA. The type of intervention treatment also did not affect access to surgical evaluation. Other tools that target patient knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding surgical treatments for OA may be further developed and tested in the future. Level I, therapeutic study.

Abstract 18377: Prospective, Multi-center Trial to Determine the Effect of Viewing a 60-second Video on Emergency Department Patients and Their Companions Willingness to Perform Compression-only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Introduction: Bystander CPR is uncommonly performed in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported to our ED. Previous studies suggest adults without formal CPR training can retain compression-only CPR skills with a single viewing of a 60 second, AHA training video. We sought to determine the impact of viewing this video on the willingness of ED patients and their companions to perform compression-only CPR. Hypothesis: Watching a 60 second AHA CPR training video is associated with a 10% increase in willingness to perform CPR. Methods: A convenience sample of adults age 18-70 from two urban, academic EDs with socioeconomically diverse patient populations was recruited. Patients in hallways and non-english speakers were excluded. Subjects were asked to complete a pre-video survey to assess baseline knowledge and willingness to perform CPR on a stranger and on family/friends, watch a 60 second, previously validated AHA CPR instructional video, and then complete a post-training CPR survey. Willingness was scored as 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). An answer of 4 or 5 was considered “willing to perform CPR”. A sample size of 110 subjects from each hospital was determined necessary to detect at 10% absolute difference assuming 0.80 power and one-sided alpha level of 0.05. Sign and McNemar's tests were used to compare pre and post video measurements. Results: Between 1/1/15 to 6/7/15, 281 patients and their companions were approached about study participation, of which 229 (82%) consented; complete data were available for 216 subjects. Subjects were mean age 47, 66% female, 68% black, and 69% college educated. After watching the video, willingness to perform CPR on a stranger increased by 29%, from 57% to 86% (p&lt; 0.001). Willingness to perform CPR on family/friends increased by 19%, from 75% to 94% (p&lt;0.001). Among subjects whose willingness to perform CPR changed (110 on a stranger and 67 on family/friends, respectively), 98% (108) and 96% (64) changed from less willing to more willing. Conclusion: In adult patients and their companions in two diverse, academic EDs, watching a 60 second CPR training video was associated with a significant absolute increase in willingness to perform compression-only CPR on a stranger (29%) and on family/friends (19%).