Increase In Total Body Fat Research Articles

Review of Metabolic Syndrome (Santarpana Janya Vyadhi) and its Management by Virechana Karma and Vyoshadi Saktu

Ayurveda, considered the oldest form of healthcare globally, aligns individuals with the inherent principles of nature to maintain overall well-being by harmonizing body, mind, and spirit. In the contemporary age of rapid modernization and hectic lifestyles, people lead busy and stressful lives, marked by a growing consumption of high-calorie fast food. The prevalence of sedentary habits contributes to an increase in total body fat and cholesterol. It leads to health issues such as hypertension, heart diseases, hyperlipidemia, and truncal obesity. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disorder of energy and storage containing of risk factor for various complications such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardio vascular disease. Being an alarming disease, it requires effective management. In recent years several synthetic drugs have been introduced for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Clinical trials have shown that antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antilipidemic drugs alone have limited long term efficacy and one cannot avoid major side effects such as drug dependence, drug resistance, sedation etc. Ayurvedic medicine provides a range of measures. In Ayurvedic literature, Acharya Charaka has mentioned group of diseases which arises due to over intake of heavy meals and sedentary life style collectively called as Santarpana Janya Vyadhi which can be symptomatically co-related with metabolic syndrome. Acharya Charaka has specified treatment methods involving substances (Dravyabhuta Chikitsa) and non-substances (Adravyabhuta Chikitsa) for conditions caused by over-nourishment, such as Vaman, Virechana, Raktmokshana, Vyayama (exercise), Dhooma(fumigation), Swedana(sudation), and Rooksha Anna Sewana (intake of dry substances). This paper aims to review metabolic syndrome in Ayurveda and its corresponding management strategies.

Interleukin-6 in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction

BackgroundInterleukin (IL)-6 is a central inflammatory mediator and potential therapeutic target in heart failure (HF). Prior studies have shown that IL-6 concentrations are elevated in patients with HF, but much fewer data are available in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). ObjectivesThis study aims to determine how IL-6 relates to changes in cardiac function, congestion, body composition, and exercise tolerance in HFpEF. MethodsClinical, laboratory, body composition, exercise capacity, physiologic and health status data across 4 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored trials were analyzed according to the tertiles of IL-6. ResultsIL-6 was measured in 374 patients with HFpEF. Patients with highest IL-6 levels had greater body mass index; higher N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels; worse renal function; and lower hemoglobin levels, and were more likely to have diabetes. Although cardiac structure and function measured at rest were similar, patients with HFpEF and highest IL-6 concentrations had more severely impaired peak oxygen consumption (12.3 ± 3.3 mL/kg/min 13.1 ± 3.1 mL/kg/min 14.4 ± 3.9 mL/kg/min, P < 0.0001) as well as 6-minute walk distance (276 ± 107 m vs 332 ± 106 m vs 352 ± 116 m, P < 0.0001), even after accounting for increases in IL-6 related to excess body mass. IL-6 concentrations were associated with increases in total body fat and trunk fat, more severe symptoms during submaximal exercise, and poorer patient-reported health status. ConclusionsIL-6 levels are commonly elevated in HFpEF, and are associated with greater symptom severity, poorer exercise capacity, and more upper body fat accumulation. These findings support testing the hypothesis that therapies that inhibit IL-6 in patients with HFpEF may improve clinical status. (Clinical Trial Registrations: Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition to Improve Clinical Status and Exercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure [RELAX], NCT00763867; Nitrate’s Effect on Activity Tolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, NCT02053493; Inorganic Nitrite Delivery to Improve Exercise Capacity in HFpEF, NCT02742129; Inorganic Nitrite to Enhance Benefits From Exercise Training in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [HFpEF], NCT02713126)

Body Fat Distribution in Lean Individuals with Metabolic Abnormalities.

Objective: Obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) >30 kilogram/m2 is associated with metabolic derangements, but lean individuals with BMI <25 kilogram/m2 may also have metabolic abnormalities. This study was conducted to evaluate fat distribution in metabolically unhealthy lean (MUL) individuals. Methods: Adults with BMI 18.5-24.9 kilogram/m2 had their body composition evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Metabolic data were obtained from their medical records. Patients with ≥2 components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) were considered MUL and those with ≤1 component metabolically healthy lean (MHL). Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between metabolic abnormalities and anthropometric indexes. Results: The study includes 119 subjects; 69 in MHL and 50 in the MUL group. Two groups had comparable total body fat, fat mass index, and appendicular lean mass. Indices of visceral fat were associated with increased odds of being MUL (odds ratio with 95% confidence interval): visceral adipose tissue 1.75 (1.13-2.73), trunk-to-legs fat ratio 2.28 (1.30-4.00), trunk-to-limb fat ratio 2.43 (1.37-4.32), android-to-gynoid fat ratio 1.80 (1.07-3.03), and visceral-to-total fat percentage 1.80 (1.07-3.05). Conclusion: Metabolically unhealthy subjects had increased truncal distribution of body fat without an increase in total body fat. Body morphometry in MUL was similar to that of obese individuals with MetS.

PSUN55 Abnormal Body Fat Distribution in Lean Individuals with Metabolic Abnormalities

Abstract Background Truncal obesity has long been considered an essential driver of metabolic abnormalities, but it is common for lean individuals with body mass index (BMI) &amp;lt;25 kg/m2 to have one or more metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesized that metabolically unhealthy lean (MUL) individuals have a different distribution of fat compared to their metabolically healthy lean (MHL) counterparts. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of body composition data obtained from a repository of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans performed during routine clinical practice at a University Bone Clinic. Metabolic data were retrieved from electronic medical records within one calendar year of the index scan. Those with at least 2 components of the metabolic syndrome: blood pressure &amp;gt;130/85 mmHg, triglyceride &amp;gt;150 mg/dL, HDL &amp;lt;50 mg/dL for women and &amp;lt;40 mg/dL for men, fasting plasma glucose &amp;gt;100 mg/dL (or HbA1c &amp;gt;5.7) were considered MUL, while those with 1 component or less were considered MHL. Waist circumference was not considered in this study. Adults with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2 were included in the analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted binary logistic regression were used to analyze the association between metabolic abnormalities and various anthropometric indexes. Results The study population consisted of 119 lean adults with a mean age of 62±14 years and a mean BMI of 22±1.9 kg/m2. Majority of participants were white (88%, n=105) and included postmenopausal women (85%, n=101). A large proportion were of Hispanic ethnicity (41%, n=70). There were 69 (58%) MHL and 50 (42%) MUL individuals. MUL and MHL groups had comparable percentage of total body fat (34±6.6 versus 34±5.6, p=0.360), fat mass index (8.2±1.6 versus 8.1±1.5, p=0.360) and appendicular lean mass (kg/m2) (5.9±0.8 versus 5.8±0.7, p=0.420). However, compared to MHL, MUL subjects had significantly higher visceral adipose tissue (cm2) (87±40 versus 9±29, p=0.004), trunk-to-leg fat ratio (0.89±0.18 versus 0.77±0.13, p&amp;lt;0.001), trunk-to-limb fat ratio (1.00±0.29 versus 0.82±0.18, p&amp;lt;0.001) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (0.90±0.16 versus 0.81±0.15, p=0.010). After adjusting for age and sex, the odds of being MUL compared to MHL (odds ratio [OR (95% confidence interval (CI))]) increased for every standard deviation increase in visceral adipose tissue (OR=1.75 [1.13-2.73]), trunk-to-leg fat ratio (OR=2.28 [1.30-4.00]), trunk-to-limb fat ratio (OR=2.43 [1.37-4.32]) and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (OR=1.80 [1.07-3.03]). Conclusion Metabolically unhealthy subjects with normal BMI had markedly increased visceral adipose tissue and truncal redistribution of body fat without an increase in total body fat. These findings highlight the importance of using body morphometry measures, rather than total body fat, to assess CVD risk in lean individuals. Our findings suggest that the phenotype of lean individuals with metabolic derangements is not very different from that of obese individuals who have metabolic syndrome as per the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III definition. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Antioxidant vitamin supplementation on muscle adaptations to resistance training: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine whether antioxidant vitamin supplementation with vitamin C (VitC) and vitamin E (VitE) affects the hypertrophic and functional adaptations to resistance training in trained men. MethodsThis was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which participants were supplemented daily with VitC and VitE ( n = 12) or placebo ( n = 11) while completing a 10-wk resistance training program accompanied by a dietary intervention (300 kcal surplus and adequate protein intake) designed to optimize hypertrophy. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), handgrip strength, and one-repetition maximum (1-RM), maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) were measured in bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) tests conducted before and after the intervention. To detect between-group differences, multiple-mixed analysis of variance, standardized differences, and qualitative differences were estimated. Relative changes within each group were assessed using a paired Student's t test. ResultsIn both groups, similar improvements were produced in BP 1-RM , SQ 1-RM SQ, and BP F0 (P < 0.05) after the resistance training program. A small effect size was observed for BP 1-RM (d = 0.53), BP F0 (d = 0.48), and SQ 1-RM (d = –0.39), but not for SQ F0 (d = 0.03). Dominant handgrip strength was significantly increased only in the placebo group (P < 0.05). According to body composition data, a significant increase was produced in upper body fat-free mass soft tissue (FFMST; P < 0.05) in the placebo group, whereas neither total nor segmental FFMST was increased in the vitamin group. Small intervention effect sizes were observed for upper body FFSMT (d = 0.32), non-dominant and dominant leg FFMST (d = –0.39; d = –0.42). Although a significant increase in total body fat was observed in both groups (P < 0.05) only the placebo group showed an increase in visceral adipose tissue (P < 0.05), showing a substantial intervention effect (d = 0.85). ConclusionsThe data indicated that, although VitC/VitE supplementation seemed to blunt upper body strength and hypertrophy adaptations to resistance training, it could also mitigate gains in visceral adipose tissue elicited by an energy surplus.

Raman spectroscopy of the skin of an animal model of diet‐induced obesity

IntroductionThe most common consequences of obesity are metabolic disorders. Moreover, obesity leads to alterations of skin physiology like changes in barrier function, sebaceous glands and sebum production, sweat glands, collagen structure, wound healing and microcirculation. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of inflammatory skin diseases produced by cytokines released from dysfunctional subcutaneous fat cells.The detection of cutaneous structural and biomolecular changes with new non‐invasive techniques is a novel approach. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that can provide a non‐destructive characterization of tissue to a molecular level. It can be used to detect biomarkers associated with a disease that modifies the molecular composition, and these changes are reflected in the Raman spectra. In this work, we propose its use in vivo to study the molecular composition of skin to identify alterations associated with obesity in an animal model.MethodsWistar rats (~100 g), were divided into 2 random groups (n=8), fed a standard diet (control group) and high‐fat diet 40% extra (Obese group) for 8 and 52 weeks, individually housed in acrylic boxes, in constant conditions, free access to the diet and water. Total body weight, percentage of total fat, blood pressure, and blood triglycerides were analyzed. A portable 785 nm Raman spectrometer, 5‐300 mW laser power, was used on a clean and shaved abdominal skin. The Raman probe was placed in contact with the skin's surface. Five scans were collected using a 15 s total exposure time in the 200‐1800 cm‐1 spectral range.Results52‐week obese group showed an increase in total body fat, greater abdominal circumference, elevated blood pressure, and increased serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to their respective control group and the 8‐week groups. Furthermore, the obese group showed visible skin lesions predominantly in the cervical region. The mean Raman spectra of skin corresponding to controls and obese groups show characteristic peaks of in vivo skin at 851, 963, 1048, 1064, 1257, 1303, 1445, and 1658 cm‐1. Despite the similarity in the Raman spectra of 8 and 52 weeks control groups, increased Raman intensity can be found in the 52‐weeks group, related to the age of the subjects. In the obese groups, at 8‐weeks Raman spectra show high intensity in the protein and carbohydrates related bands, while 52‐weeks obese show high‐intensity bands related to proteins and lipids. The latter could be related to the HFD as expected.ConclusionsThe results show that RS may identify spectral differences in the skin of obese animals. Raman intensity differences were found in the protein and lipid spectral regions of the obese group. A detailed analysis is needed to interpret all the peaks present in each group and explain the spectral differences in the obese group toward identifying a possible spectral biomarker of obesity. The results show that RS is a relatively simple, fast, non‐invasive method to analyze in vivo skin with HFD induced obesity.

Study of Obesity and Fat Distribution in Young Medical Students

The Body Mass Index (BMI) and body weight do not give enough information about a person’s body composition. Measuring the fat free mass gives us the extra information we need. The body composition can be measured in several ways. Unfortunately none of these techniques is a gold standard. That is why different techniques are combined in a full body composition assessment. This study aims to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity and the fat distribution in medical students. Two hundred (200) preclinical, 100 male and 100 female age matched students (mean 18.93 ± 0.75 years) were included in the study. BMI, waist hip ratio, body fat, skeletal muscle mass and their bodily distribution were recorded by using an electronic body composition analyzer. The subjects were divided into undernourished (UN=BMI&lt;18.5 kg/m2), normal (N=BMI&gt;18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (OW=BMI&gt;23-27.99 kg/m2) and obese (OB=BMI &gt;28 Kgm2) groups based on BMI cut off values for Asians. The data analyzed showed that 32% of the Male (mean BMI = 25.41 ±1.46 kg/m2) 33% of the Female (mean BMI =25.03 ± 1.44 kg/m2) were over weight and 16% of Males (mean BMI =31.08 ±1.91) 8% Females(mean BMI= 30.73 ± 1.66) were obese. The average total body fat in males was 20.75 ± 6.69% and 28.55 ± 5.86% in females. The total body fat was high in obese males and females 26.67±4.37, 36.73 ±0.46% respectively as compared to other groups. The visceral fat was high in obese males (14.40 ± 2, 27%) and whereas obese females had normal levels at (9.5 ± 1.0%). The subcutaneous fat was more in the lower limbs than in the trunk area in both males and females. The skeletal muscle mass was about 34.5 ± 3.44% in males and 26.98 ± 2.55% in females which was slightly less than the recommended values. The leg area had more muscle mass than other areas. The findings clearly indicate increase in total body fat increases with BMI and WHR.

Longitudinal Investigation of Pubertal Milestones and Hormones as a Function of Body Fat in Girls

Background: Studies comparing the timing and pace of puberty in overweight/obese girls (OW/OB) vs normal weight girls (NW) have produced conflicting results; some suggest earlier activation of the central components of the reproductive axis in OB while others are more consistent with a peripheral source of estrogen (e.g. adipose tissue) driving puberty in OB. Importantly, there have been no longitudinal assessments of both clinical and biochemical pubertal markers in OB vs. NW. Methods: 90 healthy pre-menarchal girls (26 OW/OB, 54 NW) from the community, aged 8.2-14.7 years, completed 2.8 ± 1.7 (mean, SD) study visits over the course of 4 years. Visits included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to calculate percent total body fat (TBF), Tanner staging, breast ultrasound for morphological staging (BMORPH; stages A-E), pelvic ultrasound, hand x-ray (bone age, BA), blood tests for reproductive hormones, and urine collection to determine a vaginal maturation index (VMI), an index of estrogen exposure in urogenital epithelial cells. Menarchal status was determined at each visit and via follow-up questionnaires. The effect of TBF on hormones and markers of estrogen action, the pace of breast maturation, and age at menarche were determined using a mixed, multi-state, or Cox proportional hazards model, respectively. Mixed and Cox models controlled for BMORPH at visit 1 (V1) and race. Results: NW girls were older than OW/OB (11.3 vs. 10.2 yrs, p<0.01) at V1, more likely to be non-Hispanic White (66 vs. 40%, p=0.03), and had more advanced breast morphology BMORPH (p<0.01). LH, E2, VMI, BA, and ovarian and uterine volume increased with time with no effect of TBF. There was an interaction between time and TBF for FSH, INHB, E1, Total T, Free T, and A’dione (p<0.05): levels were initially similar in all TBF groups, but after 1 yr, levels increased in girls with higher TBF, plateaued in girls with mid-range TBF, and decreased in girls with lower TBF. Girls with higher TBF progressed through BMORPH stage D (corresponding to growth/arborization of the breast ductal system), more slowly than girls with lower TBF but achieved menarche at a younger age (risk 1.04x higher per 1 unit increase in TBF). Conclusions: Intensive reproductive phenotyping of girls during the pubertal transition reveals that both the neuroendocrine and ovarian components of the axis are generally preserved in girls with higher TBF but that the axis appears to be activated earlier than in girls with lower TBF. In late puberty, however, girls with higher TBF demonstrate subtle differences in standard hormonal (e.g. serum FSH, INHB, and androgen) and clinical (e.g. delayed growth of breast bud) markers of puberty. Investigation of the mechanistic basis for these differences and their potential clinical consequences for girls with higher TBF deserves further study.

Body composition, fitness, and eating behaviors deteriorate during the COVID-19 pandemic in at-risk pediatric patients

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered children's daily routines. The health impacts of our obesogenic environment are exacerbated by COVID-19. Many clinicians have concerns that the lack of structured activity, increased stress and altered eating behaviors would lead to increases in adiposity in children. The present study examined changes in body composition as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in pediatric patients in larger bodies and demonstrates significant increases in total body fat, percent body fat (%fat), and BMI z-score, as well as markers of insulin resistance. In this retrospective, longitudinal study, body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) within a multidisciplinary pediatric fitness clinic at an academic medical center. Visit dates were categorized into Pre-COVID-19 (before 4/1/2020) and Peri-COVID-19 (on or after 4/1/2020). Linear mixed effects modeling was conducted to evaluate changes in clinical and laboratory outcomes from Pre- to Peri-COVID-19. Baseline assessment was obtained from 650 patients with higher BMI scores (52% male) with a mean (SD) age of 12.3 (3.2) years. The adjusted mean BMI z-score (BMIz) was significantly higher in the Peri-COVID-19 sample when compared to the Pre-COVID-19 samples (2.31 vs. 2.25, P &lt; 0.0001) which can be attributed to greater total fat mass (TFM) of 93.0 (90.0-96.4) lbs. (P = 0.007) and %FAT of 40.2% (39.2-41.2) as compared to the Pre-COVID-19 patients. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced social determinants and lifestyle factors. Most notable changes observed were negative changes in physical activity and screen time. The need for social isolation in a pandemic has resulted in worsening obesity and its comorbidities, and pediatricians need to be aware of this issue. The COVID-19 pandemic exerts disproportionate burden on children and families, magnifying their vulnerability to changes in body composition and chronic disease risk.

THE EFFECT OF INTERMITENT FASTING DIET ON KIDNEY FUNCTION

&#x0D; Obesity is a condition in which the ratio of body weight and height exceeds the specified standards. Obesity is an increase in total body fat, that is, if you are found to be overweight&gt; 20% in men and 25% in women because of fat. The intermittent fasting diet is a calorie restriction method that is widely used for health or weight loss reasons. Overall kidney function is based on nephron function and impaired function is caused by decreased nephron action. Several laboratory tests have been developed to evaluate kidney function and identify the disorder early on. This can help clinicians to take early prevention and management in order to prevent the progression of kidney disorders to kidney failure. Renal function tests are carried out by examining the levels of urea and cretinin.&#x0D; &#x0D;

THE EFFECT OF INTERMITENT FASTING DIET ON KIDNEY FUNCTION

Obesity is a condition in which the ratio of body weight and height exceeds the specified standards. Obesity is an increase in total body fat, that is, if you are found to be overweight&gt; 20% in men and 25% in women because of fat. The intermittent fasting diet is a calorie restriction method that is widely used for health or weight loss reasons. Overall kidney function is based on nephron function and impaired function is caused by decreased nephron action. Several laboratory tests have been developed to evaluate kidney function and identify the disorder early on. This can help clinicians to take early prevention and management in order to prevent the progression of kidney disorders to kidney failure. Renal function tests are carried out by examining the levels of urea and cretinin.

Home-Based Resistance Training for Older Subjects during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: Preliminary Results of a Six-Months RCT.

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six-month home-based resistance-training program on muscle health and physical performance in healthy older subjects during the unique condition of home confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a randomized-controlled study that enrolled older participants that were allocated to either an experimental group performing the six-months exercise prescription (EXE) or a control group (CON). At the beginning (PRE), and after 6 months (POST), participants were assessed for muscle strength, balance, gait assessment and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Normality distribution of data was checked with the D’Agostino and Pearson test and changes between PRE and POST were assessed by paired Student’s t-test while percentage and absolute changes between groups at POST were tested by unpaired t-test. Results. Nine participants were included for the final analysis: EXE, n = 5 (age: 66 ± 4; BMI: 27.5 ± 3.7) and CON, n = 4 (age: 71 ± 9; BMI: 24.2 ± 4.1). Significant PRE-to-POST changes were observed in the EXE group only in the chair-stand test (+19.8%, p = 0.048 and ES:1.0, moderate) and in total fat mass (+5.0%, p = 0.035 and ES:1.4, large) with no between-group differences. Moreover, EXE had significantly higher absolute thigh CSA values than CON at POST (14.138 ± 2977 vs. 9039 ± 1015, p = 0.0178, ES = 1.7). No other within- and between-group differences were detected. Conclusions. The home-based resistance-training program during the lockdown period, caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, determined only within-group improvement in lower limb muscle strength but not in muscle mass and composition in older subjects. Home confinement may partially explain the increase in total body fat due to a reduced daily PA regime and altered diet pattern.

Hubungan Obesitas Dengan Terjadinya Gangguan Pendengaran Sensorineural

Obesity is an increase in total body fat, that is if found to be overweight &gt; 20% in men and 25% in women due to fat. Increased obesity cannot beseparated from lifestyle, such as decreased physical activity. One complication that can be caused by obesity is hearing loss, especiallysensorineural hearing loss caused by microangiopathic abnormalities, especially in the inner ear. But the relationship of events between obesity withhearing loss is still often a debate, because there is no definite consensus. The purpose of this research determine the relationship of obesity with sensorineural hearing loss. This research is an analytic study by obtaining cross-sectional study, with data obtained from the assessment of bodyweight and height to see the status of the mass index, physical examination of the ear, and audiometric examination. Data analysis techniques using the chi square test statistics. Research result obtained relationship between obesity with sensorineural hearing loss as much as 49.09% and the highest degree of hearing loss is mild degrees as much as 27.07%. Research conclusions there is a significant relationship between obesity with sensorineural hearing loss.&#x0D; Keyword: Hearing Loss, Obesity, Obesity with Hearing Loss, Pure Tone Audiometry, Sensorineural Hearing Loss,

Dose-Response Relationships Between Gonadal Steroids and Bone, Body Composition, and Sexual Function in Aging Men.

Most labs set the lower limit of normal for testosterone at the 2.5th percentile of values in young or age-matched men, an approach that does not consider the physiologic changes associated with various testosterone concentrations. To characterize the dose-response relationships between gonadal steroid concentrations and measures regulated by gonadal steroids in older men. 177 men aged 60 to 80 were randomly assigned to receive goserelin acetate plus either 0 (placebo), 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 grams of a 1% testosterone gel daily for 16 weeks or placebos for both medications (controls). Changes in serum C-telopeptide (CTX), total body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and self-reported sexual desire. Clear relationships between the testosterone dosage (or the resulting testosterone levels) and a variety of outcome measures were observed. Changes in serum CTX exceeded changes in the controls in men whose testosterone levels were 0 to 99, 100 to 199, 200 to 299, or 300 to 499 ng/dL, whereas increases in total body fat, subcutaneous fat, and thigh fat exceeded controls when testosterone levels were 0 to 99 or 100 to 199 ng/dL. Sexual desire and erectile function were indistinguishable from controls until testosterone levels were <100 ng/dL. Changes in measures of bone resorption, body fat, and sexual function begin at a variety of testosterone concentrations with many outcome measures remaining stable until testosterone levels are well below the stated normal ranges. In light of this variation, novel approaches for establishing the normal range for testosterone are needed.

Influence of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters.

The loss of estrogen with menopause is associated with an increase in central fat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of menopause hormone therapy (HT) on body composition and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. A prospective study was conducted among postmenopausal women from the Climacteric clinic, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Thirty-two participants, median age 51 years, were included. Sixteen women were eligible to receive a low-dose continuous combined HT, containing 1 mg of E2 plus 0.125 mg of trimegestone for 6 months. The other 16 women remained in the control group. In the HT group, significant decreases from baseline were evident for the total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05) and LDL levels (p < 0.05). The HDL significantly decreased (p < 0.05). However, the TC/HDL ratio also decreased (p = 0.05). The parameters of body composition, after 6 months of HT, were maintained. In the control group, body mass index levels increased from baseline, however, with nonstatistically significant differences (p = 0.06). Analyzing the body composition showed a significant increase in the trunk body fat (p = 0.04), trunk region fat (p = 0.04), and total region fat (p = 0.03) after 6 months. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that HT can stunt the increase in total body fat and prevent the shift from a more central fat distribution observed in early postmenopausal period.

Weight Management Module for Perimenopausal Women: A Practical Guide for Gynecologists.

Menopause has been identified as a high-risk stage for weight gain in a woman's lifecycle. Menopause-related weight gain is a consequence of low circulating estrogen levels due to progressive loss of ovarian function. Moreover, the changes in the hormonal milieu, chronological aging, decline in physical activity coupled with westernized dietary pattern, and recurrent emotional eating episodes associated with psychological distress also contribute to the increase in total body fat and waist circumference. Higher waist circumference is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in menopausal women. These obesity-related cardiometabolic risk factors and menopausal symptoms can be effectively managed by achieving clinically significant weight loss through lifestyle modification. Behavioral lifestyle intervention uses behavioral techniques for counseling corrective dietary and physical activity practices in achieving sustainable weight loss outcomes. Majority of menopausal women seek this counseling from gynecologist, especially in primary care settings due to nonavailability of multidisciplinary teams. Thus, the aim of the review is to understand the menopause-obesity link, associated risk factors, and its health-related burden in perimenopausal women to devise a practical women-centric weight management module based on lifestyle modification techniques to address the burden of menopausal obesity in regular gynecological practice.

Association between erythrocyte fatty acids in de novo lipogenesis pathway and DXA-derived body fat and trunk fat distribution in Chinese adults: a prospective study.

Higher levels of fatty acids (FAs) in the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway might be associated with higher levels of fat mass (FM), while limited evidence is available from the general population. We aimed to examine the associations between DNL-FAs and body fat and fat distribution in a general population of Chinese adults. This community-based prospective cohort study included 3,075 participants (68% women) aged 40-75years in urban Guangzhou, China. We measured erythrocyte DNL-FAs composition (including C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, and C18:1n-9) at baseline and %FM over the total body (TB), trunk, limbs, android (A) and gynoid (G) regions after 3.2years and 6.3years of follow-up, respectively. Generally, higher proportions of individual erythrocyte DNL-FAs and their combined index were positively associated with adipose indices in the multivariable cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The cross-sectional percentage mean differences in quartile 4 (vs. 1) of the DNL index were 3.43% (TB), 4.56% (trunk), and 2.67% (A/G ratio) (all P trends < 0.01). The corresponding values in longitudinal changes of adipose indices were 1.40% (TB), 1.78% (trunk), and 1.32% (A) (all P trends < 0.05). The above associations tended to be more pronounced in the trunk and android area than the limbs and gynoid area. Erythrocyte DNL-FAs may contribute to an increase in total body fat in Chinese adults, particularly FM distributed in trunk and abdominal regions.

Effect of feeding high fat diet on reproductive parameters in male mice

The present study attempts to chronicle the series of changes starting from the consumption of high fat diet till reproductive activity in male mice. A marginal increase in body weight was observed in male mice fed with high fat diet with 3-fold increase in total body fat and 1.4-fold increase in adipose tissue. A significant reduction in number and diameter of seminiferous tubules were observed in high fat diet fed mice compared to control mice. FACS analysis of testicular germ cells revealed very high percentage of apoptotic cells (84%) compared to control animals (2-3 %) indicative of reduced spermatogenic activity. In addition, a significant decrease in litter size (11.6%-Control to 3.66%-HFD) indicates that reproductive efficiency in high fat diet fed mice reduced to a great extent. The present study revealed high fat diet alters the fertility in male mice significantly and the first in this process appears to be apoptosis of testicular cells due to increase in ROS.

Short-term decreased physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour causes metabolic derangements and altered body composition: effects in individuals with and without a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesisLow physical activity levels and sedentary behaviour are associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of a short-term reduction in physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour on metabolic profiles and body composition, comparing the effects in individuals with first-degree relatives with type 2 diabetes (FDR+ve) vs those without (FDR−ve).MethodsForty-five habitually active participants (16 FDR+ve [10 female, 6 male] and 29 FDR−ve [18 female, 11 male]; age 36 ± 14 years) were assessed at baseline, after 14 days of step reduction and 14 days after resuming normal activity. We determined physical activity (using a SenseWear armband), cardiorespiratory fitness ( dot{mathrm{V}}{mathrm{O}}_{2mathrm{peak}} ), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and multi-organ insulin sensitivity (OGTT) at each time point. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-factor between-groups ANCOVA, with data presented as mean ± SD or (95% CI).ResultsThere were no significant between-group differences in physical activity either at baseline or following step reduction. During the step-reduction phase, average daily step count decreased by 10,285 steps (95% CI 9389, 11,182; p < 0.001), a reduction of 81 ± 8%, increasing sedentary time by 223 min/day (151, 295; p < 0.001). Pooling data from both groups, following step reduction there was a significant decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) (p < 0.001), muscle insulin sensitivity index (p < 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.002) and lower limb lean mass (p = 0.004). Further, there was a significant increase in total body fat (p < 0.001), liver fat (p = 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.013), with a borderline significant increase in NEFA AUC during the OGTT (p = 0.050). Four significant between-group differences were apparent: following step reduction, FDR+ve participants accumulated 1.5% more android fat (0.4, 2.6; p = 0.008) and increased triacylglycerol by 0.3 mmol/l (0.1, 0.6; p = 0.044). After resuming normal activity, FDR+ve participants engaged in lower amounts of vigorous activity (p = 0.006) and had lower muscle insulin sensitivity (p = 0.023). All other changes were reversed with no significant between-group differences.Conclusions/interpretationA short-term reduction in physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour leads to a reversible reduction in multi-organ insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness, with concomitant increases in central and liver fat and dyslipidaemia. The effects are broadly similar in FDR+ve and FDR−ve individuals. Public health recommendations promoting physical activity should incorporate advice to avoid periods of sedentary behaviour.

School-based study found that physical activity and aerobic fitness predicted increases in total body fat and abdominal fat at a mean age of 9.8 years.

We assessed whether baseline measurements of physical activity, aerobic fitness, body fat and abdominal fat were predictors of changes in body fat measurements over a two-year period. The study comprised of 204 children aged 9.8 ± 0.6 years with a normal body mass distribution, who recruited from four schools in middle-class areas of Malmö, Sweden, from 2001 to 2004. Peak oxygen uptake and physical activity were measured at baseline. Body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and two years later. Physical activity, aerobic fitness and total body fat or abdominal fat were predictors of change in total body fat or abdominal fat over a period of two years. Changes in the percentage of body fat were not related to any of the baseline measurements. Our two-year follow-up of children with a mean age of 9.8 years at baseline showed that physical activity, aerobic fitness and body fat or abdominal fat predicted changes in total body fat or abdominal fat, but not the percentage of body fat.