Increased Serum Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Short-term effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on hyperlipidemic obese patients

Introduction Obesity has become a global epidemic and a major health problem in the twenty-first century. Studies have demonstrated that weight loss lowers increased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. One of the most recent procedures for managing weight loss in obese people with other options is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic obese patients during the nine months of postoperative care. Methods From July 2020 to October 2021, 50 hyperlipidemic obese patients who were eligible for bariatric surgery underwent this prospective study at Main University Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. Before and one, three, six, and nine months after the surgical intervention, measurements of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting and postprandial blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels were taken. Results The patients’ average age was 33.72±7.95 years. BMI, weight, blood sugar, and other measurements all significantly decreased. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients was 48.59±5.78 kg/m2 before surgery, however, it was reduced to 32.58±3.91 kg/m2 nine months afterwards. Studies revealed a statistically significant rise in HDL levels in the serum and a statistically significant fall in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL levels. Results also revealed a favorable association between preoperative differences in age, BMI, and diabetes state and postoperative lipid profile alterations. Conclusion Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) decreases body mass index, improves glucose and lipid metabolism, and alters the lipid profile by significantly lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol while significantly raising HDL cholesterol.

CAMEL MILK MODULATES LIPID METABOLISM, EXPRESSION OF ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS GENES AND PARAOXONASE ACTIVITY IN RATS FED HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET

Current findings aimed to find out camel milk's effects on lipid metabolism, expression of the genes for antioxidant enzymes and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in rats fed diet-containing cholesterol 1%. Therefore, 30 rats were divided into three groups (10 rats per each). Rats of the first group, which acted as a control group, fed a basic diet. Rats of the second group fed a basal diet that included 1% cholesterol however, rats of the third group fed cholesterol 1% accompanied by oral administration of camel's milk (100mL/24h/cage/5 rats) as the only source of water for them. Diet of cholesterol 1% induced significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities whereas lower serum PON-1 activity was observed when compared to control. Diet of cholesterol 1% induced significant increase in hepatic Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) however, compared to the control, a significant decrease in the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were detected. These detrimental effects were ameliorated into accepted range in camel milk treated group. Fatty degeneration and fatty cysts in liver tissues were detected in rats fed cholesterol diet but the affected liver showed acceptable degree of recovery in camel milk treated group. Conclusively, camel milk was potential for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia in rats.

Porphyra haitanensis Polysaccharides Attenuates Blood Lipid via Gut-Liver Axis in Diet-Induced High-Fat Mesocricetus auratus through Multiple Integrated Omics.

Hyperlipidemia is currently a global public health problem severely affecting people's physical and mental health, as well as their quality of life. The present study is aimed at revealing the mechanism of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP) in decreasing blood lipids by acting through gut-liver axis in Mesocricetus auratus fed a high-fat diet. PHP significantly prevented increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alleviated damage to liver cells induced by a high-fat diet M. auratus, in a dose-dependent manner. PHP promotes proliferation of Muribaculaceae and Faecalibaculum, thereby enhancing the production of butyric acid both in the colon and liver, particularly high-dose PHP (HPHP). Low-dose PHP (LPHP) promotes the expression of phosphatidylcholine metabolites and fatty acid transport genes, and inhibits the expression of genes involved in fat degradation (Abhd5), adipogenesis (Me1), fatty acid synthesis (Fasn and Pnpla3), and fatty acid chain elongation (Elovl6) in the liver. However, HPHP inhibits the expression of triglyceride metabolites and promotes the expression of fatty acid transporter (CD36), fatty acid oxidation (Acacb), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg)genes in the liver. PHP regulates lipid metabolism through the gut microbiota, and the gut-liver axis plays an important role in its hypolipidemic effects.

Effect of various dietary fructose concentrations on the gallstone formation process in mice.

Background: little information is availaible on the effect of fructose on bile lipids. The first stage in the formation of gallstones corresponds to biliary cholesterol crystallization, derived from the vesicular transporters. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of consuming diets with different fructose concentrations on serum lipids and their implications on gallstones formation. Methods: BALB/c mice divided into a control group as well as groups were treated with different fructose concentrations (10 %, 30 %, 50 % or 70 %) for different periods (1, 2 or 5 months). Blood, liver and bile samples were obtained. In bile samples, cholesterol and phospholipids levels were analyzed, and cholesterol transporters (vesicles and micelles) were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Results: treated animals showed: 1) increases in body weight similar to the control group; 2) a significant increase in plasma triglycerides only at very high fructose concentrations; 3) a significant increase in total serum cholesterol in the treatment for 1 month; 4) no variations in HDL-cholesterol; 5) a significant increase in serum glucose only at very high fructose concentrations in the second month of treatment; 6) no differences in the plasma alanine-aminotransferase activity; 7) a significant increase in liver triglyceride levels only at very high fructose concentrations; 8) no change in biliary lipid concentrations or in micellar and vesicular phospholipids. Conclusion: changes in plasma, liver and bile lipids were only observed at very high fructose concentrations diets. We conclude that fructose apparently does not alter the gallstone formation process in our experimental model.

Fasting Serum Lipid Profile and Its Association with Serum High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Patients with type II diabetes mellitus frequently have altered lipid profiles. Detection of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with cardiovascular events in type II DM as the presence of subclinical inflammation. The study was undertaken to observe the fasting serum lipid profile level and its association with serum hs-CRP in type II DM.
 Materials and methods: A hospital-based observational study was carried out in the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College. By using non-probability consecutive sampling, a total of 176 participants were enrolled, with 126 type II DM and 50 in the control group. Plasma glucose and serum hs-CRP, fasting serum lipid profile was estimated.
 Results: The mean serum hs-CRP level in patients with type II DM (9.1 ± 0.36 mg/L) was significantly (p 0.0001) elevated as compared to control (4.3 ± 0.09 mg/L). The result showed an increase in serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDLC and serum LDL-C among the diabetic patients when compared with the healthy control group. Serum hs-CRP was significantly associated with serum TG and serum LDL-C in type II diabetics. Moreover, serum hs-CRP was found to have a significant positive correlation with serum LDL-C and serum TG. Only 77.78% of patients had increased LDL-C but altogether 85.71% of patients had increased serum hs-CRP levels.
 Conclusion: According to the findings of this study,increased serum hs-CRP was well associated and positively correlated with components of the fasting lipid profile, indicating early identification of cardiovascular risk among type II diabetics.
 Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.21 (2); July 2022; Page 35-39

Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Feronia limonia Leaves Extract against Triton X 100 and High Fat Induced Hyperlipidemic in Rats

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of Feronia limonia leaves extract in rats. Methods: Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by feeding high fat diet (HFD) for four successive weeks and Triton X 100(400mg/kg, i.p.) for 24 hours. From 15th to 30th day, extract (250 and 500mg/kg, p.o) and atorvastatin (20mg/kg, p.o.) per se were administered 2 hours prior to feeding rats with high fat diet (HFD). Blood samples of all rats were collected and estimated biochemical parameters on the last day of treatment i.e., 30th day for HFD, and after 24 hours for of Triton X 100 induced hyperlipidaemia using standard diagnostic kits. White adipose tissue obtained from all rats were fixed in 10% formo-saline and analyzed for adipocyte size. Results and Discussion: HFD or Triton X 100 significantly increased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, and decreased HDL-c concentration. The Extract (250mg/kg, p.o. and 500mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reversed HFD-induced and Triton X 100 induced hyperlipidemia. The adipose tissue of animals which were treated with MEFL showed significant and dose-related decrease in cell size when compared to animals of control group. Conclusions: It can be concluded that extact showed significant anti hyperlipidemic activity in rats and hence it could be a possible herbal medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Protective Roles of Adansonia digitata (African Baobab), Cucumeropsis mannii (Melon), and Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) Supplemented Diets against Cadmium-Induced Lipotoxicity, Bone Demineralization, and Cytotoxicity in Rabbits

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective roles of Adansonia digitata (African baobab) Cucumeropsis mannii (Melon), Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro), on lipid profile, bone health, and selected organs (liver, kidney, brain, and testis) against cadmium-induced toxicity in rabbits. Twenty male rabbits were grouped into five with four rabbits in each group. Group 1 served as positive control and received standard feed and 1.5 mg/kg body weight normal saline, group 2 served as negative control and were exposed to 1.5 mg/kg body weight cadmium chloride, group 3 received 1.5 mg/kg body weight cadmium Adansonia digitata supplemented feed, group 4 received 1.5 mg/kg body weight cadmium chloride and Citrullus lanatus supplemented feed, while group 5 were given 1.5 mg/kg body weight cadmium chloride and Abelmoschus esculentus supplemented feed. All administrations were orally and lasted for 28 days. At the end of the administration, blood, liver, kidney, brain, and testes were harvested from the rabbits for biochemical and histological analysis. One-way analysis of variance followed by Turkey’s test was used to analyze the results with p < 0.05 considered significant. The results revealed that cadmium exposure caused a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, and atherogenic index in rabbits exposed to cadmium. Cadmium exposure also reduced bone calcium concentration. Adansonia digitata maintained the atherogenic index of plasma at 2.67 compared with the positive control group (2.66). The three vegetables reversed the cadmium-induced up-regulation of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in the liver, kidney, and brain but not in the testis. All the vegetables also restored bone calcium. Citrullus lanatus and Abelmoschus esculentus prevented organ damage induced by cadmium exposure. These vegetables however play different protective roles against cadmium exposed rabbits.

Maternal High-Fat Diet Impairs Placental Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Metabolic Homeostasis in the Offspring.

Maternal overnutrition can affect fetal growth and development, thus increasing susceptibility to obesity and diabetes in later life of the offspring. Placenta is the central organ connecting the developing fetus with the maternal environment. It is indicated placental fatty acid metabolism plays an essential role in affecting the outcome of the pregnancy and fetus. However, the role of placental fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in maternal overnutrition affecting glucose metabolism in the offspring remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J female mice were fed with normal chow or high-fat diet before and during pregnancy and lactation. The placenta and fetal liver were collected at gestation day 18.5, and the offspring's liver was collected at weaning. FAO-related genes and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway were examined both in the placenta and in the human JEG-3 trophoblast cells. FAO-related genes were further examined in the liver of the fetuses and in the offspring at weaning. We found that dams fed with high-fat diet showed higher fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance at gestation day 14.5 and higher serum total cholesterol (T-CHO) at gestation day 18.5. The placental weight and lipid deposition were significantly increased in maternal high-fat diet group. At weaning, the offspring mice of high-fat diet group exhibited higher body weight, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and increased serum T-CHO, compared with control group. We further found that maternal high-fat diet downregulated mRNA and protein expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), a key enzyme in FAO, by suppressing the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC1α signaling pathway in the placenta. In JEG-3 cells, protein expressions of CPT2 and CPT1b were both downregulated by suppressing the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC1α signaling pathway under glucolipotoxic condition, but were later restored by the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside (AICAR). However, there was no difference in CPT2 and CPT1 gene expression in the liver of fetuses and offspring at weaning age. In conclusion, maternal high-fat diet can impair gene expression involved in FAO in the placenta by downregulating the AMPK signaling pathway, and can cause glucose and lipid dysfunction of offspring at weaning, indicating that placental FAO may play a crucial role in regulating maternal overnutrition and metabolic health in the offspring.

EVALUATION OF BIOMOLECULAR INDICES OF STRESS IN CADMIUM AND HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA CALYX EXTRACT-EXPOSED AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)

Stress inducing abilities of cadmium (Cd) and possibly too of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueos extract (HSCE) in the African catfish have been examined based on the levels of three biomolecules in the blood, brain and heart. The bimolecules used as stress indices are total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Forty catfishes divided into four experimental groups of not less than six fishes each were used for this study. Fishes in group A, the control, were Cd and HSCE-free. Group B, no Cd but exposed to HSCE (0.25% v/v). Group C, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) but no HSCE. Group D, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) and HSCE (0.25% v/v). The treatments were carried out for 14 days. When compared to the control, Cd alone, caused significant (p0.05) increases in serum MDA, TC and TAG levels; increase in brain MDA as well as increases in heart MDA and TAG. Relative to the Cd only group catfishes exposed to Cd and HSCE had significantly (p<0.5) reduced serum MDA, TC and TAG; brain MDA, as well as heart MDA and TC. Catalase activities were significantly (p0.05) increased in sera of HSCE only and Cd +HSCE groups relative to the control. SOD activities in the serum were significantly (p0.05) decreased in all three groups relative to the control. Catalase activities in the heart followed the same pattern found in the serum but its SOD activities were significantly (p0.05) reduced in HSCE only and Cd + HSCE groups compared to the control. These findings indicate that Cd can cause general physiological stress (evidenced by increaseD serum, brain and heart TC and TAG) and oxidative stress (evidenced by increased serum, brain and heart MDA) in the African catfish and that HSCE counteracts the Cd-induced stress

ОСОБЕННОСТИ АДИПОЦИТОКИНОВОГО СТАТУСА И ЛИПИДНОГО СПЕКТРА КРУПНОВЕСНЫХ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ДЕТЕЙ

The purpose of the study was to analyze the characteristics of the adipocytokine status and lipid spectrum in large for gestational age (LGA) in the dynamics of the neonatal period, to assess the influence of the metabolic status of mothers on the analyzed indicators of their infants. 348 full­term newborns were examined. 3 groups of LGA were distinguished, taking into account the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the mother (Gr1), overweight or obesity (Gr3) or the absence of disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism (Gr2). Group 4 (Gr4) – normal weight from mothers without changes in carbohydrate­lipid metabolism. The content of adipocytokines, lipids, glucose and vitamin D was studied in the “mother­child” dyads, blood serum of children in the dynamics of the neonatal period. An adipocytokine imbalance and hyperlipidemia were revealed in mothers of the examined groups of LGA, more pronounced with overweight and obesity. The TG/HDL ratio was significantly higher in Gr3. The influence of metabolic disorders in women on indicators of physical development, parameters of hormonal status and lipid profiles of children was established. Leptin levels at birth were significantly higher in LGA of all three groups compared to normal­weight children (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.001). In the dynamics of the early neonatal period, a statistically significant decrease in leptin was observed against the background of an increase in total serum cholesterol. Maternal HDL, leptin, and cord blood IGF­1 levels were associated with neonatal size. The identified perinatal hormonal and metabolic patterns have a pronounced effect not only on the condition and anthropometric status of LGA newborns, but also program the pace of physical development in the neonatal period.

Total serum cholesterol and selected electrolytes during pregnancy among women residents in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa state Nigeria

The incidence of high cholesterol, electrolytes imbalance and hypertension are emerging health issues prevalent among pregnant women globally. This study determines total serum cholesterol, selected electrolytes (Na+ and K+) and blood pressure of pregnant women subjects in Yenagoa metropolis. A total sample of two hundred pregnant women subjects aged 18->40years with 80, 70, and 50 in their first, second, and third trimesters were randomly recruited. While total serum cholesterol was measured using oxidative and hydrolysis method the blood pressure and electrolytes were recorded by standard methods using automated electrolytes analyser and Omron digital blood pressure machine. One way ANOVA was used to analysed the data obtained for comparison between groups. Result from the study shows a significant (<0.05) increase in total serum cholesterol and percentage difference from the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Serum sodium concentration was slightly higher in the second trimester compared with the first and third trimesters while potassium concentration was slightly higher in the first trimester compared with other trimesters. The blood pressure of the participants were higher among subjects with high total serum cholesterol and age 34years and above during pregnancy. Findings from this study have shown slight decrease in serum potassium concentration among pregnant women with raised blood pressure compared to mean values of other subject groups.

P2X7R antagonist protects against renal injury in mice with adriamycin nephropathy.

Activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been associated with the development of experimental nephritis. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the mechanism of P2X7R in renal injured mice with adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy. The protective effect of a P2X7R antagonist on the kidneys of mice with ADR nephropathy was also evaluated. Nephropathy was induced by a single intravenous injection of ADR (10.5 mg/kg). A total of 6 h before the model was established, the P2X7R antagonist A438079 (100, 200 and 300 µmol/kg) was injected into the mice, which was subsequently administered daily for 1 week by intraperitoneal injection. Subsequently, all mice were sacrificed, after which blood, 24 h-urine and the kidneys were collected. The levels of albumin (ALB) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum, along with urine protein content at 24 h were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were additionally detected in the renal tissues by ELISA. Moreover, the expression of P2X7R, oxidized (ox)-low density lipoprotein (LDL), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), Bax, caspase-3 and NLRP3 in renal tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis in the renal tissues was observed using the TUNEL assay. The results demonstrated that compared with the control group, decreased weight, increased proteinuria, decreased serum ALB and increased serum TC was observed in the ADR group. The expression of IL-1β, IL-18, P2X7R, ox-LDL, CXCL16, Bax, caspase-3 and NLRP3, as well as cellular apoptosis in the renal tissues of the ADR group, was significantly increased in the ADR group compared with the control. However, compared with the ADR group, the changes in all indices in the ADR + A438079 groups were attenuated. Overall, P2X7R, ox-LDL and CXCL16 may be associated with ADR nephropathy, while inhibition of P2X7R may reduce the expression of ox-LDL by downregulating the CXCL16 pathway to alleviate kidney injury in mice with ADR nephropathy. Furthermore, activated P2X7R may promote the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 through the downstream P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway and upregulate the expression of Bax and caspase-3 to promote apoptosis, which participates in the process of ADR nephropathy. Inhibiting P2X7R may also reduce the release of IL-1β and IL-18 by downregulating the P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway, downregulating the expression of Bax and caspase-3, and reducing apoptosis, thereby alleviating kidney injury in mice with ADR nephropathy.

Hypocholesterolemic effect of designer yogurts fortified with omega fatty acids and dietary fibers in hypercholesterolemic subjects

A cohort study of 90 days was designed to explore the hypercholesterolemic associated blood pressure with intake of extruded flaxseed powder (EFSP) fortified yogurts. The hypercholesterolemic subjects were distributed into two groups (1 and 2), then blood samples and blood pressure were taken. Descriptive statistics were used for comparison between groups. A significant increase in serum total cholesterol (TC) (6.330.48 to 6.510.04 mmol/dL) and low-density lipids-cholesterol (LDL-C) (5.170.28 to 5.370.47 mmol/dL) was observed in participants consuming plain milk yogurts for 30 days. A significant decrease in TC (6.470.95 to 6.28 ± 0.84) and LDL-C (5.350.29 to 5.130.44 mmol/dL) was observed in the group consuming EFSP fortified sheep milk yogurt. Similarly, a significant decrease in serum TC (6.381.01 to 6.200.98 mmol/dL), and LDL-C (5.301.16 to 4.980.99 mmol/dL) was noticed in the group consuming EFSP fortified cow milk yogurt. The intake of fortified yogurts reduced significantly serum cholesterol associated with blood pressure in both groups.

Effect of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor on body weight and metabolic parameters in adults with cystic fibrosis

BackgroundThough weight gain has been reported in some clinical trials of CFTR modulators, the effect of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor on body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipids and glycemic control in the real-world setting remains incompletely described. MethodsWe performed a single-center, retrospective, observational analysis of the effect of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor on body weight and cardiometabolic parameters in 134 adult CF patients of the Washington University Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center. Body weight, BMI, and blood pressure were extracted from outpatient clinic visits for the year preceding and the period following the initiation of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor. Other metabolic parameters were extracted at baseline and at latest available follow-up. ResultsA mean of 12.2 months of follow-up data was available for analysis. The mean rate of change in BMI was 1.47 kg/m2/yr (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.87) greater after initiation of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor. Significant increases in blood pressure were observed. In those without CFRD, random blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c were decreased after elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor initiation. In those with CFRD, elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor increased serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. ConclusionsIn this single-center, retrospective, observational study of 134 adults with CF, initiation of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor was associated with increases in BMI at a mean follow up of 12.2 months. Changes in other cardiometabolic risk factors were also observed. Widespread use of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor may be expected to increase the incidence of overnutrition in the CF population.

Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and adipocytokines gene expression in local fat depots

Abstract In this study we studied the relationships between adipokines (leptin, soluble leptin receptor) in adipose tissue (AT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods Fat tissue biopsies were obtained from 134 patients median aged 64.0 (48.0; 68.0) with stable CAD undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and patient treatment have been recorded. AH was defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg Art., diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg. Dyslipidemia was defined as a previously detected increase in total serum cholesterol (>200 mg/dl), triglycerides (>200 mg/dl), or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (>150 mg/dl) for at least 1 year, or use of lipid-lowering drugs. Smoking was classified as current or former smokers; current smoking status was defined as at least one cigarette daily over the last year. Adipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous (SAT), epicardial (EAT), and perivascular AT (PVAT) samples. Isolated adipocytes were cultured for 24-h after which, Then adipocytes were immediately processed to RNA extraction and determination of adipokines gene expression. Results In this study, we showed that men with CAD LEP and LEPR expression were lower in PVAT, whereas only the latter was decreased in SAT. Thus, LEPR expression in local fat depots appeared to differ in men and women, which is consistent with previous reports. Men with CAD showed lower LEP expression than women in EAT, whereas no significant differences were observed in SAT. Patients 51–59 years old were characterized by the lowest LEP expression in SAT and the highest LEP and LEPR expression in EAT and PVAT. Those >60 years presented the highest levels of LEPR in SAT. The presence of dyslipidemia in patients with CAD correlated with decreased LEPR expression in EAT, which is an unfavorable sign and may potentially lead to the development of leptin resistance. In patients with AH, LEP expression in EAT and LEPR expression in SAT and PVAT is increased. AH >20 years was associated with increased LEP in ATs. Smokers with CAD exhibited higher levels of LEP expression in SAT and EAT, and LEPR expression in SAT. Conclusions The results of the study indicate a close association of traditional CVD risk factors with adipocytokine imbalance in patients with CAD. The results indicate the potential of the fat depot and leptin and its receptor data as a drug application point. The study of the molecular basis of PVAT and EAT function can provide a more complete understanding of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of CVD and develop an effective strategy for their prevention and control. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Hypomorphic ASGR1 modulates lipid homeostasis via INSIG1-mediated SREBP signaling suppression.

A population genetic study identified that the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) mutation carriers had substantially lower non–HDL-cholesterol (non–HDL-c) levels and reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon remained unclear. Here, we established Asgr1-knockout mice that represented a plasma lipid profile with significantly lower non–HDL-c and triglyceride (TG) caused by decreased secretion and increased uptake of VLDL/LDL. These 2 phenotypes were linked with the decreased expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, 2 key targeted genes of sterol regulatory element–binding proteins (SREBPs). Furthermore, there were fewer nuclear SREBPs (nSREBPs) on account of more SREBPs being trapped in endoplasmic reticulum, which was caused by an increased expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), an anchor of SREBPs. Overexpression and gene knockdown interventions, in different models, were conducted to rescue the ASGR1-deficient phenotypes, and we found that INSIG1 knockdown independently reversed the ASGR1-mutated phenotypes with increased serum total cholesterol, LDL-c, TG, and liver cholesterol content accompanied by restored SREBP signaling. ASGR1 rescue experiments reduced INSIG1 and restored the SREBP network defect as manifested by improved apolipoprotein B secretion and reduced LDL uptake. Our observation demonstrated that increased INSIG1 is a critical factor responsible for ASGR1 deficiency–associated lipid profile changes and nSREBP suppression. This finding of an ASGR1/INSIG1/SREBP axis regulating lipid hemostasis may provide multiple potential targets for lipid-lowering drug development.

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M, Sm Containing Diet Normalizes Some Metabolic Syndrome Markers due to High-fat High-fructose Diet in Wistar Rats

Background: Etlingera elatior (Ee) contains phytochemical compounds that are rich in antioxidants, which may reduce several biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective: We aimed to study the effect of fresh Etlingera elatior (FEe) and steamed Etlingera elatior (SEe) as a part of rat diet on body weight, serum lipid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in Wistar rats with MetS induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. Methods: Our research was a true experimental randomized control group design with pre- and post-test. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into the following four groups: 1) Control, fed standard rat diet during the whole duration of the study, 2) HFFr-Sd, fed high-fat high- -fructose (HFFr) diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of the standard diet, 3) HFFr-FEe, fed HFFr diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of a standard diet containing 33.3% FEe, and 4) HFFr-SEe, fed HFFr diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of a standard diet containing 33.3% SEe. The HFFr diet was given at 15 g/day along with fructose drink (20% pure fructose) at 100 ml/day. The diets in each group after the MetS induction period are referred to as intervention diets. Data at the end of HFFr (pre) and intervention diets (post) were analyzed by paired t-test. The data among groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc test. Results: HFFr diet for 29 days induced MetS in Wistar rats fulfilling the criteria of obesity (Lee Index), hypertriglyceridemia, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Also, there was a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and MDA level (p < 0.05). Feeding a diet containing FEe or SEe can significantly reduce body weight, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and MDA, and increase HDL-C levels (p < 0.05). The effect of FEe was more pronounced in ameliorating body weight and lipid profile than SEe. Conclusion: Fresh Ee and Steamed Ee can ameliorate obesity, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress in MetS Wistar rats induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. It suggests that dietary Ee accounting for one-third of daily standard diet can assist in normalizing some MetS markers in rats.

Study to find out the significance of postprandial dyslipidemia in diabetic patients

: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases, which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, which results from the defects in the insulin action, insulin secretion or both. The most prevalent form of the disease, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is often asymptomatic in the early stages and it may remain undiagnosed for many years.The insulin resistance in the liver leads to failure of the hyperinsulinaemia to suppress the gluconeogenesis, which increases fasting glucose levels and decreases. glycogen storage by the liver in the postprandial phase. Increased glucose production in the liver occurs early in the course of diabetes, and it is likely in skeletal muscles after the onset of the insulin secretory abnormalities and the insulin resistance. Due to the insulin resistance in the adipose tissue and obesity, the free fatty acid (FFA) flux from the adipocytes is increased, which in turn leads to an increase in lipid [very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides] synthesis in the hepatocytes. This is responsible for the dyslipidaemia which is found in type2 diabetes mellitus [elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particlesIndividuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications.: To find out the significance of postprandial dyslipidemia in diabetic patients.: This is a cross-sectional study, wherein written informed consent was taken after giving detailed information to the participants regarding the study. Patients who were in the age group of 35-65 years, admitted in the Department of Medicine, RRMCH from November 2017 for next 18 months with Diabetes Mellitus who met a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied. The study was initiated after obtaining clearance from the institution's ethical committee.: There was a significant elevation of mean values of total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG of cases and controls in the postprandial state compared to their fasting state, statistical significance was found (P<0.05).Mean values of total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG of cases in fasting state were significantly more compared to controls in fasting state, statistical significance was found (P<0.05).Mean values of total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG of cases in the postprandial state were significantly more compared to controls in the postprandial state, statistical significance was found (P<0.05).Mean values of both FBS and PPBS in cases were higher compared to controls (P<0.05). Mean values of PPBS in cases and controls were significantly more compared to their respective FBS values (P<0.05).The mean HbA1c values in cases were higher(7.142) compared to controls (5.554).: Prevalence of diabetes was highest in the age group 56-65 years in our hospital.As the duration of diabetes increases, there is an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia in the cases.Past history of HTN, IHD, PVD and CVA were found significantly more in subjects with fasting and postprandial dyslipidemia (cases) compared to those without(controls).Patients on irregular treatment (63%) were more in the study group(cases) compared to controls. So it could be said that patient not on regular treatment are more prone to have dyslipidemia. (fasting as well as postprandial). There was a significant increase in total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG in postprandial states of cases compared to that in controls, so it could be said that diabetic patients with fasting dyslipidemia are more prone to have dyslipidemia in the postprandial state.

Study of fasting and post prandial lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison to controls

In the modern world, the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a critical problem. In type 2 DM, abnormal lipid profile in the postprandial state has more significance than abnormal lipid profile in fasting state in causing atherosclerotic complications. The high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type2 DM are due to prolonged postprandial hyperglycemia and triglyceridemia. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia results in a proatherogenic environment which leads to atherosclerosis and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is believed that atherosclerosis is a postprandial phenomenon with respect to lipids, as we are in the postprandial state for most of the day.It is not clearly known whether diabetic patients with macrovascular disease have greater abnormalities of postprandial TG metabolism than those without.Hence this study is being carried out to find out the characteristics of post prandial lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and itsimpact on macrovascular complications.: To study fasting & postprandial lipid abnormality in type 2 DM patients in comparison to controls.: This is a cross-sectional study, wherein written informed consent was taken after giving detailed information to the participants regarding the study. Patients who were in the age group of 35-65 years, admitted in the Department of Medicine, RRMCH from November 2017 for next 18 months with Diabetes Mellitus who met a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were studied. The study was initiated after obtaining clearance from the institution's ethical committee.: There was a significant elevation of mean values of total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG of cases and controls in the postprandial state compared to their fasting state, statistical significance was found (P<0.05). Peripheral vascular disease in our study was found in 25 patients i.e.25% of the study group. In cases, it was found in 20 patients and in controls, it was found in 5 patients i.e. 40% and 10% respectively. The occurrence of PVD was more in cases compared to controls with statistical significance(p<0.05). Stroke in our study is found in 7 patients i.e. 7% of the study group. In cases, it was found in 6 patients and in controls, it was found in 1 patient i.e. 12% and 2% respectively. The occurrence of CVA was more in cases compared to controls with statistical significance(p<0.05). Ischemic strokes were more common than haemorrhagic strokes.: Patients on irregular treatment (63%) were more in the study group(cases) compared to controls. So it could be said that patient not on regular treatment are more prone to have dyslipidemia. (fasting as well as postprandial). There was a significant increase in total serum cholesterol, LDL and TG in postprandial states of cases compared to that in controls, so it could be said that diabetic patients with fasting dyslipidemia are more prone to have dyslipidemia in the postprandial state. This study concluded that all macrovascular complications (IHD, CVA, PVD) were found more in the case compared to controls with statistical significance. So it could be said that there is an increase in the occurrence of macrovascular complications with an increase in postprandial dyslipidemia.

The protective effects of Spirulina against Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet in rats

The ultimate goal of this study is to investigate the bimolecular changes in a rat model of high fat diet induced Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Also, the lipotropic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of spirulina platensis treatment were clarify through evaluation of certain biochemical and molecular parameters in the blood and liver tissue of rats. Twenty one adult white albino rats were separated into three groups. Group I (Normal control): received no drugs and balanced diet, Group II (NAFLD- induced group): rats fed high fat diet for 8 weeks followed by normal basal ration feeding for another 8 weeks. Group III (NAFLD + spirulina): rats treated with spirulina orally at a dose of (150 mg/kg b.wt/day) for 8 weeks after induction of NAFLD. The obtained results showed a significant increase in serum total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerols (TAG) concentrations with significant up-regulation of liver gene expression TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-kβ, PPAR-α, ACC, FAS and SREBT-1in NAFLD- induced rats. Also, various histopathological alterations were detected in liver tissue of induced NAFLD rats. Treatment with spirulina in NAFLD-induced rats parameters measured near the normal level of rats group (G1). Also, spirulina potentially improved molecular hepatic function alterations related to NAFLD. Interestingly, histopathological findings supported that spirulina markedly attenuates harmful effects of NAFLD and protects liver tissue. We conclude that, spirulina has a great role as antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory via inhibition of liver lipid metabolic disturbance, steatosis and oxidative stress singling.