Increase In Prolactin Research Articles

Role of Seed Therapy on Estrous and Non-Estrous Cycle in Healthy Female Rats.

Seed cycling therapy (SCT) involves the consumption of specific seeds during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle to help balance reproductive hormones. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SCT on healthy female Wistar albino rats to prevent hormonal imbalances. For SCT, a seed mixture (SM1) consisting of flax, pumpkin, and soybeans (estrogenic seeds) was administered at doses of 5.4, 4, 8, and 12 g per 100 g of diet during the non-estrous phase. Another seed mixture (SM2) comprising sunflower, sesame, and chickpeas (also estrogenic) was given at doses of 3.12, 8, and 8 g per 100 g during the estrous phase. A total of 36 female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, each containing nine rats: Basal diet, seed cycling 1, seed cycling 2, and seed cycling 3 (SC3). All diets were isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous. The results showed that body weight, feed intake, and water consumption were significantly decreased in the SC3 group (p < 0.05), with increased nutrient digestibility. The tested diets led to significant positive changes in levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase across both phases of the cycle. There was also a notable increase in estrogen, testosterone, prolactin, and insulin levels (p < 0.05). Ovarian histology results showed normal morphology in the SC3 group, suggesting that this dosage was the most effective. The findings indicate that further studies are warranted to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying phytoestrogen action during reproductive stages.

Changes in Prolactin and Insulin Resistance in PCOS Patients Undergoing Metformin Treatment: A Retrospective Study

Background: Prolactin levels have been shown to influence metabolic outcomes, including insulin resistance. Metformin is known to be beneficial in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. PCOS women might react differently to metformin treatment depending on their baseline prolactin levels. Methods: In this retrospective study, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the LH:FSH ratio, and total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 75 obese/overweight women with PCOS and insulin resistance before initiation of metformin treatment and after 6–8 months. Results: At baseline, HOMA-IR was inversely correlated to SHBG (r = −0.408; p &lt; 0.001) and prolactin (r = −0.402; p &lt; 0.001). After 6–8 months of metformin treatment, the LH:FSH ratio and the HOMA-IR declined significantly (p &lt; 0.05). A significant positive correlation could be shown between basal prolactin and the difference in the HOMA-IR (r = 0.233; p = 0.044). Women with lower baseline prolactin (≤14.9 ng/mL) revealed a sharper decline in HOMA-IR (−0.8, IQR −1.0; −0.5 vs. −0.6, IQR −0.8; −0.3; p = 0.049) as well as an increase in prolactin at follow-up (1.6 ng/mL, IQR −0.2;3.8 vs. −1.3, IQR −4.6;3.2; p = 0.003) compared to patients with a baseline prolactin &gt; 14.9 ng/mL. Conclusions: In overweight/obese, insulin-resistant PCOS women, lower baseline prolactin levels are associated with higher baseline HOMA-IR levels as well as with a better response to metformin treatment. More data are necessary to prove these observations in larger populations.

Enhancing oxytocin and prolactin levels to address oligogalactia through emotional management and massage in working mothers.

Emotional management, combined with oxytocin massage and breast care, offers a comprehensive approach to boost prolactin release, enhance milk production, and improve breastfeeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combining emotional management with oxytocin massage and breast care in increasing oxytocin and prolactin hormone levels to address oligogalactia in working postpartum mothers. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at Kudus Community Health Center, Kudus Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from January to March 2024. A total of 93 postpartum mothers were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) emotional management with oxytocin massage; (2) emotional management with breast care; and (3) lactation education only. Blood samples were collected before and after the interventions to measure oxytocin and prolactin levels. The present study found that emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased oxytocin levels from 505.0±264.0 pg/mL to 600.0±231.3 pg/mL (mean difference: 103 pg/mL; p=0.002) and prolactin levels from 191.0±67.3 ng/mL to 233.0±86.8 ng/mL (mean difference: 27 ng/mL; p=0.001). The emotional management and breast care group showed a smaller increase in oxytocin (362.0±175.1 pg/mL to 418.0±185.1 pg/mL; mean difference: 23 pg/mL; p=0.048) and a significant increase in prolactin (195.0±48.8 ng/mL to 255.0±82.3 ng/mL; mean difference: 38 ng/mL; p=0.049). In contrast, the lactation education group showed no significant changes in oxytocin (p=0.756) or prolactin levels (p=0.341). In conclusion, emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased both oxytocin and prolactin levels, suggesting that integrating emotional management and oxytocin massage may be an effective strategy for postpartum lactation support.

Hormonal Dynamics in Response to Short-Term Hypoxia Exposure: Cortisol and Prolactin Regulation as Adaptive Mechanisms.

The better availability of altitude rooms in hotels and sports centers led to increased people speculating that "over-the-weekend" hypoxia might contribute to overall psychological and physical well-being. This study investigates the acute stress hormone response in management professionals following short-term exposure to normobaric hypoxia, amidst the increasing use of hypoxic conditions in stress-relief programs, which lack scientific validation. Twelve healthy male subjects, employees in management positions (mean age 34.72±7.43y), voluntarily agreed to participate in the within-subjects design study and were subjected to sleep and stay in normobaric hypoxia (simulating oxygen pressure at 2800m) twice, for at least 12h per exposure, over a total period of 48 hours to simulate popular "manager weekend hypoxia stays". The protocol included blood sampling 48 hours before intervention, on the morning of intervention, and immediately after finishing the hypoxia stay. We determined the concentrations of total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, and cortisol. A significant increase in prolactin (p=0.021) and cortisol (p=0.039) concentrations and a decrease in DHEA-S to cortisol ratio (p=0.034) were observed. Short exposure to normobaric hypoxia induces alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-gonadal axis showing significant stress response even though otherwise was expected due to participants' stressful jobs.

Enhancing oxytocin and prolactin levels to address oligogalactia through emotional management and massage in working mothers

Emotional management, combined with oxytocin massage and breast care, offers a comprehensive approach to boost prolactin release, enhance milk production, and improve breastfeeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combining emotional management with oxytocin massage and breast care in increasing oxytocin and prolactin hormone levels to address oligogalactia in working postpartum mothers. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at Kudus Community Health Center, Kudus Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from January to March 2024. A total of 93 postpartum mothers were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) emotional management with oxytocin massage; (2) emotional management with breast care; and (3) lactation education only. Blood samples were collected before and after the interventions to measure oxytocin and prolactin levels. The present study found that emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased oxytocin levels from 505.0±264.0 pg/mL to 600.0±231.3 pg/mL (mean difference: 103 pg/mL; p=0.002) and prolactin levels from 191.0±67.3 ng/mL to 233.0±86.8 ng/mL (mean difference: 27 ng/mL; p=0.001). The emotional management and breast care group showed a smaller increase in oxytocin (362.0±175.1 pg/mL to 418.0±185.1 pg/mL; mean difference: 23 pg/mL; p=0.048) and a significant increase in prolactin (195.0±48.8 ng/mL to 255.0±82.3 ng/mL; mean difference: 38 ng/mL; p=0.049). In contrast, the lactation education group showed no significant changes in oxytocin (p=0.756) or prolactin levels (p=0.341). In conclusion, emotional management combined with oxytocin massage significantly increased both oxytocin and prolactin levels, suggesting that integrating emotional management and oxytocin massage may be an effective strategy for postpartum lactation support.

Allopregnanolone and progesterone in relation to a single electroconvulsive therapy seizure and subsequent clinical outcome: an observational cohort study

BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important treatment for several severe psychiatric conditions, yet its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. Increased inhibition in the brain after ECT seizures, mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been linked to clinical effectiveness. Case series on epileptic patients report a postictal serum concentration increase of the GABAA receptor agonist allopregnanolone. Serum allopregnanolone remains unchanged after a full ECT series, but possible transient effects directly after a single ECT seizure remain unexplored. The primary aim was to measure serum concentrations of allopregnanolone and its substrate progesterone after one ECT seizure. Secondary aims were to examine whether concentrations at baseline, or postictal changes, either correlate with seizure generalization or predict clinical outcome ratings after ECT.MethodsA total of 130 participants (18–85 years) were included. Generalization parameters comprised peak ictal heart rate, electroencephalographic (EEG) seizure duration, and prolactin increase. Outcome measures were ratings of clinical global improvement, perceived health status and subjective memory impairment. Non-parametric tests were used for group comparisons and correlations. The prediction analyses were conducted with binary logistic and simple linear regression analyses.ResultsAllopregnanolone and progesterone remained unchanged and correlated neither with seizure generalization nor with clinical outcome. In men (n = 50), progesterone increased and allopregnanolone change correlated negatively with EEG seizure duration. In a subgroup analysis (n = 62), higher baseline allopregnanolone and progesterone correlated with postictal EEG suppression.ConclusionsECT seizures have different physiologic effects than generalized seizures in epilepsy. Progesterone might have implications for psychiatric illness in men.

7120 Pituitary Prolactinoma Transforming To Invasive Aggressive Adenoma After 10 Years of Acting As Benign Adenoma

Abstract Disclosure: S.N. Polis: None. S. Nakhle: None. N.J. Vernetti: None. Prolactinomas are the most common type of secretory pituitary tumors. Symptoms occur due to hyperprolactinemia and compressive symptoms with larger tumors. The majority of the prolactinomas are benign adenomas, with up to 30-40% of them being invasive. Malignant prolactinomas are rare, counting only 0.2% of pituitary tumors with an average latency period of 4.7 years. We present a 70-year-old woman who was found to have asymptomatic mild hyperprolactinemia in 2009 with pituitary MRI that showed a 3 mm left pituitary adenoma. Treatment with cabergoline started three years later due to an increase in prolactin above 300 ng/ml. Annual pituitary MRI showed a stable mass. After four years of treatment, pituitary MRI showed an increase in pituitary adenoma size to 8 mm and prolactin level remained elevated above 300 ng/ml. The patient complained of facial and acral numbness and emotional outbursts, so cabergoline was changed to bromocriptine. A few months later, a decision was made to stop treatment as she was asymptomatic and prolactin levels remained stable with a stable adenoma on imaging. 18 months later, prolactin increased to 544 ng/ml and pituitary MRI showed an increase adenoma size to 14mm, contacting the chiasm, and cabergoline was restarted. The prolactin levels continued to climb after 5 months of treatment despite titrating the dose to 1 mg daily. The patient started to develop vision impairment and visual field testing confirmed a new central vision defect. The patient was eventually referred to neurosurgery and went for transsphenoidal surgery. Prolactin level dropped to 50 ng/ml post operatively. The pathology report showed Ki 67 10-20%. Cabergoline was restarted and the patient was enrolled in a clinical trial for temozolomide for 18 months. During that time, prolactin levels remained stable so treatment was discontinued. A year later, cabergoline was restarted as prolactin levels increased to 219 ng/ml and pituitary MRI showed an 8 mm sellar mass with optic chiasm compression. For the next year, multiple medical treatments including high dose cabergoline (1 mg daily) and temozolomide were attempted, which were intolerable due to side effects. Prolactin continued to climb (&amp;gt; 1700 ng/ml). Four years later, the patient went for a second transsphenoidal surgery. Surgical pathology revealed Ki67 20%. Prolactin levels dropped to 242 ng/ml, but a month later, went up again to over 600 ng/ml. Cabergoline was restarted with a plan for an open craniotomy and radiotherapy. Conclusion: We present this interesting case of pituitary prolactinoma that behaved as benign adenoma for over 10 years prior to invasion and showing aggressive behavior requiring multiple surgeries. This unusual presentation is worrisome for malignancy and prompting consideration for closer and longer follow up for prolactinomas, especially the ones resistant to medical treatment. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Effect of Thyroid Disorders on Some Biochemical Parameters in Women

The current study aimed to determine the effect of thyroid disorder on kidney function, some hormones, total protein, and glucose in women. The study sample was divided into two groups, the first a (control group) healthy women and the second a group of patients with thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism) in both pregnant and non-pregnant women. The results of the current study showed a significant decrease in the concentration of (T3, T4) and a significant increase in the concentration of TSH in the second group when compared with the control group and the third group, while the third group recorded a significant increase in the concentration of (T3, T4). The results of the current study also showed a significant decrease in the concentration of (estrogen) in the second group when compared with the control group and the third group, and a significant increase in the concentration of (progesterone) in the group. The third group was compared with the healthy group and the second group among non-pregnant women. The results also recorded a significant increase in the concentration of(estrogen). In the second and third groups, when compared with the control group in pregnant women, on the other hand, the results indicated a significant increase in FSH concentration and prolactin in the second group when compared with the healthy group, and a significant increase in the concentration of prolactin and LH in the third group when compared with the control group in non-pregnant women. As for pregnant women, the results showed a significant decrease in the concentration of (LH). And a significant increase in the concentration of (prolactin) in the second and third groups when compared with the control group.

108 Early colostrum uptake by the newborn requires prepartum initiation of lactogenesis in ungulate species - Sponsored by EAAP

Abstract Due to anatomical characteristics of ungulate placenta types, immunoglobulins (IG) cannot be transferred via the placenta from the maternal to the fetal circulation during pregnancy. Therefore, passive immunization of the newborn ungulate immediately after birth is crucial for its survival. Colostrum, the first milk produced contains immunoglobulins (IG) as well as greater concentrations of several nutrients and bioactive components to provide specific immunity for the first weeks of life as well as an activation of the digestive tract and metabolism through colostral hormones, growth factors, vitamins, and special nutrients such as oligosaccharides. The uptake of colostrum by newborn calves, piglets, or foals within the first few hours after birth requires the availability of colostrum in a sufficiently liquid form. The formation of pre-colostrum starts days or even weeks before parturition, which allows concentrations of IG and other factors far beyond the concentrations in maternal blood circulation. Pre-colostrum components are partially secreted into the alveolar lumen and partially stored in the lactocytes of the mammary gland. These secretions are characterized by increased viscosity and density, which are difficult to harvest by the newborn. Through lactogenesis the secretion of milk components such as lactose is initiated, which causes a considerable water influx into the mammary secretion through an osmotic gradient between maternal blood and mammary secretion. The typical high concentrations of gestagens, mostly progesterone, inhibit the initiation of lactogenesis during pregnancy. A declining gestagen activity is the key signal to initiate a lactogenic prolactin increase and hence milk secretion. Mechanisms and timing of gestagen withdrawal differ considerably among mammalian species. Most species initiate both parturition and lactation through luteolysis (cattle, goat, pig, cat, dog, rabbit, mouse rat). In some species the placenta takes over the main portion of gestagen production (human, sheep, horse). In human, IG are transferred to the fetus during pregnancy, and the start of colostrum secretion only several days after parturition is no problem. In sheep and horses, gestagen secretion during late pregnancy is provided by the placenta. Both of these species are ungulates, and a delayed start of lactogenesis would be critical for the survival of the newborn. Therefore, the placental steroid secretion is subject to characteristic changes in both species towards the end of pregnancy to allow a timely availability of colostrum immediately after birth. At the end of pregnancy, the placenta of sheep produces estrogens at the expense of progesterone, and in horses the less potent dihydroprogesterone is produced instead of progesterone. A considerable variation in the resulting colostrum composition is likely due to the existing wide range of the interval between the commencement of lactogenesis and parturition or due to local regulatory effects at the level of individual glands.

P194 VERY LOW-DOSE CYPROTERONE ACETATE (12.5 MG/DAY) IS EFFECTIVE AS ANDROGEN BLOCKER; WELL TOLERATED AND NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG FEMALE TRANSGENDER PEOPLE

Background and Objective: Cyproterone acetate (CPA) has serious adverse effects (hyperprolactinemia, obesity, depression, thrombogenesis, liver toxicity, meningioma…) but the optimal dose has not been established. CPA is associated with a high risk of hypertension development, even with doses as low as 25 mg/day. We sought to establish if a very low CPA dose (12.5 mg/day) is effective as antiandrogen, its side effect profile, and if it is associated with hypertension development. Methods: Consecutive non-orchidectomized transgender women &lt;30 years were offered CPA 12.5 mg/day instead of the regular 50-100 mg/day dose, along with estradiol (individually titrated); CPA dose was increased to 25 (eventually 50) mg/day if plasma testosterone was &gt;2 nmol/L or there was clinical hyperandrogenism. Body weight, blood pressure, AST, ALT, GGT, prolactin, FSH, LH, estradiol and testosterone were monitored. A matched group of patients with LHRH agonist as antiandrogen plus estradiol served as control. Hypertension was diagnosed according to the current ESH guidelines. All patients gave informed consent. Results: 39 patients were recruited, median follow-up was 2.3 years. 32 were maintained on CPA 12.5 mg/day, two increased to 25 mg/day, one to 50 mg/day, two withdrew due to gender-affirming surgery; one was lost to follow-up. There were no serious side effects or related withdrawals. The control group included 35 patients without significant differences at baseline. Suppression of testosterone, LH and FSH were effective and comparable with the control group but a moderate increase in prolactin was observed (26±12 to 38±22 ng/mL, p=0.034). Neither group had changes in liver enzymes. Blood pressure and body weight did not increase significantly in either group; the incidence of hypertension was low in both groups (1 patient each). Conclusions: Very low-dose CPA was effective and well tolerated as antiandrogen in a large majority of our patients. While CPA is reportedly associated with a striking dose-dependent increase in the incidence of hypertension in the 25-100 mg/day dose-range, the 12.5 mg/day dose appears to be safer.

Iraqi Women with Hirsutism, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics: Retrospective Study

This clinical research aimed to assess the frequency of different some clinical and biochemical features of hirsitusm among Iraqi women retrospectively. Methods: This study is a descriptive cohort study included 100 Hirsutism -affected females. A retrospective analysis of patient assessed using the recently approved diagnostic guidelines for hyper androgenic women with hirsutism Clinical features, family history and hormone levels results were analyzed. Results: At our presentation, the mean age of the 100 Hirsitusm-affected females was 26.9 years ranged of (13-42) years. The mean of BMI (kg/m2) for all patients was 27.38 (Overweight), 55% of women had oligomenorrhea ,3 % had amenorrhea and 42% had none. Associated features were highly Significant (P≤0.01), highly percentage was 39% acne, the low percentage was 6% Alopecia and Acne while 47% of them were none. About 90% of all patients had TSH&gt;0.5(U/mL) while 10 % had TSH &lt;=0.5(U/mL). The mean total serum testosterone level and free testosterone were 0.598 in 72%, 27.69 in 83% of the patients respectively. The mean serum prolactin level was 24.82 but the mean serum DHEA-S (µg/dL) were 328.62 in all patients. A family history was found in 40% of the patients. conclusion: In the current study the clinical characteristics of Hirsitusm was more common in women with a high Body Mass Index nearly a half of them. The most Associated features in hirsute women was Acne and Alopecia. Also more than half of them had oligomenorrhea. While a Biochemical Characteristics study revealed that 90% of hirsute women had hypothyroidism, There is a 37% increase in DHEAS levels, a 72% increase in total testosterone, and a 35% increase in prolactin. The prolactin and total serum testosterone level elevation were not severe. About 40% of the patients had a family history.

Pituitary Crooke cell neuroendocrine tumor of adrenocorticotropic hormone differentiation-specific transcription factor lineage: a clinicopathological analysis of six cases

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of Crooke cell tumor of adrenocorticotropic hormone differentiation specific transcription factor (TPIT, also known as transcription factor 19, TBX19) lineage neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: Six cases of Crooke cell tumor diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China from October 2019 to October 2023 were collected. The clinical and pathological features of these cases were analyzed. Results: Among the six cases, one was male and five were female, with ages ranging from 26 to 75 years, and an average age of 44 years. All tumors occurred within the sella turcica. Clinical presentations included visual impairment in two cases, menstrual disorders in one case, Cushing's syndrome in one case, headache in one case, and one asymptomatic case discovered during a physical examination. Preoperative serum analyses revealed elevated levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormones in two cases, elevated cortisol in two cases, elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone in one case, and one case with a mild increase in prolactin due to the pituitary stalk effect. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed uneven enhancement of masses with maximum diameters ranging from 1.7 to 3.2 cm, all identified as macroadenomas. Microscopically, tumor cells exhibited irregular polygonal shapes, solid sheets, or pseudo-papillary arrangements around blood vessels. The cell nuclei were eccentric or centrally located, varying in size, with abundant cytoplasm. Some tumor cells showed perinuclear halo. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse strong positivity for TPIT in five cases, focal weak positivity for TPIT in one case, diffuse strong positivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone in all cases, and faint staining around the nuclei in a few cells. CK8/18 showed a strong positive ring pattern in more than 50% of tumor cells, focal weak positive expression of p53, and the Ki-67 positive index ranged 1%-5%. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed positive cytoplasm and negative perinuclear areas. Conclusions: Crooke cell tumor is a rare type of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Its pathological characteristics include a distinctive perinuclear clear zone and immunohistochemical markers, such as CK8/18 exhibiting a ring or halo pattern. This entity represents a high-risk subtype among pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, displaying a high risk of invasion and a propensity for recurrence. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for the postoperative follow-up and multimodal treatment planning.

The Potential of Chicken-Herb Essence to Improve Milk Production and Infant Health in the Sprague Dawley Animal Model.

Breast milk serves as the primary source of nourishment for newborns. In cases of low milk production, one approach to address this challenge involves the consumption of lactagogues. Chicken-herb essence, a beverage rich in protein, amino acids, and minerals, presents itself as a viable option to supplement a lactating mother's diet, particularly in terms of protein intake. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chicken-herb essence on prolactin and lactoferrin in lactating rats. Furthermore, the study also assessed the lactagogue effect on IgA in offspring. The experimental research method used a completely randomized design. The animal models in this study were female Sprague Dawley rats. The result showed that there was an increase in milk production, as seen from the results of the lactagogue effect. The highest increase in prolactin and lactoferrin was obtained in treatment group II (TG II). The increases in prolactin and lactoferrin of TG II were 214.18 ± 71.99 and 904.02 ± 435.35 pg/mL, respectively. The lactagogue test showed that TG II haspotency as a milk-booster. Testing the blood serum of offspring showed that the highest concentration of IgA was also found in TG II at 398.34 ± 214.85 pg/mL.

DOPAMINE-DEPENDENT FORM OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF NUTRITIONAL-CONSTITUTIONAL OBESITY

Objective: Despite significant advances in the study of the pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of arterial hypertension (AH), the role of the dopaminergic system in obese patients remains insufficiently studied. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of D2 receptor agonists in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and nutritional-constitutional obesity (NCO) of the 3rd degree. Design and method: We examined 151 patients aged 30-60 years (65 men, 86 women) with AH and NCO. The control group (CG) consisted of 78 hypertensive patients. Daily monitoring of blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), daily excretion of dopamine, plasma levels of aldosterone, prolactin, leptin, adrenaline, creatinine, lipid spectrum - obese patients were divided into two groups. In addition to basic antihypertensive therapy, patients 1 group (n=74) were prescribed bromocriptine (0.08 mg/kg in three doses), patients 2 group (n=71) – pramipexole (0.125 mg 3 times/day). Results: During the baseline examination, daily dopamine excretion in obese patients was 1.6 times lower (p&lt;0.001) than in control group patients. A negative correlation was found between dopamine excretion and BMI (r=-0.6; p&lt;0.001). In patients with hypertension and NCO, a basic examination revealed a significant (p&lt;0.001) increase in the plasma concentrations of prolactin (2.5 times), aldosterone (1.5 times), leptin (3.4 times) and adrenaline (by 1.3 times) compared to CG. Taking bromocriptine for 8 weeks in patients 1 group led to a decrease in blood pressure, BMI and plasma levels of prolactin and aldosterone. In 41.9% of patients 1 group with dopamine excretion levels less than 300 nmol/day, normalization of blood pressure was observed. In patients 2 group pramipexole was discontinued due to side effects. Conclusions: In the majority of patients with hypertension and NCO (58.1%), the main pathogenetic factor in increasing blood pressure is a low level of dopamine and a compensatory increase in prolactin, aldosterone, and adrenaline in plasma. The use of the D2-dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine helps to normalize the daily excretion of dopamine, reduce the levels of prolactin, aldosterone and adrenaline, blood pressure and BMI. The use of pramipexole in patients with hypertension and NCO seems inappropriate

Laboratory Changes During Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Adolescents.

Guidelines for monitoring of medications frequently used in the gender-affirming care of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents are based on studies in adults or other medical conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate commonly screened laboratory measurements in TGD adolescents receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). TGD adolescents were recruited from 4 study sites in the United States before beginning GAHT. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, hemoglobin A1c, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, prolactin, and potassium were abstracted from the medical record at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months after starting GAHT. Two-hundred and ninety-three participants (68% designated female at birth) with no previous history of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog use were included in the analysis. Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased in adolescents prescribed estradiol (-1.4 mg/dL and -3.6%, respectively) and increased in adolescents prescribed testosterone (+1.0 mg/dL and +3.9%) by 6 months after GAHT initiation. Thirteen (6.5%) participants prescribed testosterone had hematocrit > 50% during GAHT. There were no differences in hemoglobin A1c, alanine transaminase, or aspartate aminotransferase. There was a small increase in prolactin after 6 months of estradiol therapy in transfeminine adolescents. Hyperkalemia in transfeminine adolescents taking spironolactone was infrequent and transient if present. Abnormal laboratory results are rare in TGD adolescents prescribed GAHT and, if present, occur within 6 months of GAHT initiation. Future guidelines may not require routine screening of these laboratory parameters beyond 6 months of GAHT in otherwise healthy TGD adolescents.

Unraveling intestinal microbiota's dominance in polycystic ovary syndrome pathogenesis over vaginal microbiota.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disease in women, intricately linked to hormonal imbalances. The microbiota composition plays a pivotal role in influencing hormonal levels within the body. In this study, we utilized a murine model to investigate how intestinal and vaginal microbiota interact with hormones in the development of PCOS. Twenty female mice were randomly assigned to the normal group (N) and the model group (P), where the latter received daily subcutaneous injections of 0.1 mL DHEA (6 mg/100 g). Throughout the experiment, we evaluated the PCOS mouse model by estrus cycle, serum total testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and ovarian pathological morphology. The microbial composition in both intestinal content and vaginal microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Compared with the N group, the P group showed significant increases in body weight, T, and PRL, with significant decrease in LH. Ovaries exhibited polycystic changes, and the estrous cycle was disrupted. The intestinal microbiota result shows that Chao1, ACE, Shannon and Simpson indexes were decreased, Desulfobacterota and Acidobacteriota were increased, and Muribaculaceae, Limosilactobacillus and Lactobacillus were decreased in the P group. T was significantly positively correlated with Enterorhabdus, and LH was significantly positively correlated with Lactobacillus. The analysis of vaginal microbiota revealed no significant changes in Chao1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson indices. However, there were increased in Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Streptococcus, and Muribaculaceae. Particularly, Rodentibacter displayed a robust negative correlation with other components of the vaginal microbiota. Therefore, the response of the intestinal microbiota to PCOS is more significant than that of the vaginal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota is likely involved in the development of PCOS through its participation in hormonal regulation.

The effectiveness of moringa leaf jelly on mother's prolactin level and baby's outcome

The failure of exclusive breastfeeding and the increased use of milk formulas is one of the results of a shortage of breast milk production. Moringa leaf contains phytosterol to increase milk production. Fortification of moringa leaf with jelly will increase the nutritional value of moringa leaf so that the prolactin increases and the production and quality of breast milk get better for babies. This study aimed to determine the effect of moringa leaf jelly on increasing milk production (prolactin, breast milk volume), and the outcome for the baby. Quasi-experimental research using pre-postest with control group design. The study respondents were taken with a purposive sampling technique of 58 people. Outcome indicators for babies are seen from the baby’s weight, the baby's urination frequency, the baby's defecation, and the baby's sleep duration. There was a significant effect on the increase in prolactin score by 23.3%, breast milk volume by 47%, and outcome babies by 3.3% in respondents given moringa leaf jelly. Meanwhile, respondents who were not given Moringa leaf jelly had a risk of decreasing prolactin levels 10.5 times, breast milk supply was 3.8 times lower and the outcomes for babies were 15 than those given Moringa leaf jelly. The moringa leaf jelly significantly effects increasing milk production and outcomes for babies compared to standard interventions.

Serum Prolactin Levels and Mortality in Adults Without Prolactinoma: A Meta-Analysis.

Prolactin (PRL) is a highly versatile, multifunctional hormone synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Its metabolic role has been extensively studied even in normoprolactinemic populations. Recently, a wealth of observational data have outlined the potential prognostic value of PRL in various clinical settings. This systematic review aims to systematically evaluate and quantitatively synthesize the association between serum PRL levels and risk of mortality in adults without prolactinoma. A systematic literature search was conducted up to June 10, 2023, to identify studies reporting the association of serum PRL levels with clinical outcomes of adults without prolactinoma. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted hazard ratios [(a)HRs] for all-cause and cardiovascular death (CVD) during follow-up. Twenty-eight studies were deemed eligible reporting the outcomes of adults without prolactinoma, in whom serum PRL levels were measured for risk-stratification. Fourteen studies reported appropriate data for meta-analysis encompassing a total of 23 596 individuals. Each unit of PRL increase was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause (pooled aHR = 1.17 [1.08-1.27]; I2 = 48%) and CV mortality (pooled aHR = 1.54 [1.14-2.09]; I2 = 89%). Individuals belonging to the highest PRL category had significantly higher risk for all-cause (pooled aHR = 1.81 [1.43-2.30]; I2 = 65%) and CV (pooled aHR = 1.59 [1.04-2.42]; I2 = 82%) mortality compared to their lowest-PRL category counterparts. The association between PRL levels and in-hospital death did not reach statistical significance. PRL levels seem to be an independent predictor for mortality. Further validation is warranted before its role as a risk-stratification tool can be delineated in clinical practice.

FSHβ links photoperiodic signaling to seasonal reproduction in Japanese quail

Annual cycles in daylength provide an initial predictive environmental cue that plants and animals use to time seasonal biology. Seasonal changes in photoperiodic information acts to entrain endogenous programs in physiology to optimize an animal’s fitness. Attempts to identify the neural and molecular substrates of photoperiodic time measurement in birds have, to date, focused on blunt changes in light exposure during a restricted period of photoinducibility. The objectives of these studies were first to characterize a molecular seasonal clock in Japanese quail and second, to identify the key transcripts involved in endogenously generated interval timing that underlies photosensitivity in birds. We hypothesized that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) provides the neuroendocrine control of photoperiod-induced changes in reproductive physiology, and that the pars distalis of the pituitary gland contains an endogenous internal timer for the short photoperiod-dependent development of reproductive photosensitivity. Here, we report distinct seasonal waveforms of transcript expression in the MBH, and pituitary gland and discovered the patterns were not synchronized across tissues. Follicle-stimulating hormone-β (FSHβ) expression increased during the simulated spring equinox, prior to photoinduced increases in prolactin, thyrotropin-stimulating hormone-β, and testicular growth. Diurnal analyses of transcript expression showed sustained elevated levels of FSHβ under conditions of the spring equinox, compared to autumnal equinox, short (&lt;12L) and long (&gt;12L) photoperiods. FSHβ expression increased in quail held in non-stimulatory short photoperiod, indicative of the initiation of an endogenously programmed interval timer. These data identify that FSHβ establishes a state of photosensitivity for the external coincidence timing of seasonal physiology. The independent regulation of FSHβ expression provides an alternative pathway through which other supplementary environmental cues, such as temperature, can fine tune seasonal reproductive maturation and involution.

FSHβ links photoperiodic signaling to seasonal reproduction in Japanese quail.

Annual cycles in daylength provide an initial predictive environmental cue that plants and animals use to time seasonal biology. Seasonal changes in photoperiodic information acts to entrain endogenous programs in physiology to optimize an animal's fitness. Attempts to identify the neural and molecular substrates of photoperiodic time measurement in birds have, to date, focused on blunt changes in light exposure during a restricted period of photoinducibility. The objectives of these studies were first to characterize a molecular seasonal clock in Japanese quail and second, to identify the key transcripts involved in endogenously generated interval timing that underlies photosensitivity in birds. We hypothesized that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) provides the neuroendocrine control of photoperiod-induced changes in reproductive physiology, and that the pars distalis of the pituitary gland contains an endogenous internal timer for the short photoperiod-dependent development of reproductive photosensitivity. Here, we report distinct seasonal waveforms of transcript expression in the MBH, and pituitary gland and discovered the patterns were not synchronized across tissues. Follicle-stimulating hormone-β (FSHβ) expression increased during the simulated spring equinox, prior to photoinduced increases in prolactin, thyrotropin-stimulating hormone-β, and testicular growth. Diurnal analyses of transcript expression showed sustained elevated levels of FSHβ under conditions of the spring equinox, compared to autumnal equinox, short (<12L) and long (>12L) photoperiods. FSHβ expression increased in quail held in non-stimulatory short photoperiod, indicative of the initiation of an endogenously programmed interval timer. These data identify that FSHβ establishes a state of photosensitivity for the external coincidence timing of seasonal physiology. The independent regulation of FSHβ expression provides an alternative pathway through which other supplementary environmental cues, such as temperature, can fine tune seasonal reproductive maturation and involution.