Increase In BUN Research Articles

Toxicity studies of Sapindus laurifolius methanolic leaf extract in Wistar rats

Studies were aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of the Sapindus laurifolius leaves and toxicological effect of the Sapindus laurifolius leaf extract using Wistar albino rats as a model animal. The phytochemical analysis was performed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In toxicity studies, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423 Acute Toxic Class Method) for testing of chemicals. In repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study (OECD 407), leaf extract administered at the dose of 50, 200 and 800 mg/kg and limit dose of 1000 mg/kg. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavanoids, glycosides and bitter principles. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 cut-off values were found to be more than 2g/kg in leaf extract. In repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity, significant (P<0.05) increase in AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine, significant (P<0.05) increase in total protein was noticed. The histopathological changes confined to liver, kidney and intestine, revealed mild to moderate hepatotoxicity, severe nephrotoxicity and increased goblet cell activity. The changes were found to correlate with increased dose of leaf extract. Thus the phytochemical analysis of S. laurifolius revealed the presence of saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and bitter principles.The acute oral toxicity study of S. laurifolius methanolic leaf extract in rats resulted in no toxicity even at the highest dose, in repeated 28- day oral toxicity study revealed mild to moderate hepatotoxicity, severe nephrotoxicity and intestinal damage.

STAT3 blockade ameliorates LPS-induced kidney injury through macrophage-driven inflammation

BackgroundSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a multifaceted transcription factor, modulates host immune responses by activating cellular response to signaling ligands. STAT3 has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of kidney injury by counterbalancing resident macrophage phenotypes under inflammation conditions. However, STAT3’s role in acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly in macrophage migration, and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) through fibrosis development, remains unclear.MethodsStattic (a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) was administered to evaluate the therapeutic effect on LPS-induced AKI (L-AKI) and LPS-induced CKD (L-CKD), with animals sacrificed 6–24 h and 14 days post-LPS induction, respectively. The immune mechanisms of STAT3 blockade were determined by comparing the macrophage phenotypes and correlated with renal function parameters. Also, the transcriptomic analysis was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of L-AKI, and the anti-fibrotic role was further evaluated in the L-CKD model.ResultsIn the L-AKI model, sequential increases in BUN and blood creatinine levels were time-dependent, with a marked elevation of 0–6 h after LPS injection. Notably, two newly identified macrophage subpopulations (CD11bhighF4/80low and CD11blowF4/80high), exhibited population changes, with an increase in the CD11bhighF4/80low population and a decrease in the CD11blowF4/80high macrophages. Corresponding to the FACS results, the tubular injury score, NGAL, F4/80, and p-STAT3 expression in the tubular regions were elevated. STAT3 inhibitor injection in L-AKI and L-CKD mice reduced renal injury and fibrosis. M2-type subpopulation with CD206 in CD11blowF4/80high population increased in the Stattic-treated group compared with that in the LPS-alone group in the L-AKI model. Additionally, STAT3 inhibitor reduced inflammation driven by LPS-stimulated macrophages and epithelial cells injury in the co-culture system. Transcriptomic profiling identified 3 common genes in the JAK-STAT, TLR, and TNF signaling pathways and 11 common genes in the LPS with macrophage response. The PI3K-AKT (IL-6, Akt3, and Pik3r1) and JAK-STAT pathways were determined as potential Stattic targets. Further confirmation through mRNA and protein expressions analyses showed that Stattic treatment reduced inflammation in the L-AKI and fibrosis in the L-CKD mice.ConclusionsSTAT3 blockade effectively mitigated inflammation by retrieving the CD11blowF4/80high population, further emphasizing the role of STAT3-associated macrophage-driven inflammation in kidney injury.

Development of a Porcine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Venous Stenosis Treated with Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty

To develop a porcine model for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) venous stenosis (VS) treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), and to compare outcomes of plain ordinary balloon angioplasty (POBA) to paclitaxel drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty. Twelve castrated male Yorkshire pigs (4-5 months, 35-45 kg) underwent renal artery embolization to induce chronic kidney disease (CKD). Twenty-eight days later, AVF was created by anastomosing the left external jugular vein to left common carotid artery. The pigs were divided into a pilot group (n= 6) for optimizing the AVF technique (euthanized at Day 4) and a definitive group (n= 6) for validating PTA outcomes (euthanized at Day 42). Stenosis developed at juxta-anastomosis 28 days later and was treated with POBA (pilot group, n= 6; definitive group, n= 3) or DCB (definitive group only, n= 3). The definitive group underwent biweekly 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All animals developed CKD, with significant increases in the levels of blood urea nitrogen (increase of median from 2.6 to 3.2 mmol/L; P < .001) and creatinine (increase of median from 10 to 187 μmol/L, P < .001). In the pilot group, 1 animal had an infected fistula, and AVF patency was 1/5. In the definitive group, the patency was 5/6 because the AVF technique was modified by resecting the sternomastoid muscle and increasing the spatulation. At Day 42 after PTA, the DCB-treated AVF outflow vein showed increasing but statistically insignificant blood flow compared with POBA (DCB, 209.8 mm2 ± 64.4, vs POBA, 170.9 mm2 ± 95.5; P= .934). A porcine model of AVF VS treated with PTA was developed, with blood flow trends favoring DCB over POBA.

Usefulness of Dynamic Assessment of Clinical and Laboratory Factors in Severe Acute Pancreatitis.

Background/Objectives: Early identification of patients at risk of developing severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is still an issue. Dynamic assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters within the first 48 h of admission may offer valuable insights into the prediction of unfavorable outcomes such as SAP and death. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of patients admitted for AP at a tertiary referral hospital. Clinical and laboratory data were collected on admission and at 48 h. Patients were classified based on the Revised Atlanta classification. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for SAP. Likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities were calculated to assess the clinical usefulness of predictive markers. Results: 227 patients were included, with biliary etiology being the most common and a prevalence of SAP and death of 10.7% and 5.7%, respectively. BISAP ≥ 2 on admission, presence of SIRS after 48 h, rise in heart rate over 20 bpm, and any increase in BUN after 48 h were independent risk factors for SAP. The combination of these factors increased the post-test probability of SAP and death, with BISAP ≥ 2 combined with the presence of SIRS after 48 h showing the highest probability (82% and 73%, respectively). Conclusions: Dynamic assessment of BUN, heart rate, and SIRS within the first 48 h of admission can aid in predicting the development of SAP and death in patients with AP. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, although multicenter studies are warranted to refine predictive models for SAP.

Time-Dependent Molecular Changes Following MDMA-Induced Nephrotoxicity.

The increasing recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA) poses significant risks to human health, including reports of fatal renal failure due to its adverse renal effects. While MDMA-induced renal toxicity might result from systemic effects, there is also substantial evidence of direct harm to renal tissues by MDMA or its metabolites. The precise mechanisms underlying renal toxicity remain unclear. This study explored the impact of a single intraperitoneal dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) on rat kidneys. Serum BUN and creatinine levels were evaluated to assess renal function, while TNF-α and TGF-β protein concentrations were measured using ELISA. mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2 were quantified using quantitative RT-PCR. Additionally, apoptosis and histopathological changes in renal tissue were examined. Results showed a transient increase in serum BUN and creatinine in MDMA-treated rats. There were decreases in TNF-α and TGF-β levels in the renal tissue. Both pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl gene expressions were significantly reduced, whereas Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis did not show significant changes. No structural alterations were observed in the renal tissues. Overall, this study suggests that the renal adverse effects of MDMA may be mediated through the disruption of cytokine pathways, with notable reductions in TGF-β possibly linked to decreased TNF-α levels.

Investigation of Adiponectin, Leptin and Ghrelin Levels and Evaluation of Metabolic Profiles in the Periparturient Period in Romanov Sheep

The periparturient period is very important especially in terms of pregnancy-related herd-based diseases. In this period, especially for early diagnosis of subclinical diseases, a metabolic profile test is used. In the periparturient period, important changes occur in adipose tissue. Blood samples were collected from 16 Romanov sheep in the periparturient in serum tubes on the 21st, 14th, 7th, and postpartum days, and 7th, 14th, and 21st days after delivery. Metabolic profile and Adiponectin, Leptin and Ghrelin parameters evaluated from the blood samples. In the periparturient period, ELISA analyzes of TNF-α were performed for inflammatory evaluation. As a result of the analyzes, Prenatal increase in NEFA concentrations, postpartum decrease in cholesterol concentrations, postpartum increase and decrease in AST concentrations, postpartum increase in GGT concentrations, prenatal and postnatal increases in total protein concentrations, postpartum increase in BUN and creatinine concentrations, postpartum decrease in magnesium concentrations, Prenatal increase in adiponectin concentrations and postpartum decrease, postpartum decrease in leptin concentrations and prenatal increase in ghrelin concentrations occurred. With the results obtained, it was concluded that the evaluation of metabolic profile and adipose tissue is important in the diagnosis of diseases in the periparturient period.

Intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in early- versus mid-lactation dairy cattle. II: The production and metabolic responses

Most immunometabolic research uses mid-lactation (ML) cows. Cows in early lactation (EL) are in a presumed state of immune suppression/dysregulation and less is known about how they respond to a pathogen. Study objectives were to compare the production and metabolic responses to i.v. LPS and to differentiate between the direct effects of immune activation and the indirect effects of illness-induced hypophagia in EL and ML cows. Cows in EL (n = 11; 20 ± 2 DIM) and ML (n = 12; 131 ± 31 DIM) were enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial design containing 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (3 d), cows were fed ad libitum and baseline data were collected. At the initiation of P2 (3 d), cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments by lactation stage (LS): (1) EL (EL-LPS; n = 6) or ML (ML-LPS; n = 6) cows administered i.v. a single bolus of 0.09 µg LPS/kg of BW; Escherichia coli O55:B5 or (2) pair-fed (PF) EL (EL-PF; n = 5) or ML (ML-PF; n = 6) cows administered i.v. saline. Administering LPS decreased DMI and this was more severe in EL-LPS than ML-LPS cows (34% and 11% relative to baseline, respectively). By design, P2 DMI patterns were similar in the PF groups compared with their LPS counterparts. Milk yield decreased following LPS (42% on d 1 relative to P1) and despite an exacerbated decrease in EL-LPS cows on d 1 (25% relative to ML-LPS), remained similar between LS from d 2 to 3. The EL-LPS cows had increased milk fat content, but no difference in protein and lactose percentages compared with ML-LPS cows. Further, cumulative ECM yield was increased (21%) in EL-LPS compared with ML-LPS cows. During P2, EL-LPS cows had a more intense increase in MUN and BUN than ML-LPS and EL-PF cows. Administering LPS did not cause hypoglycemia in either EL-LPS or ML-LPS cows, but glucose was increased (33%) in EL-LPS compared with EL-PF. Hyperinsulinemia occurred after LPS, and insulin was further increased in ML-LPS than EL-LPS cows (2.2-fold at 12 h peak). During P2, circulating glucagon increased only in EL-LPS cows (64% relative to all other groups). Both EL groups had increased NEFA at 3 and 6 h after LPS from baseline (56%), but NEFA in EL-LPS cows gradually returned to baseline thereafter and were reduced relative to EL-PF until 36 h (50% from 12 to 24 h). Alterations in BHB did not differ between ML groups, but EL-LPS had reduced BHB compared with EL-PF from 24 to 72 h (51%). Results indicate that there are distinct LS differences in the anorexic and metabolic responses to immune activation. Collectively, EL cows are more sensitive to the catabolic effects of LPS than ML cows, but these exacerbated metabolic responses appear coordinated to fuel an augmented immune system while simultaneously supporting milk synthesis.

Risk Factors of Seizure in Childhood Shigellosis.

Shigellosis is one of the common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children. Seizures are common in shigellosis. It is essential to identify the risk factors of seizure in this disease. This study was conducted on 224 children with shigellosis. The patients were divided into: With (case groups = 63 cases) and without seizures (control group = 161 cases). Groups were compared regarding different variables such as age, gender, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Data analysis was done using statistical tests and SPSS software. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of seizures. Out of 224 cases of children with shigellosis, 107 (47.8%) were male and 117 (52.2%) female. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, history of febrile convulsions, frequency of bloody diarrhea, frequency of fever, duration of diarrhea before hospitalization, abdominal pain, increase in BUN, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and red blood cell count in stool (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are the risk factors for seizures in shigellosis. This study concluded that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are risk factors for seizure in childhood shigellosis, thus rapid diagnosis and treatment of childhood shigellosis with risk factors is very important.

Protective effect of naringenin on cadmium chloride-induced renal injury via alleviating oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in chickens.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly hazardous toxic substance that can cause serious harm to animals. Previous studies have indicated that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) can damage organs, such as the liver, ovaries, and testicles. Naringenin (Nar) represents a flavonoid with various properties that promote the alleviation of Cd-induced damage. In this experiment, 60 chickens were divided into the control group, 150mg/kg CdCl2 treatment group, 250mg/kg Nar treatment group, and 150mg/kg CdCl2 + 250mg/kg Nar co-treatment group, which were treated for 8weeks. Kidney tissues samples were collected to investigate kidney function, including oxidative stress (OS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy activity. Experimental results showed the decreased weight of chickens and increased relative weight of their kidneys after CdCl2 treatment. The increase in NAG, BUN, Cr, and UA activities, as well as the increase in MDA and GSH contents, and the decrease activities of T-AOC, SOD, and CAT in the kidney, manifested renal injury by OS in the chickens. TUNEL staining revealed that CdCl2 induced apoptosis in renal cells. CdCl2 upregulates the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, and LC3, and inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of P62 proteins, which leads to ER stress and autophagy. The CdCl2 + Nar co-treatment group exhibited alleviated CdCl2-induced kidney injury, OS, ER stress, and autophagy. Research has demonstrated that Nar reduces CdCl2-induced kidney injury through alleviation of OS, ER stress, and autophagy.

Renal biochemical marker changes in renal protective effects of different doses of Aloe vera on Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity in Albino rats: An animal Study

Drug induced nephrotoxicity remains one of the leading causes of acute and chronic kidney diseases in Africa and other developing countries. This can be attributed to environmental pollution due to increased industrialization, poor waste disposal systems, and changes in diets among other factors. The care and treatment of these patients is extremely expensive especially when a patient requires dialysis or kidney transplant. Nephrotoxicity is normally characterized by elevated urea and creatinine levels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these changes and draw a viable conclusion out of it. In this study a total of 25 rats were used having been calculated using modified resource equation formula. The animals were then systematically sampled and allocated to either pretreatment or treatment groups. Animals in treatment groups were subjected to similar dose of Amphotericin B and different doses of Aloe vera to achieve protection. Later animals were sacrificed humanely and blood collected through cardiac puncture and preserved for renal biochemical analysis. It was noted that there was a significant increase (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) in both BUN and creatinine respectively in ABG group as compared to pretreatment group. There was a significant reduction (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) in BUN and creatinine in HDAB group respectively when compared with ABG group. There was no statistical significance (P= 1.000 and P= 1.000) respectively in BUN and creatinine in HDAB group as compared to pretreatment group. It can therefore be concluded that high dose Aloe vera has renal protective benefits in Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity as seen in changes of biochemical parameters.

The Protective Role of Tubular Epithelial Cells Produced Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase Receptor 3 Ligand in Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction: Dendritic cells (DC) accumulate in the kidneys of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), but the Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 ligand (Flt3L)-dendritic cell axis is poorly defined in kidneys with AKI. Meanwhile it has not been reported whether Flt3L is produced by kidney cells under ischemic-reperfusion injury (IR) induced microenvironment. Methods: (1) Blood specimens and urine were collected from two patient cohorts: a) patients with pre-renal AKI and healthy controls for analysis of serum Flt3L. b) patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) developed with or without AKI on admission for analysis of serum and urine Flt3L. (2) Wild type mice and T cell-deficient mice ( Tcra -/- mice) were applied. IR induced AKI mice and hypoxia-reoxygenation stimulated HK-2 cell line (human tubular epithelial cell line) were constructed. The expression of Flt3L in kidney, tubular epithelial cells, and T cells were measured by RT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, RNAscope, and flow cytometry. (3) Wild type mice and type I conventional dendritic cell (cDC1)-deficient mice ( Irf8 -/- mice) were treated with 15 μg rFlt3L or 10mg/kg gilteritinib (Flt3 inhibitor). They were subjected to IR. Serum and kidney tissues were collected. Kidney function, tubular injury, and DC accumulation were quantified. Results: Initially, among patients with pre-renal AKI, we observed an increased level of serum Flt3L within two days after admission. Another patient cohort revealed that this increase was specific for AMI patients with AKI rather than without AKI or healthy controls. Furthermore, among these AMI patients, serum Flt3L levels correlated with Creatinine increase (R 2 = 0.4532, p = 0.0002) and BUN increase (R 2 = 0.3417, p = 0.0017) within 48 hours after admission. Similarly, urine Flt3L levels among these AMI patients also steadily elevated with Creatinine increase (R 2 = 0.6395, p &amp;lt; 0.0001) and BUN increase (R 2 = 0.5115, p = &amp;lt; 0.0001) within 48 hours after admission. Flt3L was also enhanced in wild type mice with IR-AKI but not affected in T cell-deficient mice ( Tcra -/-) with IR-AKI. Among kidney tissue, Flt3L-positive cells scattered within tubules in outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) and mRNA and protein increased within 24 hours after IR-AKD. In vitro, FLT3L mRNA was markedly induced in HK-2 cells during hypoxia and FLT3L protein remained enhanced during reoxygenation. Phenotypically, the numbers of renal cDC1 and CD64 +DC were significantly decreased in gilteritinib-treated IR-AKI mice, which were associated with more severe tubular injury. With reduced kidney cDC1, Irf8 -/- mice also showed worsen kidney injury and aggravated functional failure upon IR-AKI. Therapeutic administration of rFlt3L significantly increased kidney cDC1 and CD64 +DC upon IR-AKI in wild type but not Irf8 -/- mice. This was associated with significantly reduced tubular injury of wild type mice .In addition, pre-treatment of wild type mice with rFlt3L increased kidney cDC1 and protected the mice from severe IR-AKI. Conclusion: Flt3L is upregulated in human and mice and produced by tubular epithelial cells during IR-AKI. It fosters the accumulation of kidney cDC1 and CD64 +DC, thereby limiting the severity of kidney injury in mice. The current study implies the possibility of DC-based immunotherapy for treatment of AKD.

Molecular Diagnosis and Haemato-biochemical Alteration in Canine Parvoviral Infection in Dogs

The present study was undertaken to diagnose and assess the haematological &amp; biochemical alteration in parvoviral gastroenteritis in dogs. Total of 12 dogs suspected for parvovirus infection were diagnosed by using lateral flow-based immunochromatographic assay rapid canine parvovirus (CPV) antigen test kit and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in the faeces of affected dogs. All 12 dogs were found positive by a rapid antigen test kit and VP2 gene of CPV PCR assay using the CPV-2ab primer pair and expected size of 681 bp. The haemato-biochemical study revealed a decrease in Hb, TEC, serum total protein, albumin and globulin, whereas the increase in absolute neutrophil count and BUN in parvovirus-infected dogs, indicated anemia and hypoproteinemia in parvovirus infected dogs.

The effect of resveratrol on live weight, serum biochemistry and tissue antioxidant enzymes in rats

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of resveratrol used in adding it to drinking water. The study was carried out with 24 Wistar albino male 20 days rats for 40 days. The study design was determined as one control and two trial groups (each group with 2 parallels and each parallel with 4 rats). The first group was given a basal ration and drinking water. The second group was given the basal ration and drinking water with 10 mg/kg resveratrol; and the third group was given the basal ration and drinking water 20 mg/kg resveratrol. In serum biochemistry parameters, significant decreases were observed in serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activity, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein and globulin concentrations and increase in albumin/globulin ratio in groups given resveratrol (p&amp;lt;0.05). Regardless of the dose, an increase in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) from the antioxidant parameters was observed in the liver; In the kidney, an increase was observed in the Res10 group. In addition, a decrease in muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase in muscle and kidney catalase (CAT) activity were observed. A decrease was observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, which is a parameter of lipid peroxidation in the kidney. As a result, it was determined in the present study that resveratrol has antioxidant effects regardless of the way of use, and it was concluded that this additive can be used for various purposes.

#5615 VALIDITY AND ADEQUACY OF ANIMAL MODELS IN HAEMODIALYSIS RESEARCH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Background and Aims with the worldwide dialysis population growing rapidly, improving haemodialysis (HD) outcomes is crucial and HD innovations are urgently needed. Prior to clinical application, novel HD technologies must undergo extensive preclinical testing. However, to date there is no consensus on the induction method of kidney failure in animal models nor which animal species is most suitable for research on HD innovations. Moreover, there is no consensus on which parameters should be used to validate adequate induction of kidney failure and functioning of novel HD devices. Using a systematic review approach, we summarized available literature of HD in kidney failure animal models. Method we performed a systematic search on PubMed and Embase for relevant studies up to February 4th 2022. After removal of duplicates, 5723 abstracts were screened for eligibility by three independent reviewers (JdV, KW and MK). Inclusion was based on publication of a HD intervention in an animal model with adequate (acute or chronic) kidney failure (independent of induction method). Detailed in- and exclusion criteria were registered in PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022307144. Data from individual reports, including animal species and sex, kidney injury parameters and HD details, were extracted in a pre-set data extraction form. Future efforts will focus on risk of bias and key quality indicators. Results of the 5723 abstracts screened, 195 records were included as full text and 41 full text articles were included for data-extraction (Figure 1). Current data extraction is completed for 31 articles (75%). Publication years range from 1973 to 2021 with over half (16/31) published after 2000. HD experiments were most frequently performed on dogs (45%), followed by rats (29%), goats (13%), pigs (10%), and sheep (3%) respectively. Parameters such as weight (81% reported), sex (58%) and age (29%) were not systematically reported. Most studies (67% of records reporting sex) used male animals only. Dog models were found in older studies, with no records after 2009. Other large animal studies were almost exclusively (88%) performed from the year 2007 onwards. Independent of animal species, studies mainly used acute kidney injury (AKI) models (84%), induced by bilateral nephrectomy (48%) or bilateral ureteral ligation (29%). The majority confirmed kidney failure by an increase in BUN and/or plasma creatinine. In AKI models, dialysis was on average initiated on AKI day 2 ± 0.8, and generally either HD (61%) or veno-venous hemofiltration as a single session (35%) was applied. Except for one clearance study, dialysis efficiency was reported as reduction ratios of BUN and/or plasma creatinine. Conclusion both large and small animal models have been used in HD research and preclinical validation of dialysis innovations. The use of dogs to test HD innovations has seen a sharp decline over the past decades, possibly resulting from a shift in public ethical perception. However, large animal models such as goat, sheep and pigs remain popular. A pressing issue appears the overall lack of adequate ARRIVE guideline adherence for reporting of animal parameters. We found no apparent improvement in reporting over time, emphasizing the need for clear guidelines to drive innovative HD research. Further (quantitative) analysis and meta-analysis are ongoing.

Haemato-biochemical Alterations in Canine Rotaviral Enteritis of Dogs and its Management

Background: Rotaviruses cause acute diarrhoea, mostly in young puppies. Rotavirus associated gastroenteritis in dog is of great concern not only because of their high morbidity and mortality, but became of the reason that, they act as potential source of zoonotic infection and inter-species transmission. There is no report on rotavirus infection in dog from Assam. Therefore, there is a need to study the haemato-biochemical alterations in rotavirus infected dogs while treating such type of clinical cases. Methods: A total of 157 faecal and blood samples were collected from the dogs affected with gastroenteritis, registered at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Khanapara, Assam during November, 2020 to April, 2021. Diagnosis of rotavirus was done by RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR. Haematological study of the canine rotavirus (CRV) infected dogs were carried out with automated haematological cell counter and biochemical analysis was done with semi-automated biochemistry analyser using commercial kit. Result: Out of 157 samples, 8 samples were found positive for canine rotavirus by RNA-PAGE and 17 samples by RT-PCR. Haemato-biochemical alterations in canine rotavirus infected dogs revealed significant increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, monocyte, lymphocyte, AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine while significant decrease in TLC, neutrophil, total protein, serum sodium, potassium and chloride.

NDUFV1 attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by improving mitochondrial homeostasis.

Impaired mitochondrial function and dysregulated energy metabolism have been shown to be involved in the pathological progression of kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and diabetic nephropathy. Hence, improving mitochondrial function is a promising strategy for treating renal dysfunction. NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1 (NDUFV1) is an important subunit of mitochondrial complex I. In the present study, we found that NDUFV1 was reduced in kidneys of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) mice. Meanwhile, renal I/R induced kidney dysfunction as evidenced by increases in BUN and serum creatinine, severe injury of proximal renal tubules, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. All these detrimental outcomes were attenuated by increased expression of NDUFV1 in kidneys. Moreover, knockdown of Ndufv1 aggravated cell insults induced by H2 O2 in TCMK-1 cells, which further confirmed the renoprotective roles of NDUFV1. Mechanistically, NDUFV1 improved the integrity and function of mitochondria, leading to reduced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Overall, our data indicate that NDUFV1 has an ability to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis in AKI, suggesting therapies by targeting mitochondria are useful approaches for dealing with mitochondrial dysfunction associated renal diseases such as AKI.

“PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE VARIOUS CLINICOBIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN DEVELOPMENT OF LONG COVID”

Long COVID-19 describes illness in people who have recovered from covid-19, still report lasting effects or having unusual symptoms for longer period. It is affected by various comorbid conditions and the biochemical parameters at the time of presentation. This is a Prospective observationsl study conducted at tertiary care hospital in south India. RT PCR conrmed cases were followed on 14, 30, 90 and 180 day's post-discharge telephonically or in person. Results Long-COVID symptoms observed among 55.32% of the study samples. Most symptoms distributed around 30th day of follow-up. Fatigue was the longest symptoms observed (48.9%). Breathlessness (34%), stroke (4.3%), seizure (1.4%), GBS (2.1%) cases respectively. Hypertensive cases account 36.2%, Type 2 DM (29.1%). CAD (10.6%), CCF (7.1%), Asthma/COPD (19.9%/5.7%). Hb, PCV, serum protein, albumin level was lower and increase in TLC, N/L ration, BUN, PT and APTT noted in long covid cases. Prevalence of long COVID was 55.32%. Fatigue was the predominant long covid symp Conclusion tom. Stroke/seizure/GBS/delirium were the least but serious manifestations of long COVID Age morethan 50, males affected more. Patients with HTN, TYPE 2DM, CAD, CCF, asthma/COPD developed more long COVID symptoms. Anaemia, hypalbuminaemia, neutrophilia, increased N/L ratio, elevated SGOT/SGPT on day of admission had higher risk for long COVID.

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles and/or Bee Venom against STZ-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Nephropathy.

The main purpose of our study was to examine the role of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and/or bee venom (BV) in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and nephropathy (DN) at the biochemical, histopathological and molecular levels. Fifty male albino rats were used in this experiment, divided into five groups: control, Streptozocin (STZ) diabetic, STZ-diabetic treated with SeNPs, STZ-diabetic treated with BV, and STZ-diabetic treated with SeNPs and BV. Biochemically, STZ injection resulted in a significant increase in serum glucose, BUN, creatinine, CRP, CK-MB, AST, LDH and cardiac troponins with a significant decrease in the serum insulin and albumin concentrations. Histopathologically, STZ injection resulted in diabetes, as revealed by glomerulonephritis, perivascular hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltrations and fibrosis, with widening of interstitial spaces of cardiomyocytes, loss of muscle cells continuity and some hyaline degeneration. At the molecular levels, the expression levels of miRNA 328, miRNA-21, TGFβ1, TGFβ1R, JAK1, STST-3, SMAD-1 and NFκβ genes were significantly up-regulated, whereas the expression levels of SMAD-7 were significantly down-regulated. It is concluded that SeNPs and/or BV administration ameliorates the deleterious effects resulting from STZ administration through improving the biochemical, histopathological and molecular effects, suggesting their protective role against the long-term diabetic complications of DCM and DN.

Microbial Fermented Liquid Supplementation Improves Nutrient Digestibility, Feed Intake, and Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Total Mixed Ration.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of MFL supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition in early lactating dairy cows. Twelve, Thai crossbred Holstein Friesian cows in early lactation, 500 ± 30 kg of body weight (BW), were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design (CRD). MFL supplementation levels of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mL/d were used as treatments. Experimental animals were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) with a roughage to concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) of 40:60, which contains 12% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrient (TDN). Rice straw was a roughage source. MFL supplementation levels had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight change and dry matter intake (DMI) expressed as %BW, whereas DMI expressed as metabolic body weight (BW0.75) was linearly (p < 0.05) increased, with the highest at 200 mL/d in the YFL supplementation group (147.5 g/kg BW0.75), whereas feed intake of organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) did not significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. Related to apparent digestibility, MFL levels did not affect (p > 0.05) on DM, OM, and EE digestibility, while apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, and ADF were linearly increased (p < 0.05) when increasing MFL supplementation levels, and the highest (p < 0.05) were the 200 and 300 mL/d FML supplemented groups. BUN at 0 h post feeding did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05) between treatments, while at 4 h after feeding, BUN was linearly (p < 0.05) increased from 0, 100, 200, and 300 (mL/day) MFL supplementation, the values were 12.9, 13.1, 19.7, and 18.4 mg/dL, respectively and the highest was 200 mL/head/day for the MFL supplemented group. MFL supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) milk fat, lactose, solid not fat (SNF), and specific gravity of milk, while MFL supplementation at 200 mL/day caused a linear increase (p < 0.01) in BUN, MUN, milk yield, milk protein, total solids (TS) and 3.5% FCM when supplement levels were increased. In conclusion, MFL supplementation in early lactating dairy cows could improve feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition.

Tyrosol and Olive Oil Ameliorate Sodium Arsenate-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulating of Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes in Mice.

Sodium arsenate (Na 3As0 4, Sodium As) is an important toxic substance that leads to nephrotoxicity. Due to having bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols and tyrosol, olive oil plays a significant role in scavenging free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of olive oil and tyrosol on As-induced nephrotoxicity. In our study, 42 adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: control (normal saline), olive oil (0.4 ml/d, gavage), tyrosol (5 mg/kg/d), Sodium As (15 mg/kg), olive oil + Sodium As, and tyrosol + Sodium As (olive oil and tyrosol received one hour before Sodium As). Drugs were administreted once daily for 30 consecutive days. On the 31st day of the study, oxidative stress parameters in kidney tissue, FRAP in plasma, renal function parameters in serum, and histopathological assays were performed. Sodium As-induced renal damage as characterized by a significant increase of creatinine and BUN (P < 0.001) and histopathological changes. Also, Sodium As markedly altered oxidative stress biomarkers such as a significant increase in MDA (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased in FRAP and GSH (P < 0.01). Olive oil and tyrosol administration significantly improved the renal antioxidant defense system and decreased MDA concentration, markedly preserving the tissue structure and functional markers of kidney. However, these effects were more effective for tyrosol than olive oil. Our results suggest that olive oil and tyrosol can be used as a protective agent in preventing Sodium As-induced nephrotoxicity due to antioxidant property.