Increase In Transmission Rate Research Articles

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 variants effects in an age-structured model

This study analyzes the impact of COVID-19 variants on cost-effectiveness across age groups, considering vaccination efforts and nonpharmaceutical interventions in Republic of Korea. We aim to assess the costs needed to reduce COVID-19 cases and deaths using age-structured model. The proposed age-structured model analyzes COVID-19 transmission dynamics, evaluates vaccination effectiveness, and assesses the impact of the Delta and Omicron variants. The model is fitted using data from the Republic of Korea between February 2021 and November 2022. The cost-effectiveness of interventions, medical costs, and the cost of death for different age groups are evaluated through analysis. The impact of different variants on cases and deaths is also analyzed, with the Omicron variant increasing transmission rates and decreasing case-fatality rates compared to the Delta variant. The cost of interventions and deaths is higher for older age groups during both outbreaks, with the Omicron outbreak resulting in a higher overall cost due to increased medical costs and interventions. This analysis shows that the daily cost per person for both the Delta and Omicron variants falls within a similar range of approximately $10–$35. This highlights the importance of conducting cost-effect analyses when evaluating the impact of COVID-19 variants.

Hybrid Beamforming for Secure Transmission of Massive MIMO UAV Communication Networks

The powerful line-of-sight (LoS) characteristic between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and terrestrial nodes could be leveraged by large-scale antenna arrays to significantly increase transmission rates, while the problem of secure transmission is emerging. Compared with fully digital beamforming, hybrid beamforming (HBF) could meet a compromise between cost and performance, which is precisely optimized in this article to maximize the secrecy rate of massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) UAV communication network. At first, we propose a secure HBF framework based on generalized eigenvalue decomposition and singular value decomposition. After that, considering the difficulty in directly solving the HBF optimization problem, an iterative algorithm based on successive convex approximation is developed for perfectly known channel state information (CSI). Furthermore, while CSI is imperfect, a neural network is constructed and trained to learn the statistical characteristics of wireless channels and complete the design of hybrid beamformer and combiner simultaneously. Performance validation and beampattern of the proposed HBF methods are given by extensive simulation results, which demonstrate the proposed secure HBF framework could considerably improve secrecy rate, and the deep learning-based HBF method possesses a positive average secrecy rate even with unknown eavesdropper's CSI.

Evaluation of the Transmission Rate, the Mortality Rate, and the Level of Endemicity Due to Visceral Leishmaniasis at Marsabit County Referral Hospital

The disease Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical infection spread by female sandflies. This leishmaniasis affects the spleen, the liver, and bone marrow. Globally, between 0.7 million and 1 million cases of visceral leishmaniasis arise yearly. In Kenya, 4000 cases are reported yearly, while 5 million individuals are at risk of infection. If untreated, the visceral leishmaniasis death rate is more than 95%. The study aims to evaluate the mortality and the transmission rate among visceral leishmaniasis patients referred to the Marsabit County referral hospital. The study adopted a retrospective cohort design. The study used secondary data obtained from the Marsabit County referral hospital. The Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered (S.I.R) Model, was incorporated to evaluate the mortality rate, the transmission rate, and the level of endemicity. The findings revealed that the mortality rate, the transmission rate, and the level of endemicity were estimated at 13.19%, 13.67%, and 0.0141, respectively. In conclusion, the mortality rate increases as the transmission rate increase and there is a need for urgent responses from health personnel to reduce the transmission rate to reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality. The study recommended adopting the following measures; the mortality rate was 13.19%, and the prevalence of the disease was higher in males than among females which subsequently increases mortality among males therefore, there is a need to put more attention to males when creating awareness. The transmission rate was 13.67%, this rate can be reduced by reducing risk factors that are responsible for the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis. Creating awareness at the community level and seeking medication on time to reduce mortality from visceral leishmaniasis in Marsabit County.

Flowers of Impatiens glandulifera as hubs for both pollinators and pathogens

Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.

Review on optical solitons for long haul transmission

Abstract Fiber optics telecommunication is the currently established backbone infrastructure for most of the information flow across the world. New services and applications are causing an exponential increase in Internet traffic, increasing transmission rate, and high bandwidth-demanding applications have been propelling the data rate per wavelength to approach the speed limit of electronics. In a few years, the current fiber optic communication system infrastructure will not be able to meet this demand because fiber nonlinearity dramatically limits the information transmission rate. Also, the dispersion phenomenon is a problem for high bit rates and long-haul optical communication systems. An easy solution to this problem is optical solitons pulses that preserve their shape over long distances. An optical soliton is formed by balancing nonlinearity (self-phase modulation) and dispersion phenomenon (group velocity dispersion). In this review article, a detailed study of optical solitons is presented along with its recent progress. Advanced numerical methods such as Darboux transform (DT), digital back propagation, split step Fourier, and forward–backward methods are also discussed in this paper which is used for solving higher-order solitons.

Communication With Unreliable Entanglement Assistance

Entanglement resources can increase transmission rates substantially. Unfortunately, entanglement is a fragile resource that is quickly degraded by decoherence effects. In order to generate entanglement for optical communication, the transmitter and the receiver first prepare entangled spin-photon pairs locally, and then the photon at the transmitter is sent to the receiver through an optical fiber or free space. Without feedback, the transmitter does not know whether the entangled photon has reached the receiver. The present work introduces a new model of unreliable entanglement assistance, whereby the communication system operates whether entanglement assistance is present or not. While the sender is ignorant, the receiver knows whether the entanglement generation was successful. In the case of a failure, the receiver decodes less information. In this manner, the effective transmission rate is adapted according to the assistance status. Regularized formulas are derived for the classical and quantum capacity regions with unreliable entanglement assistance, characterizing the tradeoff between the unassisted rate and the excess rate that can be obtained from entanglement assistance. It is further established that time division between entanglement-assisted and unassisted coding strategies is optimal for the noiseless qubit channel, but can be strictly suboptimal for a noisy channel.

Coating of Layer-by-Layer Assembly Based on Chitosan and CMC: Emerging Alternative for Quality Maintenance of Citrus Fruit

Citrus fruits are susceptible to microbial infection during storage and transportation, leading to weight loss, quality deterioration and even physiological decay. In this study, a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly edible coating based on chitosan and Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared using electrostatic deposition. Postharvest citrus fruits (Citrus reticulate cv. ‘Chunxiang’) were coated either with the LbL coating, which exhibited an increased transmission rate of water vapor, or with single chitosan coating. The data of some physiological indexes of citrus coated with LbL coating and single coating were compared after being stored at 13 ± 2 °C and at relative humidity (RH) at 80–85% (shelf-life condition) for 10 days. Results demonstrated that the LbL deposited coating was effective at maintaining morphological and microstructural attributes, increasing the surface brightness, firmness and the content of titratable acid and ascorbic acid, as well as reducing the weight loss after storage by about 0.8%. Results in the present study indicated that the LbL edible coating could have the potential to maintain postharvest citrus quality during storage.

Impact of vaccination on the entire population and dose-response relation of COVID-19

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for the COVID-19 pandemic including vaccination, the transmissibility of the virus-pathogen dose-response relationship, vaccine efficiency, and vaccination rate. MethodsThe Runge-Kutta (RK-45) method was applied to solve the proposed model with MATLAB code and the calculated results show the dynamics of the individuals in each compartment. The data of total death due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the case of the USA were collected from GitHub and the re-use of this data needs no ethical clearance. The control reproduction number was used to assess the dose-response relationship and critical vaccination coverage. ResultsWe have calculated the probability of infection and the infection risk against the different exposure doses and the virus copies, respectively. The results show that the probability of infection increases with the increasing exposure dose for certain virus copies and the risk of infection decreases with the increasing of virus copies for a certain exposure dose. The results also show that the critical vaccination coverage demands increase with an increase in transmission rate and decrease with increasing vaccine efficacy. ConclusionsIt was seen that the critical vaccination coverage corresponding to an increased transmission rate rise sharply in the beginning and then reached a threshold. Moreover, the real data of the total death cases in the USA were compared with the fitted curved of the model which validated the proposed model. Vaccination against COVID-19 is essential to control the pandemic, and achieving high vaccine uptake in the population can reduce the pandemic as fast as possible.

Adaptive and Efficient Data Transmission Method Based on New Satellite Network

For the satellite to ground data transmission in the space-based satellite network, the worst channel conditions shall be considered, that is, the link budget shall be carried out according to the lowest elevation angle and the farthest transmission distance. It is extremely urgent to make full use of the limited link power resources. An efficient adaptive data transmission method is proposed to make the satellite data transmission rate increase with the increase of elevation angle, so as to maximize the amount of data transmitted from the satellite transit window, the reliability and throughput of information transmission are improved. And the effectiveness of this method is verified by computer simulation.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Replacement of Delta as Predominant Variant, Puerto Rico.

We reconstructed the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic caused by Omicron variant in Puerto Rico by sampling genomes collected during October 2021-May 2022. Our study revealed that Omicron BA.1 emerged and replaced Delta as the predominant variant in December 2021. Increased transmission rates and a dynamic landscape of Omicron sublineage infections followed.

Thermal performance analysis of a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger using titanium oxide and zinc oxide nanofluids

In a nanofluid, metals, oxides, or carbides with a diameter of less than 20 nm are combined as one with a base liquid, like water or an oil. Many examinations have recently been completed to inspect the effect of nanofluid on the speed increase of heat transfer rates in various heat exchangers. Heat transfer improvement using nanofluid is dependent on a variety of factors, among them the kind of nanoparticles, their size, shape, and concentration in the base fluid. The proposed article is aimed to study experimentally how a twin-pipe heat exchanger with counter-flow arrangements and two kinds of nanofluid cooling fluid performed. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are used as base fluids with ethylene glycol (EG) and alkaline water. This study looked at the heat transfer capabilities of a two-pipe heat exchanger with a counter-flow configuration when various quantities of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were combined with EG alkaline water. Alkaline water and nanofluid nanoparticle volume concentrations were 0.5, 0.75, and 1.25. The constant intake temperatures of 60 °C for water and 30 °C for nanofluid in a heat exchanger result in two fluids running at a constant inflow velocity. It was found that nanofluid had higher heat absorption at low flow rates than EG alkaline water and hence improved heat exchanger thermal performance. It was also noticed that when the concentration of nanoparticles increases, the heat transmission rate increases.

Numerical simulation of natural gas flow characteristics and hydrate formation risk in deepwater submarine pipelines

The development of flow assurance technology in submarine pipelines affects the safety, efficiency, and economy of deepwater natural gas development. In this study, in order to accurately predict the hydrate formation risk in deepwater submarine pipelines, a novel mathematical prediction model of hydrate formation risk has been established. The model has been applied and sensitivity analysis of typical factors has been carried out. The model prediction results show that: (1) Due to the low temperature of the seabed, hydrate formation region (HFR) often exists in submarine pipelines. (2) When other conditions are constant, hydrate formation region increases with the decrease in seawater temperature. (3) When other conditions are constant, the temperature drop, and the length of hydrate formation region decrease with the increase of gas transmission rate. (4) When other conditions are constant, the temperature drop, and the length of hydrate formation region decreases with the increase of gas transport temperature. (5) Reasonable setting of gas transmission temperature and gas transmission rate can help to reduce the hydrate risk and consumption of inhibitors during submarine natural gas transmission.

Performance evaluation of fiber impairment mitigation for high capacity communication systems using optical compensation method

Due to their ability to boost transmission rate and reach by compensating for Kerr nonlinearity-induced distortions, optical compensation techniques are interesting for broadband wavelength division multiplexing. This is due to the fact that these techniques have been shown to increase transmission rate. Yet, in the majority of instances, they call for more devices to be integrated into the network. This can be challenging for systems that are already in place, and it can be even more challenging for transmissions that are not repeated. The linear and nonlinear compensation system for the Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) transmission system has been created and researched in this work. Along the optical link, a new method known as optical phase conjugation (OPC) is used as part of the process of improving the performance of communication systems. This method is used to improve the performance of 896 Gb/s sixteen channels dual polarization signalling of 50 GHz channel spacing over 800 km with three scenarios that use mid and multiple OPC. The results of the simulation indicate that multiple OPC with backward Raman amplifier method on the received signal is effective for nonlinearity compensation when compared with the mid OPC module in terms of enhanced Q-factor improvement, BER performance, EVM, and maximum transmission link length.

Age-dependent impairment in antibody responses elicited by a homologous CoronaVac booster dose.

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages resulted in increased transmission rates and reduced protection from vaccines. To counteract these effects, multiple booster strategies were used in different countries, although data comparing their efficiency in improving protective immunity remain sparse, especially among vulnerable populations, including older adults. The inactivated CoronaVac vaccine was among the most widely distributed vaccine worldwide and was essential in the early control of SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalizations and deaths. However, it is not well understood whether homologous versus heterologous booster doses in those fully vaccinated with CoronaVac induce distinct humoral responses or whether these responses vary across age groups. We analyzed plasma antibody responses from CoronaVac-vaccinated younger or older individuals who received a homologous CoronaVac or heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster vaccine. All three evaluated boosters resulted in increased virus-specific IgG titers 28 days after the booster dose. However, we found that both IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike or RBD and neutralization titers against Omicron sublineages were substantially reduced in participants who received homologous CoronaVac compared with the heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster. This effect was specifically prominent in recipients >50 years of age. In this group, the CoronaVac booster induced low virus-specific IgG titers and failed to elevate neutralization titers against any Omicron sublineage. Our results point to the notable inefficiency of CoronaVac immunization and boosting in mounting protective antiviral humoral immunity, particularly among older adults, during the Omicron wave. These observations also point to benefits of heterologous regimens in high-risk populations fully vaccinated with CoronaVac.

Effect of Indoor Condition with Cross Ventilation on Deposition of Airborne Droplets Emitted from Human Cough

Prediction of airborne transmission in different environmental condition remains as the research challenge in the field. This has motivated the present study to obtain the direct impact of flow field to the physical nature of transmission. ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 software is utilised in this research to numerically investigate and visualize flow pattern in a closed environment with cross ventilation and its effect to the emitted droplets deposition. The effect of different indoor parameters towards airborne transmission are investigated, which include wind velocity, air relative humidity (RH), and exposure time after emission. Simulation result revealed increasing wind velocity according to Beaufort wind scale of 1.0 to 3.9 m/s, increases transmission rate due to enhanced convection effect. Surrounding air with higher RH leads to a larger mean diameter of particles due to hygroscopic growth effect, while evaporation effect dominates in lower air RH, leading to particle shrinkage. In a light wind breeze, droplet mass of 5.15 mg deposited on receiver body within 0.5 s of transmission when RH is 40%, while only 3.29 mg droplets reached receiver in RH of 99.5%. Droplet particles settle on the floor within 1.50 s revealed 0.66 mg deposited mass in higher RH, while 0.26 mg of droplets deposited in lower RH. Deposition at transmitter body is possible due to recirculation effect of incoming wind generated between transmitter and receiver, leading to 3.7 times higher deposited mass in lower RH as compared to in higher RH. This research highlights application of Euler-Lagrange model to represent the trajectory of cough droplets influenced by indoor condition with horizontal wind, in the effort to strengthen safety and health judgement in the event of a pandemic.

CA Energy Saving Joint Resource Optimization Scheme Based on 5G Channel Information Prediction of Machine Learning

Carrier aggregation (CA) is considered as a key enabling technology to provide higher rates for users in LTE/5G networks. However, the increased transmission rate is accompanied by higher energy consumption. The existing CA energy efficiency resource optimization allocation scheme in 5G does not fully consider the following two issues, namely, the impact of delayed channel state information feedback on the rationality of resource allocation and the increasing in energy consumption caused by frequent switching of component carriers (CCs) by narrowband users; this paper proposed a CA energy-efficient joint resource optimization allocation (PEJA) scheme based on channel information prediction. The proposed scheme (PEJA) fully considers the above two issues. Firstly, the algorithm of random forest predicting channel state information is designed. On the basis, the CA energy-efficient joint resource optimization allocation (PEJA) scheme based on channel information prediction is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm PEJA has a higher energy efficiency and throughput than the comparison algorithm under different numbers of users and different transmission powers. The PEJA algorithm is more energy efficient than the PEJA-NC algorithm, which does not consider the CC handover of narrowband users. To sum up, the proposed PEJA energy-efficient resource allocation scheme maximizes system energy efficiency and achieves a higher throughput.

Food-Package-Processing relationships in emerging technologies: Ultrasound effects on polyamide multilayer packaging in contact with different food simulants

In this study, the effect of ultrasound processing on the properties of two packages widely used in food products was evaluated: polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE) multilayer packaging. Packages composed of PE/PA/PE (Film A) and PE/PA/PE/PA/PE (Film B) were filled with aqueous and fatty food simulants and treated in an ultrasound water bath (frequency 25 kHz, volumetric power of 9.74 W/L, temperature of 25 °C, and time of 30 and 60 min). Materials were evaluated in term of structure and performance properties. Ultrasound did not or induced small changes in chemical groups, crystallinity, melting temperature, and tensile strength of the films. Film A showed a reduction in heat sealing tensile strength of 25% in the machine direction and 22% in the transverse direction. Film B showed a 20% increase of water vapor transmission rate after ultrasound processing. Although ultrasound had little impact on the properties of the evaluated materials, these modifications do not compromise the use of these packages for applications in ultrasound-processed foods. Therefore, the results indicate that ultrasound can be used as a food processing technology in multilayer PA and PE packaging.

Why people die of active tuberculosis in the era of effective chemotherapy in Southern Ethiopia: A qualitative study

BackgroundHigh TB mortality is increasingly understood as an indicator of different problems in the health system and community. Limited awareness of TB in the community, restricted accessibility and/or quality of health services can hamper survival. Exploration and analysis of death among TB patients can lead to a clearer and specific understanding of why the deaths happened and where interventions are likely to make a difference in a specific context. ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess why people die of active tuberculosis in the era of effective chemotherapy. MethodsThe study was conducted from October to December 2020 in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AM-HDSS) by applying phenomenological study design. A total of 27 family members of people who had died of TB, 9 health extension workers (HEW) and 8 health care professionals working in TB clinics were participated in open in-depth interview. A total of 130 individuals participated in 16 focus group discussion which composed of patient survived from TB, religious leader, health development army (HAD) and HEWs. Adequacy of information (saturation) was considered as an adequate sample size to create the intended qualitative product. All the interviews and FGD were tape recorded and recordings were transcribed immediately. ATLAS TI 9 software was used to analyse and process qualitative data. From data set codes were created then by identifying pattern among them themes were created. Then, generated themes were compared and some of them were split, combined, discarded and new ones created after returning to data set. Finally, themes were defined and a concise and easily understandable name was given for each theme. ResultLuck of sufficient knowledge about TB was considered to be a reason for cause of death. Most of the time, TB patients underestimate and ignore when the symptoms first emerge and will not relate it with any diseases. The low level of community awareness about the cause, transmission, treatment and prevention highly contributed to increased transmission rate and death due to TB. The study identified misconceptions in the community; they prefer traditional medicine to the scientific way. First, they try different herbal medicine to get relief from their illness. At the end, if the disease is getting worse, they visit health facilities. Participants mentioned high transportation cost, poor health seeking behaviours, inadequate food consumption and lack of TB awareness as reasons for low treatment adherence. The health facilities were inaccessible for the community. Most of them indicated that health facilities were too far to reach. In some health institution, right amount and combination of medication were not delivery on time and Diagnostic facilities for TB were reported to be inadequate. ConclusionPoor treatment adherence, lack of TB awareness, stigma, inadequate food consumption, poor health care seeking behaviour and inaccessibility of health facility were identified as major reasons for death. To prevent death of TB patients all sectors such as education, health, and agriculture should work to address health education, infrastructures, nutritional supplementation needs of TB patients, caregivers and the community as a whole.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 lockdown on expansion of HIV transmission clusters among key populations: A retrospective phylogenetic analysis

BackgroundPublic health measures designed to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission led to reduced access to care and prevention services for people living with or at risk of acquiring HIV, particularly during the initial introduction of extensive restrictions. This reduction in access may have contributed to increases in HIV transmission not outweighed by decreases in transmission occurring as a result of reduced contact rates promoted by the same public health measures.MethodsWe synthesize available province-wide HIV data in British Columbia, Canada, together with public mobility data to phylogenetically investigate the early impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on HIV transmission. Cluster growth, coalescent branching events and lineage-level diversification rates were assessed in “pre-lockdown” (January 22–March 21, 2020), “lockdown” (March 22–May 20, 2020) and “post-lockdown” (May 21–July 19, 2020) to facilitate comparison of transmission trends across key populations.FindingsResults reveal increased HIV transmission in a limited number of clusters in association with reduced access to health services during the initial introduction of SARS-CoV-2-related restrictions. In particular, clusters associated with people who inject drugs (PWID) show rapid growth, extensive branching events in phylogenetic trees during and following the lockdown period, and elevated median change in individuals’ viral diversification rates during lockdown compared to clusters associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), consistent with increased transmission rates between PWID.InterpretationIncreased vigilance and innovative targeted solutions are critical to offset potential negative impacts of SARS-CoV-2 or future pandemic-related restrictions on HIV epidemic dynamics.FundingFunding sources include Genome Canada and Genome BC, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Coronavirus Rapid Response Programme. Student funding includes a NSERC CREATE scholarship and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research graduate fellowship.

Improved Modulation Bandwidth of Blue Mini-LEDs by Atomic-Layer Deposition Sidewall Passivation

By adopting atomic layer deposition (ALD) sidewall passivation, the electroluminescence (EL) and communication performances of mini-light emitting diodes (mini-LEDs) of different sizes were improved. In particular, the most significant improvement in the electroluminescence properties of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) (a 7.2% increase), leakage current, and the communication properties of the modulation bandwidth (a 20% increase) transmission rate and bit error rate (BER) was found in the smallest mini-LEDs (80 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}\,\,\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 120 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). According to the results of time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements, the carrier lifetime of the samples can be affected by both the size and ALD sidewall passivation. In addition, the effects of ALD sidewall passivation for visible-light communication (VLC) were demonstrated.