Increased Serum Leptin Levels Research Articles

MATERNAL SERUM LEPTIN LEVELS IN SUBJECTS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Objectives: To determine serum leptin levels and its correlation with pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI, and insulin resistance at 24 - 28 weeks of gestation and before delivery in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive, longitudinal follow-up study with a control group on 115 pregnant women with GDM and 115 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) enrolled at 24 - 28 weeks of gestation and completed the study. The subjects' serum leptin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method at 24 - 28 weeks of pregnancy and before delivery. The clinical characteristics, serum insulin levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also performed at both study time points. Results: Serum leptin levels in subjects with GDM were significantly higher than those in normal pregnant women at 24 - 28 weeks of gestation and before delivery (p < 0.001). At both study time points, there was a positive correlation between serum leptin levels and pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal weight, serum insulin levels, and HOMA-IR index in subjects with GDM (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression showed that pre-pregnancy BMI and serum insulin levels were associated with hyperleptinemia (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Serum leptin levels were higher in GDM and had a positive correlation with pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI, and insulin resistance at the time of the study. Pre-pregnancy BMI and serum insulin levels were independent factors related to increased serum leptin levels.

Effects of Statin and Annatto-extracted Tocotrienol Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis, Bone Microstructure, and Gut Microbiota Composition in Obese Mice.

This study examined the effects of tocotrienols (TT) in conjunction with statin on glucose homeostasis, bone microstructure, gut microbiome, and systemic and liver inflammatory markers in obese C57BL/6J mice. Forty male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and assigned into four groups in a 2 (no statin vs. 120 mg statin/kg diet)×2 (no TT vs. 400 mg TT/kg diet) factorial design for 14 weeks. Statin and TT improved glucose tolerance only when each was given alone, and only statin supplementation decreased insulin resistance. Consistently, only statin supplementation decreased serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Pancreatic insulin was also increased with statin treatment. Statin and TT, alone or in combination, reduced the levels of serum IL-6, but only TT attenuated the increased serum leptin levels induced by a HFD. Statin supplementation increased bone area/total area and connectivity density at LV-4, while TT supplementation increased bone area/total area and trabecular number, but decreased trabecular separation at the distal femur. Statin supplementation, but not TT, reduced hepatic inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Neither TT supplementation nor statin supplementation statistically altered microbiome species evenness or richness. However, they altered the relative abundance of certain microbiome species. Most notably, both TT and statin supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae UCG-006. TT and statin collectively benefit bone microstructure, glucose homeostasis, and microbial ecology in obese mice. Such changes may be, in part, associated with suppression of inflammation in the host.

Assessment of groundnut milk intake on nutritional status and some biochemical indices of normal rats

Groundnut milk also known as peanut milk, is an increasingly popular based beverage that serves as a potential alternative to cow’s milk. It is rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals but limited research has explored its effect on nutritional status and biochemical indices. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of groundnut milk intake on nutritional status and some biochemical indices of Wistar rats. The Wistar rats (n=20), with body weight ≤50g were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each: Group 1 served as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered groundnut milk at daily doses of 247.2, 494.3, and 988.6 mg/kg respectively for eight weeks. Significant increase in abdominal circumference (P<0.005) between groups was observed. However, increase in the BMI and thoracic circumference between groups were insignificant (P>0.05). The levels of TC, TG and LDL-c were decreased significantly (P<0.005). However, HDL-c showed no significant difference. The decrease in atherogenic index, atherogenic coefficient and cardiac risk ratio indices were insignificant (P>0.05). The groundnut milk had no effect on serum total protein, adiponectin, and albumin while it increased serum leptin level significantly (P<0.005). The blood glucose levels of group 2, 3 and 4 were lowered dose-dependently (P<0.005) compared to the control. Groundnut milk showed no effect on liver and kidney-to-body weight ratio (P>0.05), but showed effect on heart-to-body weight ratio (P<0.005). The ratio of food and water intake of groups 2, 3, and 4 decreased significantly (P<0.005) compared to the control group. The results revealed that groundnut milk could play a positive role nutritionally and positively influence lipid profile, glucose, and leptin levels in a dose-related manner.

Elevated serum leptin may be associated with disease activity and secondary osteoporosis in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease in adults that is associated with significant joint issues and systemic inflammation. One of the signs of bone damage in RA is osteoporosis (OP). Leptin is an inflammatory protein that has been reported to be related to RA. The potential relationships among leptin, disease activity, and OP in Chinese patients with RA are not well known. In total, 245 patients with RA and 120 healthy controls were included in this study. Detailed data on the clinical characteristics and laboratory features were collected. Information about physical activity and functional status was recorded using specific questionnaires. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The MECALL castor-50-hf model X-ray scanner was used for the two-hand (including wrist) photographs. Serum leptin levels differed significantly between the RA group and healthy control subjects (1.27/3.29 vs. 0.17/0.24, Z=13.29, P<0.001). The positive rate of leptin protein in RA patients was 86.35%, which was higher than that in controls (19.55%) (χ2=28.51, P<0.001). Pearson's correlation test showed that morning stiffness, disease duration, joint swelling, joint tenderness, swollen joint count (SJC), tender joint count (TJC), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score, and Sharp-van der Heijde method (Sharp) score were positively correlated with the level of serum leptin (r=0.212, r=0.312, r=0.322, r=0.501, r=0.291, r=0.334, P<0.05). There was a clear increasing trend in the level of serum leptin according to the different disease activity scores and in the 28 joint activity (DAS28) groups (F=13.936, P<0.001). Elevated leptin was a risk factor for increased disease activity and OP according to logistic regression analysis. The median leptin level differed significantly between the normal bone mass group, osteopenia group, and OP group (P<0.001). An increased serum leptin level was a risk factor for RA-induced osteoporosis according to logistic regression analysis (P<0.001). These results suggest that the level of serum leptin is associated with disease activity and secondary OP among Chinese patients with RA. Key Points • Serum leptin levels in RA patients are higher than those in normal control group. • Leptin was associated with disease activity. • Leptin was associated with the occurrence of systemic osteoporosis and affects bone erosion in RA patients.

Association between Maternal Serum Leptin Level and Preterm Birth among Parturients in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Preterm birth is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The association between occurrence of preterm birth and biomarkers measured in the maternal serum maybe helpful in predicting preterm birth especially in low resource settings. Aim: We aimed to examine the association between maternal serum leptin level and occurrence of preterm birth. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study of women with preterm and term births in Lagos, Nigeria. One hundred and ninety women comprising of 95 women with preterm and term births respectively recruited. Maternal serum leptin levels were determined using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data was analyzed by Stata version 16 (StataCorp, USA) statistical software with significance level set at p-value &lt;0.05. Results: The mean serum leptin levels were significantly lower in women with preterm delivery compared to women with term delivery (1.48 ng/ml ± 0.72 vs. 1.75 ng/ml ± 0.67, p-value=0.007). On further analysis, women with very preterm birth had significantly lower serum leptin levels compared with women with moderate to late preterm and term births (1.28 ± 0.73 vs 1.55 ± 0.70 vs 1.75ng/ml ± 0.67, p-value=0.006). There was 57% reduction in the odds of having preterm delivery for every unit increase in serum leptin level on multivariate analysis (adjusted OR: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.26 – 0.71, P-value=0.001). Conclusion: Serum leptin concentration was significantly lower in women who had preterm births compared to women who had term births. Longitudinal studies are required to determine the predictive value of maternal serum leptin level with regards to preterm birth.

Association of Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: In recent years, clinical studies have shown an association between leptin and periodontal disease. The present study aimed to estimate and compare the serum leptin levels in chronic periodontitis patients with cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 subjects were included in the study and are divided into three groups, i.e. Group 1: ten healthy subjects, Group 2: ten subjects with chronic periodontitis, and Group 3: ten subjects with periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. Two millimeters of the venous blood sample was collected from the antecubital fossa of all the sixty subjects under aseptic conditions. Serum was obtained from the blood by centrifuging at 2500 rpm for 10 min. Now, this collected serum is used to estimate leptin using a leptin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Clementia biotech). Leptin levels were assessed in an ELISA reader. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 24. Results: A significant correlation was observed with serum leptin levels and clinical parameters in the chronic periodontitis + cardiovascular disease group, i.e. plaque index (r = −0.96, P = 0.0003*), gingival index (r = −0.89; P = 0.0005*), probing depth (r = −0.82; P = 0.003*), and clinical attachment level (r = −0.84; P = 0.001*) * is Statistically Significant. Conclusion: The study found a statistically significant increase in serum leptin levels in the Group III compared to Groups II and I which suggest an increase in inflammatory state increases the serum levels of leptin.

Reproductive health of adolescent girls born prematurely: new forecasting opportunities

Background. Premature delivery remains one of the most pressing issues in obstetrics.&#x0D; Aim. To assess the reproductive health of 16-year-old adolescent girls born prematurely to develop an algorithm to optimize its state.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 180 adolescent girls aged 16 years were evaluated. The study group consisted of 120 adolescents born at a gestational age of 2736 weeks. Subgroup 1 consisted of 18 girls born at a gestational age of 2733 weeks, and subgroup 2 consisted of 102 adolescent girls born at 3436 weeks of gestation. The comparison group consisted of 60 girls born at term. The study material was peripheral venous blood. Hormonal and ultrasonic examination of the internal genital organs were performed.&#x0D; Results. In the main group vs. comparison group, an increase in serum leptin levels was observed: 9.4 (6.1; 15.5) and 6.9 (4.2; 9.2) ng/ml (p0.01). The leptin blood concentration in subgroup 2 showed a positive correlation with the body mass index (p=0.001). A more frequent increase in the number of antral follicles (10 in each ovary) was recorded in adolescents born prematurely. When assessing the results of correlation analysis, a positive direct correlation between the number of antral follicles and serum leptin concentration in adolescent girls born prematurely (p0.001) was observed. It was found that with a leptin level 15.8 ng/ml, there is an increase in the number of antral follicles, which may be the cause of reproductive disorders.&#x0D; Conclusion. Premature delivery and its long-term consequences (obesity and metabolic syndrome) contribute to hyperleptinemia, leading to ovarian function suppression in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to include leptin level measurement in the algorithm of examining adolescent girls for timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment of possible reproductive disorders.

Near-roadway air pollution, immune cells and adipokines among obese young adults

BackgroundAir pollution has been associated with metabolic disease and obesity. Adipokines are potential mediators of these effects, but studies of air pollution-adipokine relationships are inconclusive. Macrophage and T cells in adipose tissue (AT) and blood modulate inflammation; however, the role of immune cells in air pollution-induced dysregulation of adipokines has not been studied. We examined the association between air pollution exposure and circulating and AT adipokine concentrations, and whether these relationships were modified by macrophage and T cell numbers in the blood and AT.MethodsFasting blood and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected from 30 overweight/obese 18–26 year-old volunteers. Flow cytometry was used to quantify T effector (Teff, inflammatory) and regulatory (Treg, anti-inflammatory) lymphocytes and M1 [inflammatory] and M2 [anti-inflammatory]) macrophage cell number. Serum and AT leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exposure to near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) from freeway and non-freeway vehicular sources and to regional particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were estimated for the year prior to biopsy, based on participants’ residential addresses. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposures and adipokines and to evaluate effect modification by immune cell counts.ResultsAn interquartile increase in non-freeway NRAP exposure during 1 year prior to biopsy was associated with higher leptin levels in both serum [31.7% (95% CI: 10.4, 52.9%)] and AT [19.4% (2.2, 36.6%)]. Non-freeway NRAP exposure effect estimates were greater among participants with greater than median Teff/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio in blood, and with greater M1 counts in AT. No adipokine associations with regional air pollutants were found.DiscussionOur results suggest that NRAP may increase serum leptin levels in obese young adults, and this association may be promoted in a pro-inflammatory immune cell environment in blood and AT.

Effects of Complex Therapy with Lifestyle Modification in Patients with Hypertension and Obesity

Obesity is a global problem of the modern working population and a negative factor in the development of hypertension. In obese patients, adipose tissue dysfunction leads to increased leptin secretion. Failure to treat in time leads to complications and deterioration of quality of life. Therefore, it is important to prevent and treat both conditions, primarily in terms of lifestyle adjustments. The objective: to investigate anthropometric, morphometric, biochemical parameters and quality of life of patients with obesity and hypertension on the background of standard and modified therapy with lifestyle adjustments. Materials and methods. Analysis of the results of treatment of 128 patients with hypertension I–II stage and 1–2 degrees and obesity (mean age 48.4±0.9 years) and as a control examined 21 relatively healthy people. After the first examination, patients with hypertension and obesity were divided into two groups – main (group 1) and experimental (group 2). Patients in both groups received standard antihypertensive therapy (ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics) and received dietary and exercise recommendations, smoking cessation, salt restriction to 5 mg / day, and alcohol reduction. In contrast to the experimental group (group 2), patients of the main group (group 1) received individual dietary recommendations in the form of DASH-diet, the energy value of which was daily energy needs reduced by 300–400 kcal and omega-3 PUFA at a dose of 1007 mg (Including: eicosapentaenoic acid – 33% docosahexaenoic acid – 22%), coenzyme Q10 – 10 mg, vitamin E – 3 mg 1 g/d for 60 days. When assigning patients to the main (group 1) and experimental group (group 2), in addition to age, sex, physical activity, also took into account the compliance of patients to lifestyle changes, which was assessed on a 5-point system. Patients who were more willing and more motivated to follow the full recommendations of nutrition, increased physical activity, and those who had a higher rate of compliance were assigned to the main group. Approaches to exercise recommendations were the same in both groups – at least 90 minutes / week or 30 minutes / 3 times a week, or at least 10,000 steps daily. Before and after treatment, a laboratory biochemical study of blood and urine parameters and determination of leptin levels. Quality of life was assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire. Results. In obese patients % FM and BMI on average 1.4–1.5 times higher than the control group (38.6±0.7; р&lt;0.001; 32.3±0.3 kg/m2; р&lt;0.001). According to the results of repeated examination, normalization of blood pressure was achieved in all patients, regardless of treatment tactics. In 28 people from the experimental group (group 2), the average weight increased by 1–5 kg, decreased in 9 people, in the other 27 did not change (Me 0.0; Min –16.0; Max 10.0; р=0.01). In the main group (group 1), weight loss was found in 20 men and 28 women, ie in 75% of patients (–3.0±0.3 kg; р&lt;0.01, Me –3.0; Min –0.7; Max –11.0) and although these results were lower than expected, we can conclude that there was a greater effect on weight loss in patients who followed a modified treatment regimen with lifestyle adjustments. BMI in the dynamics of treatment in both groups did not change significantly, although in the main group there was a significant statistical decrease in % FM (–2.3±0.6; р&lt;0.01), additionally found a statistically significant difference between the groups (р&lt;0.01). Anthropometric parameters decreased significantly in the main group of patients, mainly due to waist circumference (in 26 patients; р&lt;0.01). The components of quality of life PF, RP, BP, reflecting the physical activity of patients, and components VT, SF, RE, which are the result of the psycho-emotional state of patients, were significantly lower than those of the control group. At the end of the course of treatment, the indicators of PF components in the experimental group and additionally RP, BP, SF and RE in the main group significantly improved. Analysis of leptin levels in obese patients showed herder dependence: in men with grade 2 and 3 obesity, hormone levels increased significantly compared with women and men with a BMI &lt;35 kg/m. Conclusions. Obesity is pathogenetically associated with adipose tissue dysfunction: 56.2% of people have increased serum leptin levels and its level does not decrease significantly with weight loss, which is probably associated with a symptom complex of psycho-physiological changes that negatively affect quality of life patients and their commitment to treatment. Treatment of obesity by adjusting lifestyle, exercise, low-calorie DASH-diet was reflected in improved quality of life and reduced the weight of 75% of patients in the main group (group 1).

Serum Leptin and Adiponectin in Obese and Non-Obese Patients with Acne Vulgaris

Background: Adipokines are demonstrated to be associated with multiple cutaneous diseases. Leptin is mainly produced by the adipocytes that stem from the obese gene. In addition, it was reported that, secretion of leptin is a response to increased lipid uptake, thus, it might be regarded as a link between improper diet and the development of inflammatory acne. Objective: The aim of the current work wasto estimate serum leptin and adiponectin in both obese and non-obese patients with acne vulgaris and to evaluate adiponectin/leptin ratio (A/L) rates as a biomarker of insulin resistance and hence their role in pathogenesis of acne vulgaris in correlation with body weight and disease severity. Patients and methods: This prospective case-controlled study included a total of 60 patients with acne vulgaris, attending at the Dermatology, Andrology & STD Outpatient Clinic, Mansoura University Hospitals. Forty healthy subjects matched with the patients in age, sex were included. This study was conducted between April 2019 to January 2020. Results: Cases with acne vulgaris demonstrated significant increase in serum leptin level as well as significant decrease in serum adiponectin level compared to controls. No significant correlation was reported between both serum leptin and adiponectin levels and disease severity. Leptin could be used as reliable predictor in terms of the differentiation between cases of acne vulgaris and controls with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Adiponectin could be used as reliable predictor in terms of the differentiation between cases of acne vulgaris and controls with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Conclusion: Acne vulgaris was associated with significant elevation in leptin level, significant reduction in adiponectin level and significant decrease in A/L ratio. Thus, leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance may be pathogenic cofactors contributing to the development of the disease and could be used as reliable predictors for development of acne vulgaris but not for severity of disease.

Lack of cross-resistance between non-steroidal and steroidal aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer patients: the potential role of the adipokine leptin

PurposeThe aromatase inactivator exemestane may cause clinical disease stabilization following progression on non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors like letrozole in patients with metastatic breast cancer, indicating that additional therapeutic effects, not necessarily related to estrogen-suppression, may be involved in this well-known “lack of cross-resistance”.MethodsPostmenopausal women with ER positive, HER-2 negative, locally advanced breast cancer were enrolled in the NEOLETEXE-trial and randomized to sequential treatment starting with either letrozole (2.5 mg o.d.) or exemestane (25 mg o.d.) followed by the alternative aromatase inhibitor. Serum levels of 54 cytokines, including 12 adipokines were assessed using Luminex xMAP technology (multiple ELISA).ResultsSerum levels of leptin were significantly decreased during treatment with exemestane (p < 0.001), regardless whether exemestane was given as first or second neoadjuvant therapy. In contrast, letrozole caused a non-significant increase in serum leptin levels in vivo.ConclusionsOur findings suggest an additional and direct effect of exemestane on CYP-19 (aromatase) synthesis presumably due to effects on the CYP19 promoter use that is not present during therapy with the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Our findings provide new insights into the influence of clinically important aromatase inhibitors on cytokine levels in vivo that contribute to the understanding of the clinically observed lack of cross-resistance between non-steroidal and steroidal aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer patients.Trial registrationRegistered on March 23rd 2015 in the National trial database of Norway (Registration number: REK-SØ-84-2015).

STUDY THE FIBROSIS AND HYPERTROPHY OF LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM IN LUMBAR SPINAL CANAL STENOSIS DUE TO LEPTIN INDUCED INFLAMMATIO

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is defined as the narrowing of the spinal canal with cord or nerve root impingement and as consequences the symptoms of radiculopathy or pseudoclaudication are developed. Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (LF) is often involved in the pathogenesis of LSS, resulting in the reduction of diameter of the spinal canal and compression of the dural sac and nerve roots.Leptin's important role in various biological functions further than appetite regulation and energy metabolism.Interestingly collective evidence suggests it has a critical role in the fibrosis process in multiple organ systems, including the liver, kidney, and lung. The aim of this study was to establish a relationship between serum leptin levels and the fibrosis and hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal canal stenosis. METHOD: Our study include 100 patient with ligamentum flavum hypertrophy with lumbar canal stenosis to evaluate co-relation with increased serum leptin levels. Demographic data, clinical, radiological and laboratory investigation done to find a co-relation between increased serum leptins levels with the fibrosis and hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum in lumbar canal stenosis.RESULT:In our study,LF thickness was also measured with a T1weighted axial MRI.The mean thickness in the high vas scores (&gt; 5) group was signicantly thicker than that in the low vas (&lt; 5) group. Serum leptin values were positively correlated to LF Thickness at L4-L5 (r=0.228) and L5-S1 (r=0.198) level and the correlation was significant (p&gt;0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown strong correlation between serum levels of leptin and hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum.VAS score in low VAS group (&lt; 5) as well as high VAS score group (&gt; 5) are positively correlated with serum levels of leptin

Leptin and the GA genotype of rs2167270 of the LEP gene increase the risk of prediabetes.

Prediabetes is a precursor stage that frequently develops to definitive type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, identifying individuals with prediabetes can allow for early intervention measures that delay or prevent disease progression to T2DM. Several biochemical changes appear to be associated with prediabetes, including an increase in the serum levels of leptin. In Jordan, this association has not been previously investigated. In the present study, the serum levels of leptin were measured in 122 prediabetes subjects and 122 controls. Furthermore, the genotypes of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LEP gene (rs7799039, rs2167270 and rs791620) were investigated for their association with prediabetes using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results revealed a significant increase in serum leptin levels in the prediabetes group. It was also shown that the GA genotype and the A allele of rs2167270 were significantly associated with an increased risk of prediabetes (P<0.05). These findings were shown to be independent of body mass index, waist circumference and serum glucose levels. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first in Jordan to have reported an association between serum leptin levels and the GA genotype of rs2167270 with an increased risk of prediabetes, identified both in the univariate and multivariate models.

Association of Leptin With Obesity and Insulin Resistance.

IntroductionLeptin, a hormone released by the body to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, decreases fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin is thought to play some role in obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, our aim is to see the association of leptin with obesity and insulin resistance.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from January 2020 to April 2020. Ninety-two participants with BMI greater than 25 kg/m2, with no known comorbidities were enrolled in the study after informed consent. Ninety-two participants, who came to the outpatient department without a history of chronic disease, with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 were enrolled as a control group. Data were collected via self-structured questionnaires. Their blood was drawn and sent to the laboratory for cholesterol levels, insulin resistance and leptin levels.ResultsSerum leptin levels (51.24 ± 18.12 vs. 9.10 ± 2.99: p-value, < 0.0001), serum cholesterol levels (198.2 ± 32.1 vs. 151.2 ± 21.2, p-value < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (7.9 ± 2.1 vs. 6.3 ± 1.9, p-value < 0.0001) were higher in obese patients.ConclusionAs per the results of this study, obesity was associated with increase serum leptin levels and insulin resistance. Further multi-centric studies are required to prove the possible relationship, which might help devise plans to manage obesity.

Estimation Level of Leptin and Resistin in Sera Patients with Type Two Diabetes among Iraqi Peoples

Leptin it is a protein hormone containing 167 amino acids, firstly discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman,It is secreted by adipocytes and has been found to regulate food intakes through central neuroendocrinemechanisms. Resistin has been found to be generated and released via adipose tissue to serve endocrinefunctions which are likely to be associated with insulin resistance.Aim: The aim of this study determination of leptin and resistin hormone level in serum of male and femalewith type 2 diabetic patients and healthy control in Iraq.Subject and Method: This respective study carried out at three main medical facilities in Baghdad; NationalCenter For Teaching Laboratories, Poisoning Consultation Center/Specialized Surgeries Hospital and theNational Blood Transfusion center in Medical City,Iraq during the period from November 2019 to February2020. It was included 100 participants; divided into 2 groups(50 patient with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthycontrol).Results: The result of serum leptin showed that there was highly significant difference when comparing themean of total serum leptin of patient group with that of the control group. While the mean of total circulatingresistin in T2DM patient and healthy with no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion: Increased serum leptin level in type 2 diabetes patient than healthy control and no significantdifference in serum resistin level when compared between diabetics and control

Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Marathon-Induced Changes in Serum Exerkine Levels and Inflammation.

Participation in a long-distance run, e.g., marathon or ultramarathon, continues to increase. One side effect of long-distance running is excessive inflammation manifested by the rise in inflammatory cytokine levels. We here aimed to elucidate the effects of 10-day ischemic preconditioning (IPC) training on marathon-induced inflammation and to evaluate the role of serum-stored iron in this process. The study involved 19 recreational runners taking part in a marathon. IPC training was performed in the course of four cycles, by inflating and deflating a blood pressure cuff at 5-min intervals (IPC group, n = 10); the control group underwent sham training (n = 9). The levels of inflammatory and others markers (FSTL-1, IL-6, IL-15, leptin, resistin, TIMP-1, OSM, and LIF) were measured before and 24 h after training; and before, immediately after, and 24 h and 7 day after the marathon. The 10-day IPC training increased serum leptin levels. IL-6, IL-10, FLST-1, and resistin levels were increased, while TIMP-1 levels were decreased in all runners after the marathon. The changes were significantly blunted in runners from the IPC group compared with the control group. Baseline serum iron levels correlated with IL-6 and FSTL-1 levels; serum ferritin correlated with IL-6, FSTL-1, and resistin levels after the marathon. Conversely, serum TIMP-1 levels inversely correlated with serum iron levels. Although not evident at baseline, IPC training significantly reduced marathon-induced inflammation. In addition, the reduced responsiveness and attenuation of running-induced inflammation were inversely related to baseline serum iron and ferritin levels.

Cluster analysis identifies a pathophysiologically distinct subpopulation with increased serum leptin levels and severe obstructive sleep apnea

PurposeTo investigate the different pathophysiologies of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) phenotypes using cluster analysis. Differences between leptin/adiponectin levels in the resulting OSA phenotypes were also examined.MethodsIn total, 1057 OSA patients were selected, and a retrospective survey of clinical records, polysomnography results, and blood gas data was conducted. Patients were grouped into four clusters by their OSA severity, PaCO2, body mass index (BMI), and sleepiness. A k-means cluster analysis was performed, resulting in a division into four subpopulations. The Tukey or Games-Howell tests were used for intergroup comparisons.ResultsAmong the 20 clinical OSA items, four common factors (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS], BMI, Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI], and PaCO2) were extracted by principal component analysis, and a cluster analysis was performed using the k-means method, resulting in four distinct phenotypes. The Clusters 1 (middle age, symptomatic severe OSA) and 4 (young, obese, symptomatic very severe OSA) exhibited high leptin levels. C-reactive protein levels were also elevated in Cluster 4, indicating a different pathophysiological background. No apparent differences between clusters were observed regarding adiponectin/leptin ratios and adiponectin levels. Classification into groups based on phenotype showed that Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] score and disease severity were not correlated, suggesting that sleepiness is affected by multiple elements.ConclusionsThe existence of multiple clinical phenotypes suggests that different pathophysiological backgrounds exist such as systemic inflammation and metabolic disorder. This classification may be used to determine the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure treatment that cannot be determined by the AHI.

Elafin inhibits obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-treated male mice

Elafin is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protein. We hypothesize that elafin expression correlates with diabetes. Among non-diabetic and prediabetic groups, men have significantly higher serum elafin levels than women. Men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have significantly lower serum elafin levels than men without T2DM. Serum elafin levels are inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in men with T2DM, but not women with T2DM. Lentiviral elafin overexpression inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-treated male mice. Elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated male mice had increased serum leptin levels, and serum exosomal miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Transplantation of splenocytes and serum exosomes from elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated donor mice reduced food consumption and fat mass, and increased adipose tissue leptin mRNA expression in HFD-treated recipient mice. Elafin improved leptin sensitivity via reduced interferon-gamma expression and induced adipose leptin expression via increased miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Subcutaneous and oral administration of modified elafin inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in the HFD-treated mice. Circulating elafin levels are associated with hyperglycemia in men with T2DM. Elafin, via immune-derived miRNAs and cytokine, activates leptin sensitivity and expression that subsequently inhibit food consumption, obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in HFD-treated male mice.

Increased Serum Leptin Level Predicts Bone Mineral Density in Hemodialysis Patients.

Background Leptin acts through the adipose-bone axis to regulate bone mineral density (BMD). This study evaluated the relationship between BMD and serum leptin levels in patients on hemodialysis. Methods In this cross-sectional study including 98 hemodialysis patients, BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar vertebrae (L2–L4), and serum leptin levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay. Results There were 25 (25.5%), 13 (13.3%), and 60 (61.2%) patients with osteopenia, osteoporosis, and normal BMD, respectively. Advanced age (P=0.017); decreased body mass index (BMI, P < 0.001); body height (P < 0.001); prehemodialysis body weight (BW, P < 0.001); post-hemodialysis BW (P < 0.001); waist circumference (P < 0.001); and triglyceride (P=0.015), albumin (P=0.004), and leptin levels (P=0.017) were associated with lower lumbar T scores, whereas increased urea reduction rate (URR, P=0.004) and fractional clearance index for urea (Kt/V, P=0.004) were associated with lower lumbar T scores. The multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis with adjustment for sex; age; body height; prehemodialysis BW; BMI; waist circumference; logarithmically transformed triglycerides (log-triglycerides), albumin, creatinine, and leptin (log-leptin) levels; URR; and Kt/V indicated that high serum level of log-leptin (R2 change = 0.184; P < 0.001), increased prehemodialysis BW (R2 change = 0.325; P=0.008), male sex (R2 change = 0.048; P=0.001), young age (R2 change = 0.044; P=0.012), and increased serum albumin level (R2 change = 0.017; P=0.044) were significantly and independently associated with lumbar BMD. Conclusions Advanced age and female sex were associated with poor BMD, whereas increased BW, serum albumin, and leptin levels were positively associated with BMD in patients on hemodialysis.

The Effect of Experimental Periodontitis on the Serum Levels of Leptin and IL-18 in Insulin-Treated Diabetic Rats

The aim of this study in rats was to assess the effect of ligature-induced periodontitis on insulin-treated type 1 diabetes in terms of serum levels of leptin and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Twenty five male Wistar rats were studied, out of 40 initially used: (1) 14 rats with insulin-treated diabetes (control, DI) and (2) 11 rats with combination of insulin-treated diabetes and periodontitis (test, DIP). For all rats, type 1 diabetes was streptozotocin-induced and insulin treatment started on day 5. For DIP group, periodontitis was induced by ligation on day 16. Serum levels of leptin and IL-18 were assessed on days 16 (baseline) and 77 (final) by using multiplex immunoassay. All rats were sacrificed on day 77 (end of the study). Insulin treatment in the newly-induced diabetes significantly increased serum leptin levels and significantly reduced serum IL-18 levels. In the newly-induced diabetes, the combination of the continuation of insulin treatment and periodontitis non-significantly increased serum leptin and IL-18 levels. Serum IL-18 levels were significantly higher for the combination of periodontitis and insulin-treated diabetes as compared to insulin-treated diabetes alone. Within its limits, this study in rats showed that experimental periodontitis induced changes in serum biomarker levels suggestive of alterations in the systemic inflammation generated by insulin-treated type 1 diabetes.