Increased Levels Of Immunoglobulin Research Articles

Regular cold shower exposure modulates humoral and cell-mediated immunity in healthy individuals

BackgroundCold hydrotherapy is an ancient practice that has recently gained scientific interest for its potential health benefits. This study explored the effects of regular cold shower exposure on immune cell function. MethodsSixty healthy Egyptian adults were randomized to take cold or hot showers daily for 90 days. Levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, and interferon-gamma were measured in blood samples at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days. ResultsThe cold shower group exhibited significant increases in immunoglobulin levels. Conversely, the hot shower group showed a significant decrease in IgM levels at 60 and 90 days compared to baseline, alongside nonsignificant decrease of IgG and IgA. the cold shower group demonstrated elevated levels of IL-2 and IL-4 at 90 days, indicating enhanced T-cell proliferation and humoral immunity, respectively. In contrast, the hot shower group did not exhibit significant changes in cytokine levels. There were no significant differences in IFN-γ and TNF-α levels between the groups. ConclusionsRegular cold shower exposure appears to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity through the upregulation of antibodies, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4. Brief cold stressors may induce physiological adaptations that prime the immune response. This accessible, sustainable lifestyle modification could potentially serve as an alternative therapy to boost immunity. Further research on larger populations is warranted to better understand the physiological effects of cold temperatures on immunity.

Interleukin-17 Genotypes in Egyptian Asthmatic Children at Zagazig University Hospitals.

Bronchial asthma (BA) is increasing among Egyptian children. It is affected by multiple factors including genetic ones. In the current study, we assessedthe relationship between interleukin-17 (IL-17) genotypes and the occurrence of BA among Egyptian children. This case-control study included 100 participants. Group I (the control group) comprised 50 healthy subjects. Group II (the asthmatic group) comprised 50 subjects diagnosed with atopic asthma according tothe Global Initiative for Asthma. Measurement of serum Ig E and eosinophilic count was performed. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphism rs2275913 of IL-17 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction was conducted. GA and AA genotypes were more frequent in the asthmatic group compared tothe control group (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Subjects carrying GA and AA genotypes were more susceptibleto have asthma [odds ratio (OR) = 2.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-9.94, P = 0.03; OR = 7.78, 95% CI = 1.59-38.3, P = 0.01, respectively]. The A allele was higher in the asthmatic group (33%) compared tothe control group (10%). A allele carriers were more susceptibleto have asthma (OR = 4.43, 95% CI = 2.04-9.82 and P < 0.001). Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and eosinophil percentages were higher among the carriers of GA and AA genotypes when compared with the GG genotype. All pulmonary function tests were significantly lower among carriers of AA genotype compared with GG genotype. An A allele carrier, AA genotype, increased IgE level, and eosinophil level were significant predictors for occurrence of asthma (P = 0.01, 0.02, 0.004, and 0.01). In conclusion, AA genotype carriers and A allele carriers of the IL-17 gene are more likely to have asthma compared with controls.

Elevated Immunoglobulin E Serum Levels: Possible Underlying Factors That Can Cause an Inborn Error of Immunity in the Pediatric Population with Recurrent Infections.

Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels are commonly associated with allergies. However, high IgE levels are also found in several other infectious and non-infectious disorders. Elevated IgE levels typically suggest allergies, eczema, or recurrent skin infections. Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper-IgE) levels typically reflect a monogenic atopic condition or inborn immune defects with an atopic phenotype. The aim of our research is to investigate and observe the clinical characteristics of children with increased IgE levels who have previously manifested infectious diseases. Furthermore, the retrospective study considers other factors, such as demographic characteristics (sex, area/environment, and age), and their effect on IgE serum levels. To answer this question, we conducted a one-year hospital-based retrospective study that included 200 hospitalized children who had at least two viral or bacterial infections in the six months preceding hospitalization. Measurements of IgE and allergen panels (respiratory and digestive) using blood samples revealed that individuals who tested positive for the body's synthesis of hyper-IgE were not observably allergic to any potential allergens despite having higher total serum IgE. According to the results, there was a strong correlation between elevated IgE serum levels and a history of infectious diseases among the patients.

A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Properties of Camel Milk

Background: Camel milk has been traditionally valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties across various cultures. Recent scientific inquiries have illuminated its potential in treating a range of health conditions, including diabetes, autism, allergies, liver and kidney functions, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. This has sparked a growing interest in integrating camel milk into health and dietary regimens as a natural therapeutic agent. Objective: The objective of this review is to systematically examine the therapeutic properties of camel milk, focusing on its application in treating specific diseases, its nutritional composition, and its implications for human healthcare. Methods: This review synthesized data from various studies that investigated the medicinal benefits of camel milk in treating diseases like diabetes, hepatitis C, autism, allergies, and tuberculosis. The methods involved a comprehensive literature search across several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to collect studies that reported on the therapeutic effects, nutritional composition, and health outcomes associated with camel milk consumption. Results: Findings indicate that camel milk contains unique molecules such as insulin-like proteins, amylase, lactoferrin, and specific enzymes beneficial for managing diabetes, hepatitis C, and allergies. Studies on autistic children showed improvements in antioxidant enzyme levels after camel milk consumption. In tuberculosis patients, camel milk consumption was associated with improved clinical symptoms and increased immunoglobulin levels. The nutritional analysis revealed camel milk's rich composition in essential fats, proteins, lactose, and minerals, highlighting its nutritional value. Conclusion: Camel milk presents a viable, natural therapeutic option for a variety of health conditions, offering significant benefits in nutritional and medicinal applications. Its integration into dietary practices and healthcare could enhance human health outcomes, particularly in areas where conventional medical resources are scarce or in populations seeking alternative treatments.

Hematoimmunological responses of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) receiving the dietary supplementation of immunomodulators and different levels of vitamins after challenge with physical stress.

In this study, we analyzed the hematoimmunological effects of dietary supplementation with immunomodulators (β-glucans + nucleotides) and different levels of vitamins on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to physical stress. The following four diet treatments were used: diets with indicated vitamin levels (Vitind), diets with Vitind + immunomodulator (Vitind + Immune), diets with high vitamin content (Vithigh), and those with Vithigh + immunomodulator (Vithigh + Immune). The experiment included 560 fish in 28 tanks (20 fish tank-1), with seven replicates per treatment. After 60 days of supplementation, the water temperature was set at 20 °C, and complete biometrics were performed. The animals were then subjected to physical stress with temperature oscillations of 20 ºC to 30 ºC/30 ºC to 20 ºC/20 ºC to 30 ºC. Hematoimmunological data from 140 animals were collected post-stress. Antimicrobial titer and total plasma protein levels were significantly higher in fish not receiving immunomodulator-supplemented diets (2.88 ± 0.43 log2 and 26.81 ± 4.01 mg∙mL-1, respectively) than in those that did. Conversely, the agglutination titer increased in fish fed with lower vitamin levels (3.33 ± 0.66 log2) compared to those with higher vitamin levels. Increased immunoglobulin levels were observed in fish fed diets co-supplemented with vitamins and immunomodulators, revealing an interaction between immunomodulators and dietary vitamin levels. In summary, the inclusion of immunomodulators in the diet enhanced the animals' resistance to physical stress and improved hematoimmunological parameters. Additionally, a high vitamin content in the diet did not modulate the immune responses in the animals.

ИММУННОДИСПЕРСИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФАГОЦИТАРНОЙ ГРУППЫ ИММУНОГРАММЫ

The effects of coronavirus infection on the human genotype are still poorly understood. Some patients complain of memory impairment, some notice hair thinning, etc. Recently, medical specialists have also attracted attention to the study of the human immune system against coronavirus. The immunograms of middle-aged residents of Perm Krai during the pandemic have been analyzed. Immunograms were divided into two categories according to the patients' disease state. The immunograms of patients in the state of illness, which was evaluated by the deviation of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM from the reference interval and recovered patients, were of interest. Patients were grouped into three age groups ranging from 19 to 50 years. Small excesses in the absolute value of phagocytosis and phagocytic count were observed in those in the disease state. Decreases in the absolute value of phagocytosis, phagocytic number and phagocytic index were observed in the middle group with increased immunoglobulin levels.

Uncovering the mechanism of Clostridium butyricum CBX 2021 to improve pig health based on in vivo and in vitro studies.

As a symbiotic probiotic for the host, Clostridium butyricum (CB) has the potential to strengthen the body's immune system and improve intestinal health. However, the probiotic mechanism of CB is not completely understood. The Clostridium butyricum CBX 2021 strain isolated by our team from a health pig independently exhibits strong butyric acid production ability and stress resistance. Therefore, this study comprehensively investigated the efficacy of CBX 2021 in pigs and its mechanism of improving pig health. In this study, we systematically revealed the probiotic effect and potential mechanism of the strain by using various methods such as microbiome, metabolites and transcriptome through animal experiments in vivo and cell experiments in vitro. Our in vivo study showed that CBX 2021 improved growth indicators such as daily weight gain in weaned piglets and also reduced diarrhea rates. Meanwhile, CBX 2021 significantly increased immunoglobulin levels in piglets, reduced contents of inflammatory factors and improved the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CBX 2021 treatment implanted more butyric acid-producing bacteria (such as Faecalibacterium) in piglets and reduced the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria (like Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group). With significant changes in the microbial community, CBX 2021 improved tryptophan metabolism and several alkaloids synthesis in piglets. Further in vitro experiments showed that CBX 2021 adhesion directly promoted the proliferation of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that bacterial adhesion increased the expression of intracellular G protein-coupled receptors, inhibited the Notch signaling pathway, and led to a decrease in intracellular pro-inflammatory molecules. These results suggest that CBX 2021 may accelerate piglet growth by optimizing the intestinal microbiota, improving metabolic function and enhancing intestinal health.

IgE antibody responses in cerebrospinal fluids relate to the brain pathologic injury of hosts with Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection

BackgroundThe immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection increases in the host. This study analyzed the IgG and IgE responses detected in different body fluids of A. cantonensis-infected mice. MethodsBALB/c (high susceptibility), CBA (medium), and C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (resistance) strain mice were used in this study. The levels of IgM, IgG, and IgE in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from infected mice were compared. A. cantonensis-reactive antigens from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice CSF were also analyzed. ResultsAntibodies against fifth-stage larvae (L5) antigens increased in mice CSF, particularly IgE, relate to worm rejection and the susceptibility of different mouse strains. The increased IgE level in BALB/c mice CSF is lower than that from others, suggesting IgE response in brain is more important than that in serum. Anti-L5 and anti-excretory/secretory (ES) antigen IgE and IgG responses in CSF were analyzed. In addition, the antibody-dependent eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity induced by anti-excretory/secretory (ES) antigen antibodies may be the reason of severe brain inflammation in infected BALB/c mice. IgE and IgG antibodies against a 105 kDa protein of L5 antigen was detected at week 3 post-infection in C57BL/6 mice and week 5 post-infection in BALB/c mice. We suggest that 105 kDa protein is related with the antibody response of A. cantonensis-infected mice. ConclusionWe found that IgE antibodies in mice CSF against L5 antigens related to worm rejection in mice brains. This study may help to identify specific angiostrongyliasis markers that can be applied for clinical diagnosis and treatment in future.

Reproduction of Hatchery-Reared Pike-Perch (Sander lucioperca) Fed Diet with Low-Marine-Ingredients: Role of Dietary Fatty Acids

This research aimed to evaluate the reproductive potential of hatchery-reared (F1) pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) broodstock fed a commercial diet with low levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Lc-PUFA) and wild (F0) pike-perch broodstock fed forage fish. Reproductive parameters, including pseudogonadosomatic index (PGSI), egg size, latency time, hatching rate, embryo survival, and eggs’ fatty acid (FA) composition, as well as plasma sex hormone, glucose and immunoglobulin levels after hormone injection, were analyzed. The results showed low PGSI (10% in F1 vs. 14% in F0) and embryo survival (24% in F1 vs. 61% in F0) in F1 broodstock, but a satisfactory hatching rate (63% in F1 vs. 78% in F0) and larval size (4.6 mm in F1 vs. 4.7 mm in F0). A low arachidonic acid (ARA) percentage in F1 fish eggs (1.32%), along with increased immunoglobulin levels (17.31 g/L), suggests that immune system activation might have depleted the reserves of ARA in F1 fish, which is the key fatty acid for successful oocyte maturation. We assumed that the administration of more sustainable diets, based on terrestrial plant ingredients, is not inferior to higher-quality diets based on marine ingredients.

Atopy in Kashmir-validation from a case control study with respect to IgE and Interleukin genes

ObjectivesIncreased levels of serum Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) and different genetic variants of cytokines are common biochemical manifestation in Allergy. The current study was aimed to study the association of IgE and different variants of Interleukin-4 (IL-4), and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) genes with different kind of allergies.MethodsA pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect all the dietary, life style and clinical details by a trained staff. A blood sample of 2 ml each was collected in coagulated and anti-coagulated vials. DNA and serum samples were extracted and stored until further use. Serum IgE were estimated by ELISA while as the genotypic analysis was done by PCR–RFLP methods.ResultsStatistically a significant difference of serum IgE levels were observed among cases and controls (P < 0.05). The observed significant difference of serum IgE levels were retained among subjects who also harboured variant genotypes of IL-4 and IL-13 genes (P < 0.05). Additionally, the above genetic variants significantly modified the risk of allergy when stratification was done based on various clinical characteristics.ConclusionOur study suggests that increased IgE levels and in association with variant forms of IL-4 and IL-13 genes are significantly associated with different types of allergies in study population.

Vitamin D Levels in Asymptomatic Children and Adolescents with Atopy during the COVID-19 Era.

This study assessed vitamin D status in asymptomatic children and adolescents in Greece, with and without atopy, and possible changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) and total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophil count were measured in 340 asymptomatic children and adolescents (155 males, 185 females), mean age 8.6 ± 4.6 years, recruited over a period of 24 months (February 2019–January 2021). Atopy, defined by high level of IgE for age, was associated with vitamin D deficient status (p = 0.041). Subjects with and without atopy showed similar rates of insufficient and normal levels of 25(OH)D. The median level of 25(OH)D was significantly higher in subjects recruited during the pandemic, when home confinement rules were observed, than before the pandemic, and significantly more children had normal levels of 25(OH)D (p < 0.001), but no differences were noticed for IgE levels or eosinophil count. These results support a link between vitamin D and allergic and infectious inflammations, and specifically the association of vitamin D deficiency with asymptomatic atopy, defined as increased IgE level for age.

Cellular and humoral immune responses associated with protection in sheep vaccinated against Teladorsagia circumcincta

Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, complementary methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Vaccines are an environmentally-friendly and promising option. In a previous study, a Teladorsagia circumcincta recombinant sub-unit vaccine was administered to two sheep breeds with different levels of resistance against GIN. In the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed, vaccinates harboured smaller worms with fewer eggs in utero than the control group. Here, we extend this work, by investigating the cellular and humoral immune responses of these two sheep breeds following vaccination and experimental infection with T. circumcincta. In the vaccinated CS group, negative associations between antigen-specific IgA, IgG2 and Globule Leukocytes (GLs) with several parasitological parameters were established as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio than in control CS animals, suggesting a key role in the protection induced by the vaccine. In the more resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep the vaccine did not significantly impact on the parasitological parameters studied and none of these humoral associations were observed in vaccinated CHB lambs, although CHB had higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the abomasal lymph nodes, suggesting higher mucosal T cell activation. Each of the component proteins in the vaccine induced an increase in immunoglobulin levels in vaccinated groups of each breed. However, levels of immunoglobulins to only three of the antigens (Tci-MEP-1, Tci-SAA-1, Tci-ASP-1) were negatively correlated with parasitological parameters in the CS breed and they may be, at least partially, responsible for the protective effect of the vaccine in this breed. These data could be useful for improving the current vaccine prototype.

Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 4 receptor alpha gene variants and risk of atopy - A case control study based assessment

IntroductionIL4 pathway is known to upregulate IgE mediated immune responses and responsible for the manifestation of Atopic disorders. The current study was aimed to elucidate the genetic variations of Interleukin 4 (IL4) and Interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4R) genes and their possible association with atopic subjects. MethodsThe well-designed questionnaire was used to collect the subject demographic and clinical details. Biochemical parameters were analysed using Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA) technique. The genotyping was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). ResultsWe observed a statistically significant difference of serum Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) levels among cases and controls (P<0.05). Subjects harbouring the variant genotypes of I50V and Q576R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL4R gene showed statistically differential risk towards atopic disorders. However, the variants genotype of 70 bp VNTR polymorphism in IL4 gene showed a protective role towards in predisposition to Atopy. On stratification, the above genetic variants had a significant impact on modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with the disease. ConclusionOur study demonstrates that increased IgE levels and IL4 gene variants (I50V and Q576R) are significantly associated towards predisposition to allergic disorders in this study population.

Fermented Red Ginseng Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Inflammation in Mice by Suppressing Interleukin-4 and Immunoglobulin E Expression.

Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng Meyer) has been reported to have many biologic therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, and ginsenosides are considered as one of the factors responsible for these therapeutic effects. To improve their therapeutic action, probiotic bacteria are used to ferment and chemically transform ginsenosides in red ginseng (RG). In this study, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of RG fermented by probiotic bacteria (FRG) against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis in a mouse model. We induced the mouse model via OVA inhalation; experimental results revealed increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin (IL)-4 levels, leading to Th2-type cytokine response. The mice with induced allergy were then orally administered RG and FRG over 2 weeks, as a result of which, IL-4 and IgE levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal fluid, and serum were found to be ameliorated more effectively by FRG than by RG, suggesting that FRG has better immune regulatory effects than RG. FRG also downregulated immune cell levels, such as those of eosinophils and basophils, and significantly decreased the thickness of OVA-induced respiratory epithelium compared to RG. Collectively, the results showed that FRG treatment alleviates inflammation, thereby extending a protective effect to mice with OVA-induced inflammatory allergic rhinitis.

Supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan improves productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition Holstein cows

Dairy cows undergo dramatic physiological changes during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation, which make them vulnerable to metabolic stress and immune dysfunction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta™, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan) on productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition cows. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows received a control diet or a diet supplemented with 5 or 10 g of beta-1,3-glucan per cow per day from 21 days before expected calving to 21 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected at day −21, 1, and 21 relative to calving. Colostrum and milk were collected at day 1 and 21 after calving, respectively. Data showed that supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan had no effect on milk composition, but increased milk production. Beta-1,3-glucan treatment also improved the milk quality, as shown by reduced milk somatic cell count and increased immunoglobulin levels in colostrum. Notably, beta-1,3-glucan markedly reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein, while elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, indicating its immunity enhancement in transition cows. Moreover, beta-1,3-glucan addition reduced the serum malondialdehyde level and enhanced the activities of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase, which enhanced the antioxidative capacity in transition cows. In summary, supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan improves productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition dairy cows.

Immune status in sarcoidosis: one size does not fit all.

B-cell immunity and immunoglobulins are less commonly affected in sarcoidosis. We aimed to evaluate immune status in sarcoidosis patients. Retrospective chart review of sarcoidosis patients attending a out-patient clinic over 3 months period. Immunoglobulins levels were recorded (A, M, G, E) along with clinical and serological data. They were divided in group A (normal IgG), group B (increased IgG), group C (decreased IgG) and group D (decreased IgG and IgM and/or IgA). Of 50 subjects, 68% were females and 62% of Caucasian origin. 22 (44%) had normal IgG levels, 16 (32%) had increased IgG levels, 10 (20%) had hypogammaglobulinemia and 2 (4%) had combined hypogammaglobulinemia, diagnosed with combined sarcoidosis and common variable immunodeficiency. Decreased IgA values was found in groups C and D. IgE was high in group B. Globulin was increased in group B and decreased in groups C and D. Decreased neutrophils were found in group D (all statistically significant). Correlation analysis showed significant association of angiotensin converting enzyme with IgA and IgM, inverse correlation of IgG with white blood cells and neutrophils, of IgA with globulin and inverse with albumin and of calcium with albumin. Most sarcoidosis patients have normal or increased immunoglobulin levels, that correlate with serum biomarkers of disease activity. Hypogammaglobulinemia may reflect treatment side effects and accompanied by blood leukocytosis. Combined severe immunodeficiency occurs in sarcoidosis.

COVID-19: review of case reports

Recently published case reports relating to anesthesia in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reviewed. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by positive results of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Numerous reports handled emergency cesarean delivery. Primary symptoms and laboratory data of pregnant women with COVID-19 were similar to those of non-pregnant patients. Although the mortality rate is reported to be high after surgery in patients with COVID-19, cesarean delivery was successfully performed under regional anesthesia in most cases and postoperative course was favorable both in the parents and newborns. There is no direct evidence of vertical mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2; however, a diagnosis of COVID-19 was made in a newborn two hours after delivery from a pregnant woman with COVID-19, based on the increased immunoglobulin levels and deranged liver function, suggesting that its possibility cannot be completely eliminated. Emergency cerebral shunt reconstruction was performed repeatedly in an eight-month-old boy with COVID-19. The tracheal tube was removed in the operating room after surgery and postoperative course was uneventful. All the procedures should be performed in isolated operating rooms with medical staff with level-3 personal protection to ensure the safety of patients and health care providers.

Reliable Postmortem Molecular Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis: Co-localization of Mast Cell Degranulation and Immunoglobulin E in Allergic Throat Tissues.

Anaphylaxis is a serious reaction that may cause death in half an hour without diagnostic characteristic in autopsies. Mast cell (MC) degranulation combined with immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays the key roles in anaphylaxis. Unavailability of serum and instability of measured serum in postmortem diagnoses sometimes limit the opinion of medical experts. Allergic tissues are more accessible than serum, and there is a little research on degranulated mast cells and IgE in different human tissues, whereas we hardly know whether the expression will keep stable over the increasing postmortem interval (PMI). In this research, we examined the mast cell counts and degranulation rates and gE contents in human throat, lung, and intestine tissues and preliminarily investigated the correlation of these markers with PMI in anaphylaxis-associated death. Allergic samples showed a significant increase in mast cell degranulation accompanied by an increase in IgE levels than the control group, but the expression was not significantly correlated with increasing PMI only in throat tissues. Elevated mast cell degranulation combined with increased IgE levels may be a reliable biomarker for forensic diagnosis of human tissues due to IgE-mediated allergic sudden death.

Immunomodulatory effects of β‐glucans derived from Euglena gracilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae for hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis )

Beta-glucans (BGs) can activate the animal's innate immune system, enhancing the primary defence lines against pathogenic insults. The objective of this study was to assess the immune responses of hybrid striped bass (HSB) when exposed to paramylon, derived from Euglena gracilis, or zymosan, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two separate trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these immunostimulants as a feed additive or injected intraperitoneally. Five diets were formulated to contain either paramylon or zymosan at two different levels (50 or 100 mg/kg), and no supplementation serving as the control. Blood and head kidney were sampled, and an elevated production of anion superoxide from isolated phagocytes was observed for all supplemented groups when compared to the control. Dietary paramylon at 50 mg/kg increased immunoglobulin levels in the plasma. The second trial was conducted by injecting a BG solution (10 mg of β-glucan kg-1 of body weight) and phosphate buffer solution serving as the control. Seven days after injection, blood samples were collected and immunological profiles from whole blood and plasma were significantly (p < .05) affected by the treatments. The results from this study indicate that both dietary and injected paramylon and zymosan modulated the immunological responses of HSB.

Pancreatitis Can Present Like Cancer: Lymphoplasmacytic Sclerosing Pancreatitis in a Patient with a History of Gastric Carcinoma.

Autoimmune pancreatitis has been associated with many syndromes in the presence of increased immunoglobulin levels. IgG4 antibodies are elevated in the context of lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis associated with IgG4-related disease. We present the case of a 74-year-old man diagnosed with autoimmune pancreatitis on a cancer background. Awareness of this condition in the cancer patient is crucial for timely diagnosis. Infectious complications might have implications for the choice of immunosuppressant.LEARNING POINTSAutoimmune pancreatitis can mimic pancreatic cancer, thus delaying diagnosis in patients with cancer.It is important to rule out malignancy and distinguish autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer, but obtaining a sample of pancreatic tissue can be difficult.Steroids are the mainstay of initial treatment, but there is growing evidence for the use of other immunomodulators, such as rituximab, for induction and maintenance or as an option for patients at high risk of relapse.