Increased Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

The potential of digital convergence and sharing of consumer goods to improve living conditions and reduce emissions

Access to modern energy services (entertainment, food preparation, etc) provided by consumer goods remains unequal, while growing adoption due to rising incomes in Global South increases energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. The current model through which these energy services is provided is unsustainable and needs to evolve—a goal that emerging social and technological innovations can help to achieve. Digital convergence and the sharing economy could make access to appliances more affordable and efficient. This article estimates the effect of innovations around digital convergence and sharing in a highly granular, bottom-up representation of appliances. We simulate changes in demand for materials and energy, assuming decent living standards for all and global warming limited to 1.5 °C. By 2050, these innovations could attenuate the increase in the number of appliances to 135% and reduce overall energy demand by 28%. The results contribute to understand under which conditions digital convergence and sharing can improve living standards and climate mitigation.

Impact of Financial Development on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Analysis (2000-2019)

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the impact of financial development on greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia during the period from 2000 to 2019. Using ordinary least squares with robust standard errors, the study revealed a positive and significant relationship between financial development and total greenhouse gas emissions. The study revealed a positive and significant relationship between financial development and total greenhouse gas emissions by employing utilizing a comprehensive financial development index. The findings indicate that higher levels of financial development by employing utilizing a comprehensive financial development index led to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, sector-specific analyses demonstrated that financial development significantly and positively influences emissions across various sectors, including the energy sector, agriculture, forest, and other land uses, peatland fires, and waste. However, intriguingly, financial development was found to have a significant and negative impact on greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial processes and product use sector, suggesting its role in promoting sustainable practices and contributing to emissions reduction in this specific domain.

Growing resilient futures: agroforestry as a pathway towards climate resilient development for smallholder farmers

Climate change is increasing pressure on communities that are already experiencing high levels of vulnerability and poverty, threatening their subsistence. Among the most vulnerable are smallholder farmers in the Global South, who rely on their yields for food and income. Smallholders need to adapt to changes in rainfall, temperature, and weather patterns and their knock-on effects, and at the same time, ensure that their on-farm climate adaptations do not make climate change worse by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises the need for Climate Resilient Development Pathways (CRDPs) to support vulnerable communities, including smallholder farmers, in balancing climate adaptation, mitigation and development. CRDPs comprise reactive and/or preventive actions that key stakeholders (e.g., government, business, civil society and individuals, including smallholder farmers) can take to become more resilient in the context of a changing climate while not compromising their development or increasing emissions. The CRDP framework has so far remained conceptual, providing little information on how to actually create these pathways in practice. This paper addresses this gap, and with a focus on agroforestry projects and smallholders in the Global South, assesses how CRDPs can become more concrete and actionable through a focus on agroforestry: the voluntary combination of crop and/or pasture with trees and/or shrubs, considering its contribution to climate adaptation, mitigation and development. We draw on literature review and focus group data, analysed using Atlas.ti 23 and a coding process to present a tool relevant to project designers, policymakers and researchers to assess agroforestry projects according to different aspects of climate resilient development, with particular focus on smallholder farmers in the Global South. Evaluation of the tool found it is relevant and useful for project developers and funders to check that their projects follow the components of CRD, but the tool needs to be translated to the local context to better address local demands and reflect regional specificities, which focus group participants deemed possible.

Toward climate-resilient and biodiverse agriculture in the Mediterranean region: experiences and perceptions of farmers engaged in sustainable food production

The abandonment of smallholder agriculture and the expansion of conventional intensive agriculture pose a potential threat to the multifunctionality of agriculture. The adoption of intensive conventional practices generates negative outcomes, such as increased greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and degradation of land, water, and ecosystems. An ecological transition in agriculture is urgently needed. This paper collects and systematizes the opinion of farmers in Spain, engaged in different food production systems (e.g., organic agriculture, biodynamic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, and conservation agriculture), as alternatives to intensive conventional agriculture. In collaboration with agricultural associations and networks in Spain, we co-created an exploratory online survey including qualitative and quantitative questions. Based on 60 in-depth questionnaires, we assess (1) the practices used by the consulted farmers, (2) the perceived effects following the introduction of sustainable practices, and (3) the challenges and opportunities for farm profitability. Our preliminary results show that farmers apply nine out of 14 sustainable practices, on average, and 65% of our sample consciously adapt their practices to climate change. Farmers perceived positive changes in soil properties, biodiversity, and pests after using these practices. They mentioned the low income as the most significant challenge. Finally, we conducted an online discussion with representatives of the associations. Farmers’ perceptions of positive changes presented in this paper are not intended to be representative of farmer communities across Spain, but provide a first overview of those engaged in the ecological transition.

Heterogeneity of the impact of energy production and consumption on national greenhouse gas emissions

This research investigates the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy production and consumption patterns in 122 countries over the period from 1990 to 2020. Particular attention is paid to the role of different types of energy, including renewable, hydro and nuclear energy, as well as oil, gas and coal, in shaping GHG emissions. Unlike previous studies, the paper analyzes the full range of energy resources and focuses on different quantiles of data using the quantile-quantile regression (QQR) method. The results of this approach are compared with traditional quantile regression (QR) to assess its validity. Among the findings of this study are: (1) different parts of the energy mix have a heterogeneous impact on GHG emissions in different quantiles; (2) energy consumption patterns play a more significant role in shaping GHG emissions than production patterns; (3) increasing production and consumption of fossil fuels does not necessarily increase GHG emissions; (4) similarly, the development of renewable energy sources is not always accompanied by a reduction in GHG emissions. Our general conclusion is that existing climate policy requires significant diversification to not be focused only on renewable energy, which impact on GHG emissions is not as homogeneous as it usually considered, and which cannot solve the problem of raising emissions solely. Instead of this, it could be more rational to focus on the searching the ways of hydrocarbon industries sustainable development and support them in this journey, especially in the field of Scope 2 and Scope 3 operations management.

Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to soil mesofauna invasions and its driving mechanisms in the alpine tundra: A microcosm study

Climate change is resulting in significant modifications of the altitudinal patterns of soil fauna in mountains, leading to their upward invasion and alteration of soil ecological processes. However, the effects of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil mesofauna invasion and their driving mechanisms have not been clearly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we simulated a soil mesofauna invasion from an Erman's birch forest (EB) to the alpine tundra (AT) of the Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. Four treatments were established: no soil mesofauna (S0), native species (SN), invasive species (SI), and invasive species superposed native species (SS). We conducted a 79-day microcosm experiment, utilizing gas chromatography and high-throughput sequencing, to explore the variations in soil greenhouse gas emissions and their driving factors. Results showed that the cumulative CO2 emissions under SN, SI, and SS, compared with S0, increased by 34.13 %, 73.93 %, and 107.64 % and cumulative N2O emissions increased by 59.05 %, 101.18 %, and 183.88 %, respectively. Compared to SN, the cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O increased by 29.89 % and 26.31 % under SI and by 54.91 % and 78.59 % under SS, respectively. The impacts of invasive species and native species on greenhouse gases were not a simple additive effect. Abiotic (soil variables) and biotic (soil mesofauna and microbial diversity) factors explained 37.76 % and 44.41 % of the total variations in CO2 and N2O emissions, respectively, in which NH4+-N and C: N ratios contributed the largest variations. The contribution of soil mesofauna diversity to the variations in CO2 and N2O emissions was higher than that of microbial diversity. The bacterial network graph density was correlated with soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Our findings highlight that soil mesofauna invasions increased GHG emissions, and these variations were predominantly explained by biotic rather than abiotic factors.

Livestock greenhouse gas emission and mitigation potential in China

Livestock is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in China. Understanding the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission trends and reduction strategies in livestock is crucial for promoting low-carbon transformation of the livestock sector (LS) and achieving the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutralization”. First, based on the life cycle assessment and IPCC coefficient methods, we calculated the GHGE of the LS in 31 provinces of China from 2000 to 2020 and identified the temporal and spatial evolution of GHG emission intensity. The LMDI method was then used to analyze the influence of efficiency, structure, economy, and population size on GHGE. Finally, the STIRPAT model was used to simulate the future evolution trend of the LS emissions under the SSPs scenario. The results revealed that the GHGE in the life cycle of livestock production decreased from 535.47 Mt carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2000 to 532.18 Mt CO2e in 2020, and the main source was CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation of livestock. Economic and efficiency factors markedly influenced the changes in GHGE from the LS in China. Further, economic factors contributed >40% to the increase in GHGE in most provinces. Under the SSP1, SSP2, and SSP4 scenarios, livestock production can achieve the carbon peak target in 2030. Under the baseline scenario (SSP2), the GHGE of China's LS in 2030 and 2060 are expected to be 491.48 Mt CO2e and 352.11 Mt CO2e, respectively. The focus of mitigation measures for livestock production in the future is to optimize the production structure of the LS, promote the low-carbon transformation of the energy structure of livestock feeding, and establish an efficient and intensive management model. In addition, we focus on emission reduction in key areas, such as Northeast and Northwest China, while optimizing diet and reducing food waste from the consumer side.

Field investigation of the transport and attenuation of fugitive methane in shallow groundwater around an oil and gas well with gas migration

‘Fugitive’ or ‘stray’ gas migration from deeper formations due to well bore integrity failure has prompted concern regarding environmental impacts. Unintended methane (CH4) migration can increase greenhouse gas emissions and affect groundwater quality in the critical zone. Although the CH4 transport in shallow aquifers has been investigated at experimental injection sites, no intensive groundwater studies have been published around an oil and gas well that has been leaking for a significant period of time. In this field study, groundwater samples were collected from sixteen groundwater monitoring wells (1.25 m below ground surface) installed around a suspended oil and gas well with decadal scale gas migration (estimated ~0.2 m3/day). Stray CH4 distribution and preferential pathways in the shallow groundwater zone were evaluated though high-resolution profiling of equivalent concentrations of hydrocarbon gases (C1-C6; >85 % CH4 at the study site) and bulk formation electrical conductivity to 6.0 m below ground surface. The highest dissolved CH4 concentration (0.074 mmol/L or 1.18 mg/L) in groundwater (1.25 m bgs) was observed immediately downgradient (1.25 m) of the oil and gas well head. Similarly, high-resolution profiling data also revealed the occurrence of relatively high CH4 concentrations in shallow groundwater along the groundwater flow direction and below fine-grained layers up to 10 m distance from the well head. Microbial DNA analysis from groundwater showed significant community shifts, with the highest relative abundance and diversity of methanotrophs observed in the vicinity of the oil and gas well. This study supports findings from experimental injection and laboratory studies, which also found that significant CH4 transport i) dominantly occurs in the groundwater flow direction, and ii) laterally as free phase below fine-grained layers. The occurrence of CH4 concentrations below saturation after more than two decades of gas migration suggests limited impacts have occurred in the shallow subsurface investigated.

Combining RUSLE model and the vegetation health index to unravel the relationship between soil erosion and droughts in southeastern Tunisia

Droughts and soil erosion are among the most prominent climatic driven hazards in drylands, leading to detrimental environmental impacts, such as degraded lands, deteriorated ecosystem services and biodiversity, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. In response to the current lack of studies combining drought conditions and soil erosion processes, in this study, we developed a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS)-based approach to assess soil erosion and droughts, thereby revealing the relationship between soil erosion and droughts under an arid climate. The vegetation condition index (VCI) and temperature condition index (TCI) derived respectively from the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) MOD13A2 and land surface temperature (LST) MOD11A2 products were combined to generate the vegetation health index (VHI). The VHI has been conceived as an efficient tool to monitor droughts in the Negueb watershed, southeastern Tunisia. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model was applied to quantitatively estimate soil erosion. The relationship between soil erosion and droughts was investigated through Pearson correlation. Results exhibited that the Negueb watershed experienced recurrent mild to extreme drought during 2000–2016. The average soil erosion rate was determined to be 1.8 t/(hm2·a). The mountainous western part of the watershed was the most vulnerable not only to soil erosion but also to droughts. The slope length and steepness factor was shown to be the most significant controlling parameter driving soil erosion. The relationship between droughts and soil erosion had a positive correlation (r=0.3); however, the correlation was highly varied spatially across the watershed. Drought was linked to soil erosion in the Negueb watershed. The current study provides insight for natural disaster risk assessment, land managers, and stake-holders to apply appropriate management measures to promote sustainable development goals in fragile environments.

Do technological innovations and clean energies ensure CO2 reduction in China? A novel nonparametric causality-in-quantiles

Sustainable manufacturing and green growth are prominent concerns for both advanced and emerging countries to reach the sustainable development goals. Most emerging economies rely heavily on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs, which increases greenhouse gas emissions and degrades environmental quality. This study accessed the role of renewable energy, trade globalization, and technological innovations in predicting environmental quality in China using quarterly data from 2001 to 2019. The study employed a novel nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach, because causality may not exist in the mean, but a higher-order relationship may be observed in the variance. The outcomes revealed that renewable energy, globalization and technology, all have significant and asymmetric power to predict carbon emissions and ecological footprint in China. The main finding of the study is that technology seems to be the most significant predictor of carbon emissions, while the ecological footprint is highly driven by renewable energy. Based on these results, the Chinese government should reduce ecological degradation by increasing investments in technological progress and renewable energy to achieve sustainable development.

Emerging trends of green hydrogen and sustainable environment in the case of Australia.

The world faces immense pressure regarding the negative impacts of increased greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, global warming, droughts, and many other environmental problems. Australia is also facing the same issues and requires urgent attention. In this research, we have examined the effect of hydrogen firms on Australia's greenhouse gas emissions. We employed the monthly data from January 2002 to December 2021 for econometric estimations. Through quantile regression, it is noted that the expansion of hydrogen firms contributes to environmental pollution instead of controlling the emissions. Most hydrogen energy still emits carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. Around the world, carbon-containing fossil fuels produce more than 95% of hydrogen energy. However, as a policy suggestion, it is recommended that green hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources will succeed in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Harnessing the roles of renewable energy, high tech industries, and financial globalization for environmental sustainability: Evidence from newly industrialized economies

AbstractScholars and policy makers are paying close attention to reduce climate problems for sustainable growth. The failure to enhance ecological integrity could increase greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study examines the effect of economic complexity, high‐tech industries, renewables, natural resource abundance, and financial globalization on CO2 and ecological footprint for 10 selected newly industrializing countries for the period 1990 to 2018. We use Common Correlated Error Mean Group, Augmented Mean Group, panel causality, and Westerlund Error Correction Model of cointegration techniques that account for short‐run, and long‐run relationships across cross‐sectionally dependent and heterogeneous countries. The findings reveal long‐run interrelationships across the series of underlying observations. The long‐run empirical results show the development of high‐tech industries has statistically significant environmental welfare‐enhancing impact, whereas renewables and natural resource exploitation mitigate environmental challenges. However, economic complexity and financial globalization increase emissions and ecological footprint (ECF). The results confirm unidirectional causality from renewable energy to CO2 and ECF and further from natural resources to CO2 and ECF. Additionally, there exists bidirectional causality between financial globalization and ECF. Based on these findings, we suggest that these countries should revise their energy policies in order to allocate more funds for the renewable energy technologies so that environmental problems can be mitigated. Along with renewable energy, further investments should be made in high‐tech sector but economic complexity and financial globalization should be carefully handled.

Climate change projected to impact structural hillslope connectivity at the global scale

Structural connectivity describes how landscapes facilitate the transfer of matter and plays a critical role in the flux of water, solutes, and sediment across the Earth’s surface. The strength of a landscape’s connectivity is a function of climatic and tectonic processes, but the importance of these drivers is poorly understood, particularly in the context of climate change. Here, we provide global estimates of structural connectivity at the hillslope level and develop a model to describe connectivity accounting for tectonic and climate processes. We find that connectivity is primarily controlled by tectonics, with climate as a second order control. However, we show climate change is projected to alter global-scale connectivity at the end of the century (2070 to 2100) by up to 4% for increasing greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Notably, the Ganges River, the world’s most populated basin, is projected to experience a large increase in connectivity. Conversely, the Amazon River and the Pacific coast of Patagonia are projected to experience the largest decreases in connectivity. Modeling suggests that, as the climate warms, it could lead to increased erosion in source areas, while decreased rainfall may hinder sediment flow downstream, affecting landscape connectivity with implications for human and environmental health.

Identifying green citizen typologies by mining household-level survey data

Some impactful but unfavorable results of rapid urbanization are human-nature disconnection, waste of energy/water resources, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To save the future of our planet, a transition to a more sustainable urban life is a must. However, there is no single sustainable city model because cities differ in terms of their assets. Hence, locally customized sustainable actions linked to global sustainability should be developed, such as a change in individual behaviors leads to a sustainable society, city, and country. This research investigated green citizen profiles and variables affecting the profiles in the context of environmental behavior and sustainability. For this purpose, survey research was done at the household level in a metropolis in Turkey. Measurement scales about environmental concern, human-nature connections, and sustainable consumption behavior were used for collecting data. A data analysis approach was proposed as the survey dataset contains mixed-type variables. It amalgamates statistics with machine learning algorithms, namely two-stage clustering with multilayered self-organizing maps, k-medoid clustering algorithm, factor analysis, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, principal component analysis and classification and regression trees algorithm. The results reveal that (i) five distinct profiles, namely unconscious greens, risky greens, economic greens, potential greens, and wasters are identified, none of which is entirely green; (ii) district, family life-cycle, household size, number of rooms, altruistic and biocentric environmental concerns are the most critical variables in distinguishing profiles; (iii) the proposed approach enables processing socio-demographic, psychographic, behavioral and consumption variables together.

Commercial weight-loss diets, greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption.

Weight-loss attempts are widespread in the United States, with many using commercial weight-loss diet plans for guidance and support. Accordingly, dietary suggestions within these plans influence the nation's food-related environmental footprint. We modelled United States (US) per capita greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and water footprints associated with seven commercial weight-loss diets, the US baseline, and selected other dietary patterns. We characterised consumption in commercial weight-loss diets both via modelling from provided guidelines and based on specific foods in 1-week meal plans. Cradle-to-farmgate GHGe and water footprints were assessed using a previously developed model. GHGe results were compared to the EAT-Lancet 2050 target. Water footprints were compared to the US baseline. Weight-loss diets had GHGe footprints on average 4.4 times the EAT-Lancet target recommended for planetary health (range: 2.4-8.5 times). Bovine meat was by far the largest contributor of GHGe in most diets that included it. Three commercial diets had water footprints above the US baseline. Low caloric intake in some diets compensated for the relative increases in GHGe- and water-intensive foods. Dietary patterns suggested by marketing materials and guidelines from commercial weight-loss diets can have high GHGe and water footprints, particularly if caloric limits are exceeded. Commercial diet plan guidance can be altered to support planetary and individual health, including describing what dietary patterns can jointly support environmental sustainability and weight loss.

Challenges to Accurate Estimation of Methane Emission from Septic Tanks with Long Emptying Intervals.

Septic tanks in low- and middle-income countries are often not emptied for a long time, potentially resulting in poor pollutant removal efficiency and increased greenhouse gas emissions, including methane (CH4). We examined the impact of long emptying intervals (4.0-23 years) on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency of 15 blackwater septic tanks and the CH4 emission rates of 23 blackwater septic tanks in Hanoi. The average BOD removal efficiency was 37% (-2-65%), and the average CH4 emission rate was 10.9 (2.2-26.8) g/(cap·d). The emptying intervals were strongly negatively correlated with BOD removal efficiency (R = -0.676, p = 0.006) and positively correlated with CH4 emission rates (R = 0.614, p = 0.001). CH4 emission rates were positively correlated with sludge depth (R = 0.596, p = 0.002), but against expectation, negatively correlated with BOD removal efficiency (R = -0.219, p = 0.451). These results suggest that shortening the emptying interval improves the BOD removal efficiency and reduces the CH4 emission rate. Moreover, the CH4 emission estimation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is a positive conversion of BOD removal, might be inaccurate for septic tanks with long emptying intervals. Our findings suggest that emptying intervals, sludge depth, and per-capita emission factors reflecting long emptying intervals are potential parameters for accurately estimating CH4 emissions from septic tanks.

Investigating Future Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Near‐Surface Wind Speed Changes Related to Surface Roughness Using the Community Earth System Model

AbstractThe Arctic is undergoing a pronounced and rapid transformation in response to changing greenhouse gasses, including reduction in sea ice extent and thickness. There are also projected increases in near‐surface Arctic wind. This study addresses how the winds trends may be driven by changing surface roughness and/or stability in different Arctic regions and seasons, something that has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We analyze 50 experiments from the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) Large Ensemble and five experiments using CESM2 with an artificially decreased sea ice roughness to match that of the open ocean. We find that with a smoother surface there are higher mean wind speeds and slower mean ice speeds in the autumn, winter, and spring. The artificially reduced surface roughness also strongly impacts the wind speed trends in autumn and winter, and we find that atmospheric stability changes are also important contributors to driving wind trends in both experiments. In contrast to the clear impacts on winds, the sea ice mean state and trends are statistically indistinguishable, suggesting that near‐surface winds are not major drivers of Arctic sea ice loss. Two major results of this work are: (a) the near‐surface wind trends are driven by changes in both surface roughness and near‐surface atmospheric stability that are themselves changing from sea ice loss, and (b) the sea ice mean state and trends are driven by the overall warming trend due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and not significantly impacted by coupled feedbacks with the surface winds.

Transformation of Soils and Mire Community Reestablishment Potential in Disturbed Abandoned Peatland: A Case Study from the Kaliningrad Region, Russia

Degrading organic soils usually become a source of increased greenhouse gas emissions and fire frequency in disturbed peatlands. As a solution, the rewetting concept should consider not only the detailed hydrological characteristics of the peatland, but should also appraise the properties of the soils. Here, we provide the results of a detailed soil study carried out on an abandoned peatland in the Kaliningrad Region, Russia. The study aims to integrate data on soil properties, hydrology, and the degree of transformation of the current soil cover in terms of how this affects spontaneous revegetation and the potential for further mire community reestablishment. The paper contributes to a greater understanding of rehabilitation patterns of disturbed peatlands depending on the soil’s physical and hydrological properties in the humid climate of the southeastern Baltic region. The present-day soils of the peatland refer to two World Reference Base (WRB) groups: Gleisols and Histosols; the latter change successively from the periphery to the centre of the peatland as follows: Eutric/Sapric → Hemic → Dystric → Fibric. Most Histosols are characterised by hydrothermal degradation in the upper layers with patches of pyrogenic degradation. Some local inundated areas show environmental conditions favourable for Sphagnum growth and the formation of mire communities. We have identified six groups of sites with different ecological and time-span potentials for mire community restoration during the implementation of rewetting activities. The rewetting feasibility of the peatland’s sites does not coincide with the degree of transformation of their soil profile, but is rather determined by the hydrological regime.

Marine fishing and climate change: A China's perspective on fisheries economic development and greenhouse gas emissions

Consistent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have induced irreversible impacts on ocean health, requiring urgent action to ensure the green development of the ocean. Marine fishing, a pillar ocean industry, is a major GHG emissions contributor to the ocean because of its heavy reliance on fuel combustion. However, the increasing GHG emissions from marine fishing is an easily overlooked but essential issue in China. This study offers a diverse perspective by integrating the concepts of total carbon emissions (TC), carbon intensity (CI), and per capita carbon emissions (PC) as indicators into calculation and discussion. To better understand the relationship between GHG emissions and economic development in marine fishing, a comprehensive framework is developed by combining the environmental Kuznets curve, the Tapio elasticity index, and the decomposition model. Results indicated that (1) GHG emissions increased from 16.479 million tons in 2001 to 18.601 million tons in 2020, in which trawlers and gillnetters are the main sources in fishing operations. (2) Compared with TC and PC, CI has been relatively affected by COVID-19 in 2020. (3) GHG emissions and gross marine fishing product (GFP) presented an inverted U-shaped relationship in China; a downward trend came in the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016–2020). (4) Most provinces strongly decoupled GFP and CI. Still, PC and TC need more effort to decouple. (5) GHG emissions promoted by an industry structure driven, though carbon intensity and industry scale aid in GHG emissions reduced.

VALORIZATION OF TURKISH COFFEE WASTE AS A BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK

Increasing industrialization and population increase demand to fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are limited all over the world. This causes the supply of these fuels to deplete and at the same time increase greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel is a good alternative to fossil fuels. Researchers are looking for products with high oil content as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Since the average oil content of coffee is 15% by weight and the annual coffee consumption in the world is approximately 1.5-2 million tons, it is possible to contribute to the economy by producing biodiesel from the waste coffee oil. Turkish coffee is a special coffee due to its preparation and cooking methods and has an important place in Turkish culture. Its consumption between the other coffee types is above 80% in Turkey, so it should be evaluated differently. In this study, the oil amount of Turkish coffee waste was investigated and it was discussed as a raw material for biodiesel. 16.8% wt. oil was obtained as a result of soxhlet extraction of Turkish coffee waste. This study suggests 8.44 million L of biodiesel production from Turkish coffee waste annually.