Increase In Emission Intensity Research Articles

Features of Radio Emission Propagation in the Ionosphere under Conditions of Threshold Nonlinearity

The well-known problem of nonlinear “wave – ionosphere” interaction under conditions of threshold nonlinearity is considered. It is believed that nonlinear effects arise only for high-power radiation, when the wave amplitude exceeds a certain threshold value. The possibility of the existence of concentrated wave fields under these conditions is shown. It is revealed that a certain ratio of nonlinearity parameters leads to an increase in the radio emission intensity, since the interaction of individual solitons can lead to their merging into a higher-power solitary wave. The presence of threshold nonlinearity can lead to the formation of an ordered structure of solitary waves.

On the glow of cremated remains: long-lived green photo-luminescence of heat-treated human bones.

The long-lived green luminescence of human bone (that has been heated to 600°C for a short duration) is attributed to a carbon quantum dot material (derived from collagen) encapsulated and protected by an inorganic matrix (derived from bone apatite) and is more intense in dense rigid and crystalline parts of (healthy) human bones. The strong collagen-apatite interaction results (upon decomposition) in a protective inorganic environment of the luminescent centers allowing long-lived triplet-based emission of a carbon (quantum) dot-like material at room temperature, as well as resilience against oxidation between 550 and 650°C. The graphitic black phase (obtained upon heating around 400°C) is a precursor to the luminescent carbon-based material, that is strongly interacting with the crystalline inorganic matrix. Human bone samples that have been heated to 600°C were subjected to steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) luminescence spectroscopy revealed a broad range of excitation and emission wavelengths, indicating a heterogeneous system with a broad density of emissive states. The effect of low temperature on the heat-treated bone was studied with Cryogenic Steady State Luminescence Spectroscopy. Cooling the bone to 80K leads to a slight increase in total emission intensity as well as an intensity increase towards to red part of the spectrum, incompatible with a defect state model displaying luminescent charge recombination in the inorganic matrix. Time-resolved spectroscopy with an Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) of these samples showed that the decay could be fitted with a multi-exponential decay model as well as with second-order decay kinetics. Confocal Microscopy revealed distinct (plywood type) structures in the bone and high intensity-fast decay areas as well as a spatially heterogeneous distribution of green and (fewer) red emissive species. The use of the ATTO 565 dye aided in bone-structure visualization by chemical adsorption. Conceptually our data interpretation corresponds to previous reports from the material science field on luminescent powders.

Annealing Effect on Structural, Optical and Electrophysical Properties of ZnSe Nanocrystals Synthesized into SiO2/Si Ion Track Template.

We report the results of synthesis of zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanocrystals into SiO2/Si track templates formed by irradiation with 200 MeV Xe ions up to a fluence of 107 ions/cm2. Zinc selenide nanocrystals were obtained by chemical deposition from the alkaline aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrical measurements were used for characterization of synthesized ZnSe/SiO2nanoporous/Si nanocomposites. XRD data for as-deposited precipitates revealed the formation of ZnSe nanocrystals with cubic crystal structure, spatial syngony F-43m (216). According to non-empirical calculations using GGA-PBE and HSE06 functionals, ZnSe crystal is a direct-zone crystal with a minimum bandgap width of 2.36 eV and anisotropic electronic distribution. It was found that a thermal treatment of synthesized nanocomposites at 800 °C results in an increase in ZnSe nanocrystallites size as well as an increase in emission intensity of created precipitates in a broad UV-VIS spectra range. However, vacuum conditions of annealing still do not completely prevent the oxidation of zinc selenide, and a formation of hexagonal ZnO phase is registered in the annealed samples. The current-voltage characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposites proved to have n-type conductivity, as well as increased conductivity after annealing.

Influence of Pr3+ co-doping on the luminescent properties of CGA:2 at.% Ho single crystal fibers

Ho3+, Pr3+ co-doped CaGdAlO4 (Ho,Pr:CGA) crystal fibers were successfully grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) technique for the first time. Detailed investigations were conducted on the polarized absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and lifetime decay curves. The 2 at.% Ho, 0.4 at.% Pr:CGA crystal fiber exhibits a broad absorption band at 1147 nm with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 25.5 nm and 64.5 nm for σ and π polarization, respectively. Increasing the concentration of Pr3+ led to a decrease in emission intensity at 2001 nm and an increase in emission intensity at 2861 nm. The FWHMs of the crystal fiber containing 2 at.% Ho and 0.4 at.% Pr:CGA at 2861 nm were 44.5 nm for σ polarization and 24.3 nm for π polarization. Additionally, the lifetime ratio (5I7/5I6) decreases from 25.18 to 2.85 in the crystal fibers containing 2 at.% Ho:CGA and 2 at.% Ho, 0.4 at.% Pr:CGA, respectively. These findings suggest that the presence of deactivated Pr3+ ions can significantly reduce the lifetime gap between the 5I6 and 5I7 energy levels, potentially mitigating the self-termination phenomenon on the ∼3 μm emission.

Environmental regulation and intermediate imports: Firm-product-level evidence

This study examines the effects of domestic environmental regulations on import activity. Using a panel of firm-product-level data and variations in regulatory stringency across products established by China’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection (covering 2006–2010), it reveals that tougher regulations on emission-intensive industries at home led to increases in downstream manufacturers’ imports of emission-intensive intermediate inputs. Specifically, a 1% increase in sulfur dioxide emission intensity resulted in a 0.026% increase in intermediate imports after the implementation of the regulation. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that, although the regulation increased emissions in source countries, it reduced global emissions of sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide. This is because the increases in imports caused by the regulation mainly came from countries with lower emission intensity than China. The regulation did not disproportionately increase imports from or emissions in developing countries.

Argon plasma-enhanced UV light emission from ZnO submicrowires grown by hydrothermal method

In this work, the optical, morphological, and structural improvements of vertically aligned, hydrothermally grown ZnO submicrowires (SMWs) treated with a 250 W, 250 V RF argon plasma (Ar) during different exposure times were investigated by scanning and transmission electrons microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. In two steps, the SMWs were synthesized in an aqueous medium at low temperatures. The plasma-treated samples showed significantly improved room-temperature PL compared to untreated samples. All the treated samples exhibited a substantial increase of the near band edge UV emission intensity and a decrease of the deep level emission in the visible. The samples treated for 4 minutes presented the best UV/vis intensity ratio of ∼ 1568 (an increase of ⁓174-fold with respect to the untreated sample). The analysis of the UV band in terms of the first and second phonon replica of the excitonic emission indicated that the Ar plasma treatment favors the multiple phonon-exciton coupling, with partial correlation with the observed overall increase of the UV/visible intensity ratio. From the PL measurements at low temperatures, the presence of excitons bound to H donors in the ZnO structure was inferred. The possible reasons for the Ar plasma-induced enhancement of the UV emission from the treated SMWs are discussed in terms of previous work, the observed morphology and changes expected to occur at the SMW surfaces due to Ar ion impacts from the plasma.

Analysis of the carbon emissions trend in the Indian manufacturing sector: a decomposition and decoupling approach.

There is a growing emphasis on fostering green growth and lowering carbon emissions in order to achieve sustainable economic development. This study uses the Tapio decoupling model and analyzes the factors influencing changes in carbon emissions from manufacturing in India utilizing the log mean Divisia index (LMDI) techniques. Furthermore, the nexus between carbon emission intensity, information and communication technology (ICT), total factor productivity (TFP), skill, and energy intensity has been analyzed using the system-GMM approach. It is based on the plant-level Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) datasets for the organized manufacturing sector of India from 2001 to 2002 to 2019 2020 for the major 21 Indian states/UT. The findings reflect the presence of weak decoupling in the manufacturing sector both at the aggregate level and in states. This indicates that both output and emissions are increasing; however, output growth surpasses emission growth, which signifies an effort to transition towards more environmentally friendly production methods and enhanced energy efficiency. The output and population effect are found to be leading factors in carbon emissions, while energy intensity is found to be reducing the effect. Further, the system-GMM estimates show that ICT and energy intensity positively affect total factor productivity, while with an increase in carbon emission intensity, productivity declines. The study confirms the existence of an inverted N-shaped Kuznets curve in the sector. This present study will contribute to formulating energy and environmental strategies to reduce emissions and promote adopting cleaner energy sources. These efforts will facilitate the attainment of carbon neutrality and enhance energy efficiency within the sector.

Effects of donor substituents on the conformational heterogeneity, photophysical, mechanochromic and electroluminescent properties of the donor-substituted fluorine-containing triphenylpyrimidines

Three derivatives of fluorinated triphenylpyrimidine with the attached carbazole, phenothiazine, or acridan donor moieties are synthesized by Buchwald-Hartwig reactions. The impact of the donor units on emissive and other properties of the compounds is reported. The compounds exhibit excellent thermal stability, competitive photophysical phenomena such as room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) appearing when compounds are molecularly dispersed in the rigid polymer matrix and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The compounds with carbazole and phenothiazine donor moieties show the manifestation of triplet–triplet annihilation in the electroluminescence when used as emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The phenothiazine-containing compound exhibit dual photoluminescence with the blue-shifted peak corresponding to the quasi-axial conformer and a red-shifted peak to the quasi-equatorial conformer. This derivative shows reversible shifts of emission spectra exceeding 100 nm due to the stable (at least 4 cycles) mechanochromic luminescence under the application of external stimuli. After grinding the emission intensity maximum is observed at 555 nm, after fuming at. ca 448 nm and after melting at 555 nm. The photoluminescence shifts and ON/OFF delayed fluorescence of the phenothiazine-based emitter occur due to the alteration between the crystalline and amorphous states. Optimization of the device structure allows to control the charge balance resulting in external quantum efficiency of up to 5.7 % observed for the OLED based on the phenothiazine-based emitter. This compound also shows the biggest response to the presence of oxygen acting as the quencher of triplet excited energy. The film of the compound doped in rigid Zeonex shows an 8.4-fold increase in emission intensity after evacuation. The optical sensor fabricated using the derivative of fluorinated triphenylpyrimidine and phenothiazine is characterized by the Stern-Volmer constant 1.37 × 10-4 ppm−1.

Qualitative Geochemical Analysis of the 2004 Indian Ocean Giant Tsunami Deposits Excavated at Seungko Mulat Located in Aceh Besar of Indonesia Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to characterize the geochemical signatures layer by layer of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits in Seungko Mulat Village, Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the LIBS experimental setup, a Nd-YAG laser beam is directed towards the deposit samples, and the resulting atomic emission lines from the laser-induced plasma are captured using a spectrometer. Our analysis reveals terrestrial indicators (Fe), heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Co, Cd), and increased emission intensity of Mg, Ca, Al, K, Si, Ba, N, and O in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami layers. The emission intensity ratios of several elements in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit layers, namely Ca/Ti, Si/Ti, and K/Ti, unveil notable disparities among the elements evaluated. This indicates the possibility of utilizing these ratios as reliable geochemical markers to differentiate the layer by layer of tsunami deposits. LIBS surpasses XRF in detecting nearly all elements simultaneously and identifying both light elements and specific heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, V, W), exceeding XRF's detection capabilities. This study emphasizes the effectiveness of LIBS as an advanced optical technique, offering speed and promise in analyzing layer-by-layer geochemical markers of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits in Seungko Mulat Village.

Prediction of Suitable Habitat of Alien Invasive Plant Ambrosia trifida in Northeast China under Various Climatic Scenarios

Ambrosia trifida is an invasive alien plant species, which has very high reproductive and environmental adaptability. Through strong resource acquisition ability and allelopathy, it could inhibit the growth and reproduction of surrounding plants and destroy the stability of an invasive ecosystem. It is very important to predict the change of suitable distribution area of A. trifida with climate change before implementing scientific control measures. Based on 106 A. trifida distribution data and 14 points of environmental data, the optimal parameter combination (RM = 0.1, FC = LQ) was obtained using the MaxEnt (version 3.4.1) model optimized by Kuenm package, and thus the potential suitable areas of A. trifida in Northeast China under three different climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) with different emission intensities in the future (2050, 2070) were predicted. The changes of A. trifida suitable area in Northeast China under three climate scenarios were compared, and the relationship between the change of suitable area and emission intensity was analyzed. In general, the suitable area of A. trifida in Northeast China will expand gradually in the future, and the area of its highly suitable area will also increase with the increasing emission intensity, which is unfavorable to the control of A. trifida.

Sb3+/Sm3+ Codoped Cs2NaScCl6 All-Inorganic Double Perovskite: Blue Emission of Self-Trapped Excitons and Red-Emission via Energy Transfer.

The lead-free halide perovskites possess nontoxicity and excellent chemical stability, whereas relatively weak luminescence intensity limits their potential in practical applications. Therefore, strengthening the luminescence intensity and expanding application fields are urgent tasks for the development of lead-free halide perovskites. In this paper, antimony-doped Cs2NaScCl6 crystals synthesized by a solvothermal method emit bright, deep blue photoluminescence at 447 nm. The photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and absorption spectra demonstrate that Sb3+ doping effectively activate the intrinsic "dark self-trapped exciton (STE)," leading to an impressive photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value of 78.31% for 1% Sb3+ doping. Furthermore, the luminescence intensity remains above 92% compared with the fresh sample without secondary phases detected even after 90 days under environmental conditions. To expand the emission spectra, rare-earth Sm3+ is further incorporated into Cs2NaScCl6:1% Sb3+ crystals. The results show that Sb ions not only enhance intrinsic STE luminescence but also serve as sensitizers to boost the red-light emission of Sm3+, leading to a significant 500-fold increase in red emission intensity. Finally, the PLQY reaches a stunning 86.78%. These findings provide valuable insights in the design of Sb ion-doped lead-free double perovskites, broadening the application fields in various optoelectronic devices.

A series of triphenylamine-derived fluorophores attached to a Cu-based MOF for gaseous CO optical sensing: synthesis, performance, and mechanism.

A series of triphenylamine-derived fluorescent dyes were attached to a Cu2+-containing MOF (metal-organic framework), denoted as Pm@CuMOF. The molecular structures of these dyes were discussed by the single crystal structures. Their major absorption bands peaked at 410-450 nm, showing emission bands ranging from 556 to 586 nm with emission quantum yields ranging from 8.0 to 15.1%. It was found that the [-N(C2H5)2] group generally improved sensing performance, and the -OH group in the dyes helped the Cu2+ quenching effect. Pm@CuMOF was observed by SEM as nanorods with a width of ~100 nm and a length of 300 nm. Their XRD patterns and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were recorded to confirm their porous structure. A low probe loading level of ~4% was determined by TGA result. The CO sensing mechanism was revealed as a Cu2+/Cu+-involved sensing mechanism based on the result of NMR titration, IR, XPS, and EPR. The fluorescence of these triphenylamine-derived dyes was firstly quenched by CuMOF. In contact with CO, Cu2+ was reduced to Cu+, accompanied by the release and fluorescence recovery of the fluorescent dyes, showing emission turn-on effect towards CO gas. Pm@CuMOF showed increased emission intensity at CO level of 0.005% (versus N2), with response times ranging from 123 s to 280 s (depending on various temperatures). Good selectivity was observed over competing alkane gases, with stable emission for at least 5 days, but no linear calibration plots were observed.

Pollution Emission Intensity and Domestic Value-Added Rate of Firms' Exports: An Empirical Analysis Based on China’s Microdata

Abstract With the development of global economic integration, global value chains (GVC) have become the mainstay of the global economy. China's low-end embedded model relying on its labor advantage can no longer bring new economic benefits, and the ensuing environmental problems are intensifying. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore a win-win path for the greening of China's economy and the improvement of GVC status. Using micro-firm data, the article explores the role of pollution emission intensity of China's firms in influencing the domestic value-added rate of their exports. The study finds that (1) the increase of pollution emission intensity of Chinese enterprises has a significant inhibiting effect on their export domestic value-added rate; (2) the pollution emission intensity of Chinese enterprises under different regions, different ownership and different trading methods has differentiated effects on their export domestic value-added rate. Among them, the pollution emission intensity of state-owned enterprises, enterprises in western regions and processing trade enterprises have a more significant inhibitory effect on the domestic value-added rate of their exports; (3) the increase of total factor productivity of enterprises can slow down the negative effect of enterprise pollution emission intensity on the domestic value-added rate of its export. Keywords: Enterprise Pollution Emission Intensity, Export Domestic Value-Added Rate, Global Value Chain Embeddedness.

Cost and competitiveness of green hydrogen and the effects of the European Union regulatory framework

By passing the delegated acts supplementing the revised Renewable Energy Directive, the European Commission has recently set a regulatory benchmark for the classification of green hydrogen in the European Union. Controversial reactions to the restricted power purchase for electrolyser operation reflect the need for more clarity about the effects of the delegated acts on the cost and the renewable characteristics of green hydrogen. To resolve this controversy, we compare different power purchase scenarios, considering major uncertainty factors such as electricity prices and the availability of renewables in various European locations. We show that the permission for unrestricted electricity mix usage does not necessarily lead to an emission intensity increase, partially debilitating concerns by the European Commission, and could notably decrease green hydrogen production cost. Furthermore, our results indicate that the transitional regulations adopted to support a green hydrogen production ramp-up can result in similar cost reductions and ensure high renewable electricity usage.

Integrating spin-dependent emission and dielectric switching in FeII catenated metal-organic frameworks

Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) including famous catenanes show switchable physical properties and attract continuous research interest due to their potential application in molecular devices. The advantages of using spin crossover (SCO) materials here are enormous, allowing for control through diverse stimuli and highly specific functions, and enabling the transfer of the internal dynamics of MIMs from solution to solid state, leading to macroscopic applications. Herein, we report the efficient self-assembly of catenated metal-organic frameworks (termed catena-MOFs) induced by stacking interactions, through the combination of rationally selected flexible and conjugated naphthalene diimide-based bis-pyridyl ligand (BPND), [MI(CN)2]− (M = Ag or Au) and Fe2+ in a one-step strategy. The obtained bimetallic Hofmann-type SCO-MOFs [FeII(BPND){Ag(CN)2}2]·3CHCl3 (1Ag) and [FeII(BPND{Au(CN)2}2]·2CHCl3·2H2O (1Au) possess a unique three-dimensional (3D) catena-MOF constructed from the polycatenation of two-dimensional (2D) layers with hxl topology. Both complexes undergo thermal- and light-induced SCO. Significantly, abnormal increases in the maximum emission intensity and dielectric constant can be detected simultaneously with the switching of spin states. This research opens up SCO-actuated bistable MIMs that afford dual functionality of coupled fluorescence emission and dielectricity.

Core@shell strategies to enhance green upconversion emission of LaAlO3:ErIII, YbIII nanoparticles

Seeking enhanced luminescence in upconverter nanoparticles, LAO:ErIII0.01, YbIII0.01, LAO = LaAlO3, with an average diameter of 30–40 nm, was synthesized via a modified Pechini method. Two coating strategies were employed: the first with three layers of 1 % LAO, and the second with LAO:NdIIIx at% (x = 10 or 30) or LAO:NdIIIx at%, YbIIIy at% (x, y = 30, 2 or 30, 20). Characterization included FTIR, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance, TEM, XRD, and photoluminescence. In the first strategy, undoped phase coating maintained the LaAlO3 rhombohedral crystalline structure, enhancing ErIII core emission under 980 nm laser excitation. In the second case, the shell containing YbIII (3 or 20 at%) under laser at 808 nm, favored the increase in the relative emission intensity of the activator, exciting ErIII directly in the core or via the outer NdIII sensitizer. Kinetic measurements fixing excitation at 980 nm and emission at 542.5 nm resulted in ErIII excited state decay values between 56 and 68 μs. The doped shell favored increased excited state lifetimes, exhibiting concentration quenching in the 30 % YbIII condition. Both NdIII presence and its combination with YbIII enhanced green emission compared to the uncoated core. From thermometric studies, the successive depositions of inert layers of LAO contributed to the highest relative thermal sensitivity of 1.79 % K−1 at 305 K, among the systems studied. Therefore, the core@shell strategies were successful in intensifying ErIII emission, both in the green and red regions, and resulted in relevant figures of merit that qualify them for applications in nanothermometry in the biological window.

Spatial confinement offered by a blocker on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of Ti plasma

Spatial confinement effects offered by a blocker on the laser-induced plasma parameters of titanium (Ti) are evaluated using the Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. Nd:YAG (1064 nm, 10 ns) laser is used as an irradiation source. To observe the spatial confinement effects, an Al blocker at different distances of 4, 6, and 8 mm from the target is placed along the plume path. All the measurements are performed under the Ar environment at different pressures. It is observed that with increasing laser irradiance plasma parameters such as excitation temperature (Te) and electron number density (ne) increase, whereas it is vice versa true for increasing blocker distances. Without the blocker, the maximum values of Te and ne are about 7000 K and 1.4 × 1018 cm−3, respectively, at an Ar pressure of 50 Torr. A significant increase in emission intensity along with Te ≈ 9810 K and ne ≈ 2.2 × 1018 cm−3 is achieved in the presence of blocker. The results show that spatial confinement is responsible for the enhancement of Te and ne, which is attributed to the increased collisional frequency of plasma species after compression by shockwaves. The ablation pressure and shock pressure are also analytically evaluated and vary from 0.15 to 0.25 GPa and from 0.1 to 0.2 GPa, respectively, with increasing laser irradiance. With increasing blocker distances from 4 to 8 mm, the work done by reflected shockwaves to compress the plume varies from 0.02 to 0.002 mJ.

Characterizing urban GHG emissions based on land-use change—A case of Airport New City

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across different types of land is essential for urban planning during the transition to low-carbon cities. Urban land identification, based on remote sensing images and points of interest (POIs), has the potential to narrow down the statistical unit, helping achieve spatial visualization of GHG emissions below the city level and distinguish emission characteristics of different land-use types. Considering land type as a classification standard for GHG emissions, we constructed the modified STRIPAT-PLS model by identifying land-use types, reconstructing land-use GHG emissions (LUGEs) inventory, and extracting driving indexes, which calculated driving force and LUGEs that were missed in historical years. It deepened the depth and precision of GHG emissions research and provided a reference for LUGE reduction and land management below the city level where missing historical data on GHG inventories. The results showed that: 1) the modified STRIPAT-PLS model achieved a simulation accuracy of 94.9%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our research approach in depicting GHG emissions across different land-use types. 2) Land scale, socio-economic development, and industrial development were key factors that impacted agricultural land, residential land, and airport respectively. 3) Airport was the most significant carbon contributor, while industrial witnessed the highest growth in emission intensity; 4) the spatial analysis indicated decreasing differences in GHG emissions and an overall increase in emission intensity. In addition, the research proposed emission reduction priorities and strategies for each land type to promote low-carbon goals in airport cities.

Bright cyan emission from Eu-Doped borosilicate glasses by optimizing reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ in ambient atmosphere

Although substantial strides have been made in exploring the blue and red emissions of amorphous glass under near-ultraviolet excitation for LEDs purpose, the lack of the cyan emission heavily hinders the full spectra LED towards high-quality application. Addressing this cyan gap in white-light LED technology calls for the doping of Eu2+ as the doping center for its highly efficient luminescence. However, Eu3+ as an oxidation state of europium ions poses a critical challenge in effectively reducing to its reduction state. A popular method for reduction involves using mixed gases such as N2/H2 or CO gases in a reaction container, yet this approach brings about environmental pollution and increases production costs. In this work, we proposed a novel strategy that bright cyan emission can be achieved in Eu-doped borosilicate glasses by optimizing reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ in ambient atmosphere. It is observed a gradual increase in the band emission intensity associated with the reduced Eu2+, accompanied with a concurrent decrease in the sharp peak intensity linked with Eu3+ with the growing Si3N4 content. The effect of both melting temperature and synthesis time on reduction effect on the reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions were also investigated. It is revealed that either longer synthesis times or higher melting temperatures diminished the efficient reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions during the first-melting. Expanding on the Si3N4 reduction method, we employed an external bamboo charcoal approach to produce Eu-doped borosilicate glass under various synthesis times during the secondary melting. The results show that longer synthesis times attributed to the reduction effect. Finally, the optimized cyan-emitting glass sample is featured with emission wavelength of 486 nm, a transmittance of 84 %, and a quantum yield of 37.97 %. All the significant results are paving the solid way to prepare cyan-emitting glasses in the future.

Investigating the use of Er3+ doped β-Ca2SiO4 phosphors derived from agricultural waste for thermal sensing and forensic applications

Leveraging agricultural waste, Erbium (Er3+) doped β-Ca2SiO4 phosphors (β-CS:Er3+) with concentrations ranging from 1 to 9 mol % were developed using the solid-state reaction method. These β-CS:Er3+ samples underwent extensive characterization to examine their crystalline structure, surface morphology, photoluminescence (PL) properties, and thermal sensing capabilities. The PL emission, excited at 378 nm, prominently displayed a peak at 549 nm, indicative of the green emission primarily due to the 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition. An optimal concentration of Er3+ at 5 mol% (β-CS:5Er3+) is identified, showing peak luminescence intensity, whereas, higher concentrations led to a decrease in intensity because of concentration quenching (CQ) effects. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) analysis revealed an increase in emission intensity at 523 nm, while the peak at 549 nm exhibited a decrease in intensity within the temperature range of 303–463 K. Nevertheless, the emission peak at 549 nm demonstrates remarkable thermal stability at elevated temperatures, maintaining 79.32% of its emission intensity at 423 K. The optimized β-CS:5Er3+ phosphor exhibited its chromaticity coordinates (0.3152, 0.6631) in the green region under 378 nm excitation, alongside promising temperature sensing capabilities with a relative sensitivity of 2.80 % K−1. The application of these phosphors in a powder dusting technique for revealing latent fingerprints (LFPs) and latent lip prints (LLPs) under 365 nm UV light uncovered detailed ridge and groove patterns on various substrates. This approach, highlighting the phosphor's exceptional fluorescence, dual adherence, and non-interfering background, showcased its potential for enhanced forensic analysis. The thorough examination of LFPs and LPs under various conditions, including aging, heat, and UV exposure, confirms the β-CS:Er3+ NPs' suitability for cutting-edge display technologies and forensic methodologies.