Increased Incidence Of Breast Cancer Research Articles

Breast Cancer Stage Migration in Saudi Arabia: Examining the Influence of Screening.

Breast Cancer Stage Migration in Saudi Arabia: Examining the Influence of Screening.

Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence, by Race, Ethnicity, and Age Among Women Aged ≥20 Years - United States, 1999-2018.

Breast cancer is commonly diagnosed among women, accounting for approximately 30% of all cancer cases reported among women.* A slight annual increase in breast cancer incidence occurred in the United States during 2013-2017 (1). To examine trends in breast cancer incidence among women aged ≥20 years by race/ethnicity and age, CDC analyzed data from U.S. Cancer Statistics (USCS) during 1999-2018. Overall, breast cancer incidence rates among women decreased an average of 0.3% per year, decreasing 2.1% per year during 1999-2004 and increasing 0.3% per year during 2004-2018. Incidence increased among non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women and women aged 20-39 years and decreased among non-Hispanic White women and women aged 50-64 and ≥75 years. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force currently recommends biennial screening mammography for women aged 50-74 years (2). These findings suggest that women aged 20-49 years might benefit from discussing potential breast cancer risk and ways to reduce risk with their health care providers. Further examination of breast cancer trends by demographic characteristics might help tailor breast cancer prevention and control programs to address state- or county-level incidence rates† and help prevent health disparities.

Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence in Iraq During the Period 2000-2019.

Background:Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world. Objective:This study aims to explore the time trends in the incidence of breast cancer in Iraq in twenty years period (2000 to 2019) to assist health officials and decision-makers in planning and organizing programs to controlling breast cancer growth and enhance women’s health. Methods: Breast cancer data from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the Iraqi Cancer Registry’s yearly book series (Ministry of Health). The United Nations Population Division provides annual population estimates by 5-year age groups and gender. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate and assess age-specific and age-standardized incidence rates. Results:A total of 72,022 breast cancer cases were identified among women in Iraq between 2000 and 2019. The average age-standardized incidence rate (ASIRs) was 37.883/100,000. Breast cancer ASIR Iraq exhibited a significantly rising trend during the study period, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of +3.192%. Furthermore, a significant increase in breast cancer incidence for the age group 40–49 (AAPC = +2.162%), 50–59 (AAPC=+3.210%), 60–69 (AAPC=+5.551%), and age 70 and over (AAPC=+7.943%) were observed. When compared to other countries in the world, Iraq had a moderate rate of breast cancer ASIR. Conclusions:In summary, our finding revealed an increase in the incidence rates of breast cancer among Iraqi women from 2000 to 2019. Further research is needed to explore risk factors including levels of overweight, dietary changes, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, high marriage age, and low birth rates to prevent and control breast cancer.

Lifestyle breast cancer patients among Indonesian women: A nationwide survey

Recently, cancer is a major health problem in the world. Lifestyle changes and growing urbanization likely led to increasing breast cancer incidence in such in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore lifestyle breast cancer patients among Indonesian women. The investigation was a cross-sectional study distributed among 3,392 females drawn from 13 out of 27 provinces in Indonesia. Multiple binary logistic regressions were conducted to investigate breast cancer risk among Indonesian. A significance level of 0.05 was employed in all analysis. Of the 3,392 respondents included in the analysis, more than half (52.71%; n=1,788) was aged 40–49 years old. The most common marital status of the participants was married (98.20%; n=3,331), followed by no smoking (94.69%; n=3,212) and active exercise (62.12%; n=2,107). Education level was significantly associated with breast cancer (AdjOR_Junior high school=0.21; 95%CI=0.06 to 0.70; p<0.01 and AdjOR_senior high school=0.60; 95%CI=0.15 to 2.26; p<0.05). Education level was significantly related to breast cancer. Lifestyle such as smoking and physical activity was suspected to affect breast cancer indirectly.

Can population breast screening programs be leveraged to reduce the burden of breast cancer?

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. A study of the temporal trends (1998–2012) in the age-standardised incidence rate in 41 countries showed that increased BC incidence rates had occurred in pre- and post-menopausal women [[1]Heer E. Harper A. Escandor N. Sung H. McCormack V. Fidler-Benaoudia M.M. Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study.Lancet Global Health. 2020; 8: e1027-e1037Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar]. However, increases exclusively in premenopausal ages were observed mainly in high-income countries, whereas the largest increases in the incidence of postmenopausal BC were observed predominantly in countries undergoing socioeconomic transitions. These findings probably reflect changes in the prevalence of various lifestyle factors that are known to increase BC risk, many of which are inherent in the social and economic circumstances of a population. Although many of these factors, such as reproductive history, alcohol, and (lack of) physical activity, are associated with BC risk across the lifespan, some, for example body fat/obesity and weight gain in adulthood, are associated with post-menopausal BC [[2]World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer ResearchDiet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. Continuous update project expert report 2018.2018Google Scholar]. Mammography screening reduces the risk of BC death through detection and treatment of early-stage disease. Population-based programs have been providing mammography screening to women aged ≥40 years for decades, but screening represents secondary prevention so cannot curb the growing incidence of BC. The interplay of BC risk factors throughout an individual's lifetime renders primary prevention difficult at a population level. Therefore, prevention efforts have focused on subgroups at substantially increased BC risk in whom effective strategies, such as risk-reducing surgery or chemoprevention, may be appropriate. Neither of these strategies can be recommended to the majority of women who are at average BC risk or thereabouts, who routinely present for screening. Contemplation of a new approach to screening, namely risk-stratified screening, has progressed to formal trialling and includes an element of prevention for those at increased BC risk [[3]Pashayan N. Antoniou A.C. Ivanus U. et al.Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement.Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020; 17: 687-705Crossref PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar,[4]Esserman L.J. WISDOM Study and Athena InvestigatorsThe WISDOM Study: breaking the deadlock in the breast cancer screening debate.NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017; 3: 34Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. While results from risk-stratified screening trials are awaited, BC screening programs could be leveraged from now to explore primary prevention in the broader female population participating at periodic intervals and starting screening at an age potentially amenable to lifestyle-related prevention. The development, evaluation, and uptake of lifestyle-related (prevention) interventions will prove to be challenging and would require additional investments to be integrated into existing screening programs, however this approach has the potential to be offered to all screening program participants. Most BC screening programs have data collection and follow-up processes to monitor outcomes which could be expanded to capture data on lifestyle-related risk factors (eg BMI). Program-embedded pilot studies could be established as a first step to investigate the feasibility of integrating primary prevention strategies alongside mammography screening and to assess specific interventions. Consensus on meaningful surrogate outcomes would be needed because changes in incidence, or mortality outcomes, require 10–20 years or longer to be observed. Essential to this proposed approach is funding and a broadly collaborative approach between population screening programs, BC stakeholders including consumers and researchers, and co-designed interventions to ensure acceptability to women and cultural appropriateness. None to declare. I receive research funding via the NBCF Chair in Breast Cancer Prevention (grant #EC-21-001).

Genetic Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan African Populations.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among African women and is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in Africa as estimated by GLOBOCAN 2018.1 Cancer incidence is increasing in Africa1 and is associated largely with lifestyle changes, resulting from increased urbanization.2 Ferlay et al3 predicted a 49% increase in BC incidence across Africa between 2018 and 2040, an increase faster than any other region in the world. The International Association of Cancer Registries cancer incidence report includes data for only 20 of 46 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries,4 and it is likely that the incidence of BC is under-reported owing to lack of infrastructure for cancer diagnosis in resource-constrained countries in SSA.5 Also, owing to the large burden of communicable and other noncommunicable diseases in SSA, most resources are directed at controlling these diseases.6,7 Cancer research, especially molecular research, in SSA is often deprioritized against other pressing public health concerns.8 CONTEXT Key Objective Both rare and common genetic variants contribute to the risk of breast cancer (BC). Much is known about the genetics of BC in populations of European origin. Our objective was to review studies of genetic susceptibility to BC in the populations of sub-Saharan Africa to identify knowledge gaps and propose study designs to address these. Knowledge Generated A total of 22 studies were identified in 10 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Rare variants predicted to be pathogenic were detected most commonly in the BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 genes. There were few studies of common genetic variants, none of which provided strong evidence for association with BC risk. Relevance Knowledge of genetic factors contributing to BC risk has important implications for patients and their families both for genetic counseling and for potential access to new therapies, which improve survival and reduce side effects.

Traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of observational studies

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Association of breast cancer risk with air pollution exposure, in particular pollution emitted by traffic exhaust has been investigated but current epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive and methodologies of exposure assessment varied. To systematically review the scientific literature on breast cancer risk and indicators of traffic-related air pollution, e.g. distance from roadways or traffic volume of nearby roadways as well as pollutants from motor vehicle emission and provide meta-analytic estimates of the association between breast cancer and exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitrogen dioxides (NO2), the main markers of traffic. METHODS: We systematically reviewed the literature on exposure to traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer risk and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of observational studies investigating the association between exposure to NO2 and NOx and breast cancer risk. RESULTS:We reviewed six case-control and 11 cohort studies that used different exposure assessment methods and time periods of traffic emissions. While, individual studies provided little evidence of an association between different indicators of traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer risk, the meta-analysis on NO2 (based on three case-control and seven cohort studies) indicated a borderline association (pooled relative risk, RR per 10 µg/m3 of NO2: 1.01; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.00, 1.03; p=0.03). No significant association between NOx and breast cancer was found on the basis of three cohorts (RR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.99, 1.05; for an increase of 10 µg/m3 of NOx). CONCLUSIONS:Since traffic is the major contributor to NO2 concentration and is responsible for high concentration observed near busy roads, our findings suggest that traffic-related air pollution is likely to increase breast cancer incidence and to provide additional support for the carcinogenicity of air pollution. KEYWORDS: Breast cancer, epidemiology, air pollution, traffic, nitrogen dioxides, meta-analysis

Reproductive and environmental exposures and the breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women

Breast cancer (BC) incidence is increasing around the globe, including in Taiwan, though the cause of the increasing incidence is less clear. We followed up 11,296 Taiwanese females who did not have BC at baseline, and ascertained new invasive BC (N = 351) through data linkage to the National Cancer Registry from 1991 to 2018 to examine whether reproductive, lifestyle and environmental risk factors including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were associated with BC risk. We conducted a nested case–control study using baseline blood available from a total of 305 women with BC and 598 women without BC matched on time in cohort. We examined the association of PAH-albumin adducts and BC risk using conditional logistic regression models. Age at menarche (HR 0.6 (95% CI 0.5–0.9) for ≥ 15 vs. < 13 years) and multiparity were associated with BC risk (HR 2.0 (95% CI 1.4–2.8), 2.8 (1.9–4.2), and 2.4 (1.0–5.0) for 3–4, 1–2 and 0 live birth, compared with women ≥ 5 births). PAH-albumin adducts were not associated with BC risk. Given the increasing BC incidence in Taiwan, there is a need to identify environmental factors that are important to this population.

An Investigation of Factors Influencing Chinese Young Women’s Intention for Mammography Screening

China has witnessed a dramatic increase in breast cancer incidence over the past few decades. Clear evidence has proven the effectiveness of mammography screening in reducing the number of breast cancer–related deaths. The study aims to extend the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with two additional components, personality traits and attention to media, to investigate the factors related to young Chinese women’s intention for mammography screening. A cross-sectional web survey was conducted among female students ( n = 1,002) in a large public university in southwest China. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the three original TPB variables (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) have the strongest relationship with women’s intention to engage in mammography screening. Moreover, extraversion and attention to new media are positively associated with intention for mammography screening. The study contributes to existing health communication literature by showing how the original TPB model cooperated with psychological and communication factors that are related to women’s intention for mammography screening. The findings can be used to assist government and health professionals in developing a more effective strategies to promote mammography screening in the context of China.

Effect of digital technologies on mammographic screening in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

e13601 Background: Since 2011 breast cancer (BC) has been the most common cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) with the incidence of 43 per 100,000, and the third most common cause for cancer deaths with 9.4 deaths per 100,000 in 2019. Nationwide population-based screening program was implemented in the RK in 2008 inviting women aged 50–60 years every 2 years, with the subsequent expansion of the target group age to 40-70 years in 2018. The majority of screening mammography units was screen-film units at a time of program’s initiation. Gradual conversion to digital mammography (DM) has begun in 2014. This paper examines the impact of digital technologies on BC screening results on the example of the largest city in the RK - Almaty. Methods: We analyzed BC screening indicators such as incidence, mortality, proportion of early stage cancers, cancer detection rate. In order to assess the influence of transition to DM we divided the studied period to two stages: stage A (2008-2013)- when screen-film mammography (SFM) was widely used, and stage B (2014-2019)- when DM became prevalent in screening. Results: 598,058 women underwent BC screening from 2008 to 2019 in Almaty, 969 cancers were detected. At a time of program introduction in 2008 all 10 units used for screening were SFM units. The number of SFM units steadily increased from 10 in 2008 to 19 in 2014 and to 30 in 2019. Proportion of DM units concomitantly grew from 0% in 2008 to 47% in 2014 and to 83% in 2019. During the stage A 282 BC cases were detected (cancer detection rate 1 per 100,000 investigations). During the period B 687 BC cases were identified (cancer detection rate 2 per 100,000 investigations). Proportion of early stage cancers (0-I stage) rose from 26.7% in stage A to 41.0% in stage B. Widespread implementation of screening in 2008 led to a steady increase in BC incidence from 51 per 100,000 in 2008 to 63 per 100,000 in 2014. A noticeable decline in BC incidence has been evident since 2015 following 7 years of BC screening with incidence rate as low as 47.2 per 100,000 in 2019. Proportion of early stage BC among all newly diagnosed cases increased from 73.6% in 2008 to 86.6% in 2019. The average proportion of early stage BC was 77.5% for period A compared to 85,9% for stage B. Mortality rate was also affected by screening- it dropped by 38% from 20.6 per 100,000 in 2008 to 12.8 per 100,000 in 2019. Conclusions: BC state in Almaty reflects the general situation with BC in the whole country. Mammographic screening positively affected both BC incidence and mortality in Almaty. Increased utilization of digital technologies in screening resulted in rise in the proportion of early (0-I) stage BC by 21.4% and in the proportion of I-II stage BC by 13%. We suggest that, based on these results, further digitalization of mammographic screening should be strongly advised and digital to screen-film units ratio should be one of the main indicators for BC screening quality audit.

Suppression of circulating AP001429.1 long non-coding RNA in obese patients with breast cancer.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of cellular RNA, play a critical regulatory role in several physiological developments and pathological processes, such as tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Obesity is a risk factor for a number of serious health conditions, including breast cancer (BC). However, the underlying mechanisms behind the association between obesity and increased BC incidence and mortality remain unclear. Several studies have reported changes in lncRNA expression due to obesity and BC, independently encouraging further investigation of the relationship between the two in connection with lncRNAs. The present study was designed to first screen for the expression of 29 selected lncRNAs that showed a link to cancer or obesity in the blood of a selected cohort of 6 obese and 6 non-obese patients with BC. The expression levels of significantly expressed lncRNAs, AP001429.1, PCAT6, P5549, P19461 and P3134, were further investigated in a larger cohort of 69 patients with BC (36 obese and 33 non-obese), using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results showed not only that AP001429.1 remained significantly downregulated in the larger cohort (P=0.002), but also that it was associated with several clinicopathological characteristics, such as negative HER2 status, negative E-cadherin expression, negative vascular invasion, negative margin invasion and LCIS. These findings suggest that obesity may have a role in inhibiting AP001429.1 expression, which may serve as a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BC.

New germline mutations in BRCA1, ATM, MUTYH, and RAD51D genes in Tuvans early-onset breast cancer patients.

In Russia, more than 50,000women are diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) every year. Russia is a multinational country- about 200ethnic groups live on its territory. Khakass, Buryats, Tuvans and other ethnic groups show higher rate of increase in BC incidence and a younger age of first diagnosed BC compared to Caucasian ethnicities. We focused on Tuvan ethnic group to find specific genetic aberrations associated with BC. There are no BC prevention models as well as standards for the treatment of inherited BC in Tuvans. In this context, the search for genetic markers of early cancer detection and the development of criteria for therapy response are relevant. To identify hereditary mutations in BC-associated genes in Tuvan women. 24patients with early-onset BC (range, 25to 46years) were enrolled in the study. Genomic DNA isolated from blood samples was used to prepare libraries using a capture-based target enrichment kit covering 27genes (ATM, APC, BARD1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, FAM175A, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PIK3CA, PMS2, PMS2CL, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, STK11, TP53and XRCC2). Next-generation sequencing was performed using the Illumina NextSeq500System. In our study, one pathogenic mutation was detected in BRCA1 (rs80357868) gene (prevalence of 4%, 1/24). We identified the truncating 3875_3878delGTCT mutation of BRCA1gene in Tuvans BC patient aged 34years. We also detected three mutations that were probably damaging by PolyPhen2and/or deleterious by SIFT in ATM (rs781023264), MUTYH (rs199840380) and RAD51D (rs145309168) genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the highly pathogenic variant in the BRCA1gene (rs80357868) and possibly damaging (PolyPhen2) germline variants in the ATM (rs781023264), MUTYH (rs199840380) and RAD51D (rs145309168) genes in young Tuvans BC patient.

National and Subnational Incidence, Mortality, and Years of Life Lost Due to Breast Cancer in Iran: Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Since 1990.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, causing considerable burden and mortality. Demographic and lifestyle transitions in low and low-middle income countries have given rise to its increased incidence. The successful management of cancer relies on evidence-based policies taking into account national epidemiologic settings. We aimed to report the national and subnational trends of breast cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost (YLL) and mortality to incidence ratio (MIR) since 1990. As part of the National and Subnational Burden of Diseases project, we estimated incidence, mortality and YLL of breast cancer by sex, age, province, and year using a two-stage spatio-temporal model, based on the primary dataset of national cancer and death registry. MIR was calculated as a quality of care indicator. Age-period-cohort analysis was used to distinguish the effects of these three collinear factors. A significant threefold increase in age-specific incidence at national and subnational levels along with a twofold extension of provincial disparity was observed. Although mortality has slightly decreased since 2000, a positive mortality annual percent change was detected in patients aged 25–34 years, leading to raised YLLs. A significant declining pattern of MIR and lower provincial MIR disparity was observed. We observed a secular increase of breast cancer incidence. Further evaluation of risk factors and developing national screening policies is recommended. A descending pattern of mortality, YLL and MIR at national and subnational levels reflects improved quality of care, even though mortality among younger age groups should be specifically addressed.

Impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer incidence: Pooled analysis of nine cohort studies in Japan

Prior studies reported the association of reproductive factors with breast cancer (BC), but the evidence is inconsistent. We conducted a pooled analysis of nine cohort studies in Japan to evaluate the impact of six reproductive factors (age at menarche/age at first birth/number of births/age at menopause/use of female hormones/breastfeeding) on BC incidence. We conducted analyses according to menopausal status at the baseline or at the diagnosis. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by applying Cox proportional‐hazards model in each study. These hazard ratios were integrated using a random‐effects model. Among 187,999 women (premenopausal: 61,113, postmenopausal: 126,886), we observed 873 premenopausal and 1,456 postmenopausal cases. Among premenopausal women, use of female hormones significantly increased BC incidence (HR: 1.53 [1.04–2.25]). Although P value for trend was not significant for age at first birth and number of births (P for trend: 0.15 and 0.30, respectively), women giving first birth at ages ≥36 experienced significantly higher BC incidence than at ages 21–25 years, and women who had ≥2 births experienced significantly lower BC incidence than nulliparous women. Among postmenopausal women, more births significantly decreased BC incidence (P for trend: 0.03). Although P value for trend was not significant for age at first birth and age at menopause (P for trend: 0.30 and 0.37, respectively), women giving first birth at ages 26–35 years experienced significantly higher BC incidence than at ages 21–25 years, and women with age at menopause: ≥50 years experienced significantly higher BC incidence than age at menopause: ≤44 years. BC incidence was similar according to age at menarche or breastfeeding history among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In conclusion, among Japanese women, use of female hormones increased BC incidence in premenopausal women, and more births decreased BC incidence in postmenopausal women.

The Impact of Mammography Screening Guideline Changes Among Women Serving in the U.S. Military.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) modified their screening guidelines for breast cancer in November 2009. Previous studies evaluated the impact of these guideline changes among privately and Medicare insured populations. Women in the military form a unique population exposed to many social, environmental, and occupational hazards that may increase breast cancer incidence. By evaluating mammography screening rates among women in the military before and after the USPSTF guideline changes, this study evaluated the impact of the USPSTF breast cancer guideline change on screening mammography use within the military population and determined whether current guidelines were followed for this high-risk population with universal health care access. This study evaluated the impact of the 2009 guideline changes among the population of universally insured military servicewomen, comparing the proportion of active duty women aged 40 to 64 receiving mammograms from fiscal years 2006 to 2015 using an interrupted time series analysis. Stratified analyses evaluated differences by age (aged 40-49, 50-64), race, military branch, and rank. This research is considered exempt by the Uniformed Services University Institutional Review Board. The proportion of insured military servicewomen receiving mammograms increased from October 2005 through September 2009. A significant decrease occurred in the first quarter of 2010 following the publication of the screening guideline update. From this new baseline, the proportion of women screened increased again through September 2015. Comparative analyses showed more pronounced effects both immediately and over time among the women aged 50 to 64 compared to those aged 40 to 49years and among older enlisted women compared with their officer counterparts. The patterns were near identical in all subgroups; however, no changes in rate were evident among Air Force and black servicewomen aged 50 to 64 and Army and Navy/Marine Corps servicewomen aged 40 to 49years. No racial disparities in screening or impact were noted. The USPSTF guidelines had differential impacts among some subpopulations. While older women, aged 50 to 64years, had a greater temporary reduction immediately after the guideline change, younger women aged 40 to 49years had a longer-term reduction in screening following the guideline changes. No racial disparities in the proportion screened or in the impact of the guideline change were noted in this population with universal health coverage. The lack of Department of Defense standard breast cancer screening guidelines was evident from the different patterns of mammography utilization observed among military branches. To completely understand the impact of the updated screening guidelines, future studies must incorporate research focusing on changes in breast cancer morbidity and mortality as well as updated cost-benefit analyses.

The Years of the Potential Life Lost due to Breast Cancer Assessment Results in St. Petersburg Population

Abstract. Data analysis contained in the official forms of medical statistics allows us to state that in St. Petersburg in 20112012 yr. 8% breast cancer incidence increase and 6% mortality rates decrease in women were noted. Years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in 2012 yr. among St. Petersburg female residents in aged 30 to 64 years decreased 8% compared with 2011 yr. data (2632 and 2435 in 20112012, respectively). Years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in 20112012 yr. decreased 16% (1101 and 948 in 20112012 yr. respectively) in St. Petersburg women aged 50 to 59 years (group of maximum incidence rate among patients with malignant neoplasms of the mammary glands). The results of medical care assessment providing to breast cancer patients in St. Petersburg over the past 9 years has allowed to state the positive dynamics in the anticancer fight effectiveness. In 20112018 yr. the incidence of breast cancer in women in St. Petersburg increased by 28,2% (from 45,670/0000 in 2011 yr. to 58,580/0000 in 2018 yr.), and the 5-year survival rate of patients with breast cancer in St. Petersburg increased by 4,9% (from 60,4% to 63,4% in 2011 and 2018 yr. respectively). Considering these data the number of years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in the analyzed period decreased. This circumstance can be regarded as one of the indicators of the medical care quality in breast cancer patients and as an indicator of the proper organization of oncological service functioning in the administrative and industrial center of Russia.

Outdoor Light at Night and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type, and the most common reason for cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Animal and epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to light at night may contribute to increased breast cancer risk through circadian disruption, which involves a decrease in the nocturnal secretion of melatonin followed by disturbed estrogen regulation, however, epidemiological evidence is limited. In this study, we examined the association between exposure to residential outdoor light at night (LAN) and breast cancer incidence in the Danish Nurse Cohort Study. Methods: We followed 20,404 Danish nurses from 1993 or 1999 through 2012. LAN exposure was estimated using the US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's (DMSP) Operational Linescan System. We collected LAN data (nW/cm2/sr) for 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2010, assigned at the subject's residence during the follow-up. Data on the incidence of breast cancer was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry. We used time-varying Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for reproductive, lifestyle and environmental factors such as residential air pollution, road traffic noise, and greenspace. Results: Of the 20,490 women, 1,081 developed breast cancer in total during 339,633 person-years of follow-up. Based on the fully adjusted model of LAN exposure divided into quintiles, where the lowest LAN quintile was reference (0-13.6 nW/cm2/sr), we found an increase in breast cancer incidence at higher LAN levels: HR: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.83-1.23, p = 0.92), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88-1.33, p = 0.44), 1.04 (0.83-1.30, p = 0.74), and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.66-1.15, p = 0.32) for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th quintiles, respectively. Conclusion: There was a tendency, that higher levels of exposure to LAN were associated with a higher risk of breast cancer although the statistical significance was not observed.

Polycyclic organic matter and invasive breast cancer

p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px 'Helvetica Neue'} Background: Emerging evidence suggests that environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), increase breast cancer risk. Polycyclic organic matter (PAHPOM) is a USEPA Environmental Quality Index (EQI) air domain factor, which includes PAHs and PAH-derivatives present in the atmosphere in particulate form. Sources include tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust, residential heating, coal and tar burning, and grilling meat. Methods: Herein, we investigated associations between polycyclic organic matter exposure and invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer diagnoses were obtained from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry (2009-2014), and county of residence at diagnosis was linked with the quartiled PAHPOM variable. We first constructed generalized linear models to assess county-level breast cancer incidence by stage in counties of high versus low PAHPOM exposure, adjusted for mammography screening rates, %African American, and %Smokers. Next, we constructed generalized estimating equations to evaluate the odds of individual patients having localized, regional, or distant invasive breast cancer versus non-invasive carcinoma in situ in counties of high versus low PAHPOM exposure, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, and race. We further evaluated the odds of patients having hormone receptor positive versus hormone receptor negative invasive breast cancer. All models were stratified by urbanicity. Results: High PAHPOM exposure was associated with increased total and localized breast cancer incidence (total estimate 22.36, 95% CI 6.77-37.95, p=0.006; localized estimate 12.43, 95% CI 3.36-21.5, p=0.008), as well as increased odds of having hormone receptor positive versus hormone receptor negative invasive breast cancer (OR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.08, p=0.0187) in urban counties. Conclusions: Our results suggest that high polycyclic aromatic compound exposure is associated not only with increased breast cancer incidence, but also increased odds of having hormone receptor positive invasive breast cancer, especially in urban areas.

Ambient particulate matter and females breast cancer survival after breast cancer diagnosis: The French E3N study

Background: While breast cancer (BC) is associated with long-term survival, especially in early stage cases, factors influencing BC progression and survival are not perfectly understood. Residential exposure to ambient particulate matter &lt;2.5 μg/m3 (PM2.5) has been associated to increased BC incidence; but only three studies focused on BC survival, with no consistent findings. Objective: To assess the associations between mean annual PM2.5 exposure after diagnosis, and total and BC specific mortality. Methods: A total of 4,804 women from the French E3N cohort study and diagnosed with BC between 1990 and 2008 were followed through December 2011. Mean residential PM2.5 exposure was derived from Europe-wide hybrid land use regression models at a 100 m spatial grid (ELAPSE project). Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of total and BC-specific mortality per increase in annual PM2.5 exposure, controlling for BC risk factors. We also evaluated possible non-linear dose-response relationship by using restricted cubic splines, and investigated potential effect modification by clinical and lifestyle factors. Results: A total of 608 women died over the follow-up (among whom 52% of BC-specific deaths). Mean annual PM2.5 concentration was 3.6 μg/m3 (inter-quartile range= 19.6 μg/m3). Overall, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with modest increased total (HR= 1.18; 95% CI: 0.85-1.63) and BC-specific (HR= 1.17; 95% CI: 0.74-1.84) mortality. Associations per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were stronger among stage 1 BC cases [HR= 1.57 (95% CI: 0.95-2.60) and HR= 2.43 (95% CI: 1.17-5.08), respectively] with total and BC-specific mortality, respectively, than in higher stage BC (PInteraction = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively). There was no evidence of a non-linear relationship. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that exposure to high levels of PM2.5 could reduce long-term survival after diagnosis of a good-prognosis BC.

Latcripin-7A, derivative of Lentinula edodes C91-3, reduces migration and induces apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in breast cancer cells.

Due to the high mortality rate and an increase in breast cancer incidence, it has been challenging for researchers to come across an effective chemotherapeutic strategy with minimum side effects. Therefore, the need for the development of effective chemotherapeutic drugs is still on the verge. Consequently, we approached a new mechanism to address this issue. The naturally available peptide named latcripin-7A (LP-7A), extracted from a mushroom called Lentinula edodes, provided us promising results in terms of growth arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Expressions of protein markers for apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle were confirmed via Western blot analysis. Migration and invasion assays were performed to analyze the anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of LP-7A, while cell cycle analysis was performed via flow cytometry to evaluate its affect over cell growth. Supportive assays were performed like acridine orange, Hoechst 33258 stain, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) to further confirm the anticancer effectof LP-7A on breast cancer cell lines. It is concluded that LP-7A effectively reduces migration and promotes apoptosis as well as autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell growth arrest at G0/G1 phase and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential without adverse effects on MCF-10A normal breast cells. KEY POINTS: • In this study, we have investigated the anti-cancer activity of novel latcripin-7A (LP-7A), a protein extracted as a result of de novo characterization of Lentinula edodes C91-3. • We conclude in our research work that LP-7A can initiate diverse cell death-related events, i.e., apoptosis and autophagy in both triple-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines by interacting with different nodes of cellular signaling that can further be investigated in vivo to gain a better understanding.