Increased Body Fat Research Articles

Raman spectroscopy of the skin of an animal model of diet‐induced obesity

IntroductionThe most common consequences of obesity are metabolic disorders. Moreover, obesity leads to alterations of skin physiology like changes in barrier function, sebaceous glands and sebum production, sweat glands, collagen structure, wound healing and microcirculation. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of inflammatory skin diseases produced by cytokines released from dysfunctional subcutaneous fat cells.The detection of cutaneous structural and biomolecular changes with new non‐invasive techniques is a novel approach. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that can provide a non‐destructive characterization of tissue to a molecular level. It can be used to detect biomarkers associated with a disease that modifies the molecular composition, and these changes are reflected in the Raman spectra. In this work, we propose its use in vivo to study the molecular composition of skin to identify alterations associated with obesity in an animal model.MethodsWistar rats (~100 g), were divided into 2 random groups (n=8), fed a standard diet (control group) and high‐fat diet 40% extra (Obese group) for 8 and 52 weeks, individually housed in acrylic boxes, in constant conditions, free access to the diet and water. Total body weight, percentage of total fat, blood pressure, and blood triglycerides were analyzed. A portable 785 nm Raman spectrometer, 5‐300 mW laser power, was used on a clean and shaved abdominal skin. The Raman probe was placed in contact with the skin's surface. Five scans were collected using a 15 s total exposure time in the 200‐1800 cm‐1 spectral range.Results52‐week obese group showed an increase in total body fat, greater abdominal circumference, elevated blood pressure, and increased serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to their respective control group and the 8‐week groups. Furthermore, the obese group showed visible skin lesions predominantly in the cervical region. The mean Raman spectra of skin corresponding to controls and obese groups show characteristic peaks of in vivo skin at 851, 963, 1048, 1064, 1257, 1303, 1445, and 1658 cm‐1. Despite the similarity in the Raman spectra of 8 and 52 weeks control groups, increased Raman intensity can be found in the 52‐weeks group, related to the age of the subjects. In the obese groups, at 8‐weeks Raman spectra show high intensity in the protein and carbohydrates related bands, while 52‐weeks obese show high‐intensity bands related to proteins and lipids. The latter could be related to the HFD as expected.ConclusionsThe results show that RS may identify spectral differences in the skin of obese animals. Raman intensity differences were found in the protein and lipid spectral regions of the obese group. A detailed analysis is needed to interpret all the peaks present in each group and explain the spectral differences in the obese group toward identifying a possible spectral biomarker of obesity. The results show that RS is a relatively simple, fast, non‐invasive method to analyze in vivo skin with HFD induced obesity.

Antibiotics and High‐Fat‐Diet Induced Gut Inflammation and Impaired Gut Permeability are Improved by Dietary Blueberries Possibly Through NFκB Signaling

BackgroundEvidence indicates that a high fat diet can promote gut inflammation and increase gut permeability. The use of antibiotics further exacerbates these complications and can lead to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Blueberries are rich in bioactive components such as anthocyanins. We recently reported the vascular and prebiotic effects of dietary blueberries. However, the effects of blueberries on gut inflammation and permeability are unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that blueberries improve antibiotics and high‐fat‐diet (HFD) induced gut inflammation and impaired gut barrier function in C57BL/6J mice.Methods7‐week‐old male mice (Jackson Lab) consumed standard diet (10% kcal fat) (CON) or HFD (60% kcal fat) with antibiotic cocktail (ampicillin, vancomycin, neomycin sulfate and metronidazole) in drinking water (HFA) or 3.7% freeze‐dried blueberry powder supplemented HFD with antibiotic cocktail in drinking water (HFA+BB) for 12 weeks. Body weight and body composition were assessed at the end of the experiment. Inflammation and permeability of the colon were assessed by the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (IL‐1β, IL‐6, iNOS, MCP‐1); gut barrier markers (MUC‐2, cldn‐1 and TJP‐10); and markers of NFκB signaling (p65, IKK‐ β and IκBα) by qPCR using specific primers and SYBR green.ResultsHFA mice had an increased body weight, reduced lean body mass, and increased body fat compared to CON mice. Blueberry supplementation did not alter these metabolic parameters in HFA+BB vs HFA mice. mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (IL‐1β, iNOS, MCP‐1); gut barrier marker MUC‐2; and markers of NFκB signaling (p65 and IκBα) were increased in HFA vs CON mice. However, blueberry supplementation improved inflammation and permeability of the colon as shown by a reduced colonic expression of IL‐1β, iNOS, MCP‐1 and MUC‐2 in HFA+BB vs HFA mice. Further, a reduced mRNA expression of p65 and IκBα in HFA+BB vs HFA mice indicates that the protective effect of blueberry on the colon could be mediated through NFκB signaling.ConclusionBlueberry supplementation suppresses colon inflammation and ameliorates colon permeability possibly through NFκB Signaling. Consumption of blueberry is a potential dietary approach to improve gut health.

Early Life Exposure to a Diet With a Supramolecular Lipid Structure Close to That of Mammalian Milk Improves Early Life Growth, Skeletal Development, and Later Life Neurocognitive Function in Individually and Socially Housed Male C57BL/6J Mice.

Breastfeeding (duration) can be positively associated with infant growth outcomes as well as improved cognitive functions during childhood and later life stages. (Prolonged) exposure to optimal lipid quantity and quality, i.e., the supramolecular structure of lipids, in mammalian milk, may contribute to these beneficial effects through nutritional early-life programming. In this pre-clinical study, we exposed male C57BL/6J mice from post-natal Days 16 to 42 (i.e., directly following normal lactation), to a diet with large lipid droplets coated with bovine milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids, which mimic more closely the supramolecular structure of lipid droplets in mammalian milk. We investigated whether exposure to this diet could affect growth and brain development-related parameters. As these outcomes are also known to be affected by the post-weaning social environment in mice, we included both individually housed and pair-wise housed animals and studied whether effects of diet were modulated by the social environment. After Day 42, all the animals were fed standard semi-synthetic rodent diet. Growth and body composition were assessed, and the mice were subjected to various behavioral tests. Individual housing attenuated adolescent growth, reduced femur length, and increased body fat mass. Adult social interest was increased due to individual housing, while cognitive and behavioral alterations as a result of different housing conditions were modest. The diet increased adolescent growth and femur length, increased lean body mass, reduced adolescent anxiety, and improved adult cognitive performance. These effects of diet exposure were comparable between individually and socially housed mice. Hence, early life exposure to a diet with lipid droplets that mimic the supramolecular structure of those in mammalian milk may improve adolescent growth and alters brain function in both socially and individually housed mice. These findings suggest that lipid structure in infant milk formula may be a relevant target for nutritional solutions, targeting both healthy infants and infants facing growth challenges.

The Factors Related with Obesity in Toddler

Obesity is an abnormal condition characterized by an increase in body weight and an increase in excessive body fat, generally deposited in the subcutaneous tissue, around organs, and sometimes infiltrated into organs. According to the health profile of Riau Province, the highest achievement of under-five nutritional status based on the BW/U index during 2015 to 2019 was in 2018 (3.5) and the lowest was in 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with obesity in children. children under five in Sukapeace Village, North Tambusai District, Rokan Hulu Regency in 2021. This research is an analytic observational research type with a quantitative approach and uses a cross sectional research design. The population of this study were all children under five in Sukapeace Village, North Tambusai District, Rokan Hulu Regency in 2021. The samples obtained were 20 obese children under five. Data were analyzed for bivariate calculations which in this study used the chi-square test. The results showed that the variables that were shown to be associated with obesity in children under five in the village of Sukapeace were, Genetics with p value = 0.001. Diet with p value = 0.001, rest pattern with p value = 0.001 and physical activity p = 0.004. Based on bivariate analysis using the chi-square test, the variables associated with obesity are genetics, diet, sleep duration and physical activity. Increasing information about the prevention of factors related to obesity and obesity risk, as well as the role of health workers and family support is urgently needed

Intermittent Hypoxia as a Therapeutic Tool to Improve Health Parameters in Older Adults.

Aging is associated with metabolic alterations, and with a loss of strength, muscle and bone mass. Moderate intermittent hypoxia has been proposed as a new tool to enhance health-related function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate intermittent hypoxia exposures on parameters related to cardiovascular and bone health in older adults. A total of 38 healthy older adults (aged 65–75 years) were divided into two groups: control group (C), and hypoxia group (H) that was subjected to an intermittent hypoxia exposure (at simulated altitude of 2500 m asl) during a 24-week period (3 days/week). Body composition, blood pressure, metabolic parameters (Cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose), C-reactive protein (CRP), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and beta C-terminal telopeptide of collagen bone formation (b-CTX) were analyzed before and after the intervention. A repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate between-group differences. The results showed that the hypoxia group achieved after the intervention a decrease in fat mass, CRP (pro-inflammatory biomarker) and b-CTX (bone resorption biomarker), as well as an increase in PINP (bone formation biomarker). In conclusion, the intermittent hypoxia might be a useful therapeutic tool to deal with problems associated with aging, such as the increase in body fat, the loss of bone mass or low-grade inflammation.

Integrating Effects of Human Physiology, Psychology, and Individual Variations on Satiety-An Exploratory Study.

Satiety can influence food intake, and as a consequence has the potential to affect weight and obesity. Human factors such as physiology and psychology are likely to be important in determining satiety. However, it is not well-understood how these factors (individual variations) alone or combined contribute to satiety feelings. In addition, there have been limited or no attempts to use a holistic approach to evaluate satiety. In this study, three plant-based foods were used as mid-morning snack for 52 participants to evaluate satiety response (during three consecutive days, one-day-one-food type). The foods were served ad libitum until participants felt comfortably full prior to satiety monitoring. The study explored diverse human factors (n = 30) that might contribute to satiety including those related to oral physiology, metabolic factors, body composition and psychology. It identified important variables for satiety as well as the interactions among them and the influences of age, gender, and low satiety phenotype (consistently lower reported fullness scores) on satiety. Overall, combinations of factors rather than individual ones contributed to self-reported satiety. Food factors (e.g., type, composition) had limited effects, but there were only three types used in the study. The combination of metabolic factors [respiratory quotient, age, and body energy usage type (e.g., carbohydrate or fat)], oral sensitivity & processing, personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism), and eating behavior (e.g., emotional and external eating) were the most important for explaining individual satiety responses. Older participants had significantly higher reported satiety than younger participants, associated with significant differences in oral physiology, increased body fat, and mature psychological characters. Moreover, different satiety phenotypes had significant differences in relationships with body fat, oral physiology, personalities, food neophobia, and eating behaviors. The results of this study indicate that much greater insights into the factors determining satiety responses can be obtained by combining multiple food and human physiological and psychological characteristics. This study used more diverse measures of individual variation than previous studies of satiety and points the way toward a more holistic approach to understanding the (control of) perceptions of fullness at both individual and group levels.

A higher energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index is positively associated with total and visceral body fat in young male adults.

The energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™) has been associated with a high body mass index and markers of chronic diseases. Also, pro-inflammatory diets with a high E-DII have been positively associated with metabolic disturbances such as glucose intolerance and type II diabetes mellitus. However, it is unclear whether E-DII scores are positively associated with body fat percentage and visceral fat per se. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate whether the E-DII is associated with body fat content and metabolic health indicators in lean and obese young men. The present study was conducted on 59 participants, without comorbidities, not using tobacco, medication and nutritional supplements. Dietary data were obtained by 3-day food records to calculate E-DII scores based on 28 food parameters. Body composition was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Blood samples were taken to measure fasting glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. An oral glucose tolerance test also was performed. Associations were determined by mixed-effects linear regression. E-DII scores ranged from -3.48 to +3.10. Energy intake was similar across E-DII tertiles. After adjusting for covariates, the highest E-DII tertile was associated with increased body fat, visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference. There was no association between E-DII scores and glycaemic parameters. In young participants, a dietary pattern with a higher E-DII (i.e., pro-inflammatory) score was associated with high body fat and markers of central adiposity assessed by DXA, regardless of body mass.

Decapeptide from Potato Hydrolysate Induces Myogenic Differentiation and Ameliorates High Glucose-Associated Modulations in Protein Synthesis and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Cells.

Sarcopenia is characterized as an age-related loss of muscle mass that results in negative health consequences such as decreased strength, insulin resistance, slowed metabolism, increased body fat mass, and a substantially diminished quality of life. Additionally, conditions such as high blood sugar are known to further exacerbate muscle degeneration. Skeletal muscle development and regeneration following injury or disease are based on myoblast differentiation. Bioactive peptides are biologically active peptides found in foods that could have pharmacological functions. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of decapeptide DI-10 from the potato alcalase hydrolysate on myoblast differentiation, muscle protein synthesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis in vitro. The treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with DI-10 (10 µg/mL) did not induce cell death. DI-10 treatment in C2C12 myoblast cells accelerates the phosphorylation of promyogenic kinases such as ERK, Akt and mTOR proteins in a dose-dependent manner. DI-10 improves myotubes differentiation and upregulates the expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein in myoblast cells under differentiation medium with high glucose. DI-10 effectively increased the phosphorylation of promyogenic kinases Akt, mTOR, and mitochondrial-related transcription factors AMPK and PGC1α expression under hyperglycemic conditions. Further, decapeptide DI-10 decreased the expression of Murf1 and MAFbx proteins, which are involved in protein degradation and muscle atrophy. Our reports support that decapeptide DI-10 could be potentially used as a therapeutic candidate for preventing muscle degeneration in sarcopenia.

Effects of Circuit Training Program on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Vascular Inflammatory Markers, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Elderly Obese Women with Sarcopenia.

Sarcopenic obesity is caused by a decrease in muscle mass and an increase in body fat due to aging, and has been the cause of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis and high inflammatory conditions. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of long-term exercise training as regards to the body composition and blood-related physiological indicators. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influences the effect of circuit exercise training for 12 weeks on cardiovascular risk factors, vascular inflammatory markers, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in elderly obesity women with sarcopenia. A total of 28 elderly obese Korean women with sarcopenia (75.0 5.1 years) were randomly assigned either to a control group (CG, n = 14) or an exercise group (EG, n = 14). The EG performed circuit exercise training for 25-75 minutes (gradually incremental) three times per week over a period of 12 weeks, while the CG maintained their usual daily lifestyle during the intervention period. Pre- and post-intervention evaluations were performed on selected cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory markers, and IGF-1. The EG group exhibited improved body composition (i.e., body mass index, fat-free mass, % fat mass, waist-to-hip ratio; all p 0.030, 2 0.169), Cardiovascular risks factor (i.e., heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rate pressure product, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, triglyceride/HDL-C ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; all p 0.042, 2 0.150), Inflammatory markers (i.e., high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6; all p 0.045, 2 0.146), and IGF-1 (p = 0.037, 2 = 0.157). Conversely, there were no significant changes observed in CG. Twelve weeks of circuit training had a positive effect on the improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, vascular inflammatory markers, and IGF-1 in elderly obese women with sarcopenia.

Slow gait speed is associated with dynapenic obesity in Mexican ambulatory older adults

An increased risk of slow gait speed (GS) has been reported among older adults with decreased muscle strength, coupled with a concomitant increase in body fat known as dynapenic obesity (DO); however, these two conditions together have rarely been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the association between GS and DO in older Mexican ambulatory adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted; body fat percentage, and muscle strength and GS using EWGSOP criteria, were measured in 126 older ambulatory Mexican adults, with a mean age of 71 years old. The association was evaluated using controlled logistic regression models. Among ambulatory older adults with slow GS, the risk of DO was 3.4 times higher than among those without, controlling for age and sex (p<0.01). In conclusion, slow GS in ambulatory older adults can be a useful indicator for the early identification of DO.

Beneficial Effects of Fructooligosaccharides Esterified with Lauric Acid in a Metabolic Syndrome Model Induced by a High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Diet in Wistar Rats

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of abnormalities in which obesity, insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia stand out. This pathology predisposes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The ingestion of linear fructooligosaccharides (FOS) such as inulin reduces conditions such as hyperinsulinemia, increased body fat, and triglyceridemia. When FOS are esterified with fatty acids, they present emulsifying and surfactant properties; however, there are no reports of their function at the biological level. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Agave tequilana Weber's FOS (AtW-FOS) and FOS esterified with lauric acid (FOS-LA) in MS markers in a rat model induced by a HFHC diet. Supplementation with AtW-FOS and FOS-LA decreased IR, improved glucose tolerance, reduced liver weight (19%), plasma triglycerides (24%), and blood pressure (16%) when compared with the untreated MS group. In conclusion, the ingestion of AtW-FOS and FOS-LA has beneficial effects in the prevention of MS alterations, showing a high potential for their application in functional foods.

Plasma Levels of Triglycerides and IL-6 Are Associated With Weight Regain and Fat Mass Expansion.

ContextLong-term weight loss (WL) maintenance is the biggest challenge for overweight and obesity because of the almost unavoidable phenomenon of partial or even total weight regain (WR) after WL.ObjectiveIn the present study we investigated the relations of (the changes of) adipocyte size and other risk biomarkers with WR during the follow-up of the Yoyo dietary intervention.MethodsIn this randomized controlled study, 48 overweight/obese participants underwent a very-low-calorie diet to lose weight, followed by a weight-stable period of 4 weeks and a follow-up period of 9 months. Anthropometric measurements, adipocyte volume of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and plasma metabolic parameters (free fatty acids [FFAs], triglycerides [TGs], total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], interleukin 6 [IL-6], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] activity, retinol binding protein 4 [RBP4]) at the beginning and the end of follow-up were analyzed.ResultsOur results show that changes of TGs, IL-6, HOMA-IR, and ACE are significantly positively correlated with WR. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that only TG and IL-6 changes remained significantly correlated with WR and increased body fat mass. Moreover, the change in HOMA-IR was tightly correlated with the change in TGs. Surprisingly, change in adipocyte volume during follow-up was not correlated with WR nor with other factors, but positive correlations between adipocyte volume and HOMA-IR were found at the beginning and end of the follow-up.ConclusionThese results suggest that TGs and IL-6 are independently linked to WR via separate mechanisms, and that HOMA-IR and adipocyte volume may indirectly link to WR through the change of plasma TGs.

Tocotrienols Attenuate White Adipose Tissue Accumulation and Improve Serum Cholesterol Concentration in High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice.

Tocotrienols (T3s), which are vitamin E homologs, have not only antioxidant function but also inhibitory effects on body weight gain and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. However, the mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of T3s are not yet understood. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet in the presence or absence of T3s. Treatment with T3s inhibited white adipose tissue accumulation and elevation of serum cholesterol concentrations. Additionally, to clarify the relationship between obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction and the neuroprotective effect of T3s, cognitive function, brain oxidation, and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is strongly involved in neuronal growth and differentiation, were measured. Although mice behaviors were improved by oral T3 intake, there were no significant differences in brain oxidation levels and BDNF expression. These results suggest that T3s attenuate obesity via inhibition of body fat and serum cholesterol increase.

Effects of sodium intake and cardiorespiratory fitness on body composition and genetic susceptibility to obesity: results from the Quebec Family Study.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Na intake and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on body composition. The study was also intended to assess whether Na intake and/or CRF mediate the genetic susceptibility to obesity. Analyses were performed on a sample of 526 adult participants from the Quebec Family Study for whom a complete data set was available for nutrient and energy intake, CRF and body composition variables. The effects of Na, CRF and their interaction were analysed by comparing sex-specific tertiles using general linear mixed models. In both males and females, we observed a significant effect of Na intake and CRF on all body composition variables. However, in females only, we found that the effect of Na intake on body composition variables varies according to CRF level such that high Na intake was associated with increased body fatness, but only in females with low CRF. This interaction effect remained significant after statistical adjustment for total sugar, fat and energy intake. Using mediation analysis, we also found Na intake and CRF to be significant mediators of the relationship between a polygenic risk score of obesity based on > 500000 genetic variants and BMI or waist circumference. In conclusion, the current study shows that Na intake influences body composition via mechanisms that interact with aerobic fitness, especially in females. Furthermore, both Na intake and CRF seem to be involved in the expression of the genetic susceptibility to obesity.

Yoga Exercise Intervention Improves Balance Control and Prevents Falls in Seniors Aged 65.

IntroductionBody balance control represents a key factor preventing falls and subsequent injuries in seniors aged 65+. Intervention based on yoga exercises seem to be effective in improving balance.ObjectiveThe objective is to analyse and compare changes in static, dynamic, and total balance scores, changes in body composition and social indices as effects of yoga-based intervention.MethodsA total of 500 participants (234 men aged 74.5 SD±7.74 and 266 women aged 76.9 SD±7.23) were assessed using the Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, the InBody 230 bioimpedance body composition analyser, and the SF-36 Health Survey, applied to pre and post-testing. The experimental group (n=262; 122 males; 140 females) underwent a four-week yoga-based intervention, 30 minutes daily, while the control group (n=238; 112 males; 126 females) underwent its usual daily programme at senior homes or centres. The ANOVA model, consisting of the Group, Stage, Subject and Group × Stage interaction factors, was used for data evaluation.ResultsIntervention led to improvements in the static, dynamic and total balance scores in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results of SF-36 showed positive changes in the psychosocial aspects of health, such as promoting of calmness and happiness in male seniors and reducing fatigue, nervousness and depression in female seniors. The post-intervention decrease in body fat percentage and increase in muscle mass in seniors is discussed.ConclusionsThe four-week yoga-based intervention had positive effects on the static, dynamic and total balance scores, body composition and social status.

Ammonia Scavenger Restores Liver and Muscle Injury in a Mouse Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis With Sarcopenic Obesity.

Recent studies have revealed that sarcopenia is closely associated with obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, few attempted to explore the cause-and-effect relationship between sarcopenic obesity and NASH. In this study, we investigated muscular alterations in a rodent NASH model to elucidate their intrinsic relations and explore the potential therapeutic target. Forty-six 8-week-old and twenty 42-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (defined as young and middle-aged mice, respectively) were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 or 20 weeks. A subset of young mice was subjected to ammonia lowering treatment by L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA). We examined body composition and muscle strength by nuclear magnetic resonance and grip strength meter, respectively. At the end of the 12th week, all HFD-fed mice developed typical steatohepatitis. Meanwhile, sarcopenia occurred in HFD-fed middle-aged mice, whereas young mice only demonstrated decreased grip strength. Until the end of week 20, young mice in the HFD group exhibited significant sarcopenia and obesity phenotypes, including decreased lean body mass and grip strength, and increased body fat mass and percentage body fat. Additionally, plasma ammonia level was markedly increased in HFD-fed mice of both ages at week 20. Plasma ammonia level was negatively associated with muscle strength and myofiber diameter in young mice. LOLA can significantly reduce plasma levels of ammonia, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and cholesterol in mice fed an HFD. Hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposition area were significantly decreased in HFD group by LOLA treatment. Meanwhile, LOLA significantly increased lean body mass, grip strength, and average muscle fiber diameter of HFD-fed mice. These findings suggest that the occurrence of NASH precedes sarcopenia in HFD mice, and the steatohepatitis-related hyperammonemia might contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. LOLA might be an effective drug for both steatohepatitis and sarcopenic obesity.

Вікасоційовані зміни жирової та знежиреної маси у чоловіків

We examined 342 healthy men aged 20 to 89 years to establish age-related changes in body composition in physiological aging. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (fat and lean mass of the body, trunk and extremities, fat content, fat mass index, lean mass index, appendicular lean mass and appendicular lean mass index). The study found an age-associated decrease in lean mass and an increase in fat mass. The related index of fat mass significantly increased in aged men, reaching the maximum in the age group 50–59 years – 8.44 [6.19 – 10.33] compared with the group of 20-29 years old men – 5.24 [4.00 – 7.01] kg/m2 (P &lt; 0.001). The appendicular lean mass reached a maximum in men 30-39 years old and decreased with age. The loss of lean mass at the age of 40-49 years was 5.2%, 50-59 years – 8.1%, 60-69 years – 9.3%, 70-79 years – 18.5%, 80-89 years – 22.1%. The incidence of sarcopenia probably increased with age and was in the age groups of 50-59 years – 5.3%, 60-69 years – 5.1%, 70-79 years – 15.1%, 80-89 years – 41.0%. Conclusively, age-related features of the body composition in men consisted of a decrease in lean mass with an increase in the frequency of sarcopenia from 5.3% in the age group 50-59 years to 41.0% in the age group 80-89 years on the background of increasing body fat.

Association of Neck Circumference with Body Composition and Cardiovascular Parameters in Young Healthy Adult Males

Background and Aim: Increased Neck circumference is the marker of upper body obesity and identified as an indicator of future cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). Hence, in this study, we assessed the relationship of Neck circumference (NC) with basal cardiovascular and body composition (BC) parameter in young adult males. Methods: Sixty three healthy young adult male volunteers of age between 18 to 25 years were enrolled for this study and they were divided into two groups based on neck circumference (NC). Control group (n = 32) comprises of individuals with normal neck circumference of ≤ 35.5 cm and study group (n = 31) includes individuals with increased neck circumference of ≥ 35.5 cm. The, BC parameters was assessed by Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA) method using Quadscan 4000. And the basal cardiovascular parameters such as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) was measured by automated sphygmomanometer and the pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the rate pressure product (RPP) were derived. Results: Data was expressed in Mean ± SD. The groups were compared using Independent Student’s t test. The association between NC and various study parameters were assessed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Our study, revealed increased body fat and reduced muscle mass in individuals with increased NC. Further, we observed a positive correlation of NC with body fat (%) and negative correlation with Lean Body Mass. Cardiovascular parameters SBP, DBP, MAP and PP were elevated in subjects with increased NC. Further, positive correlation is seen with SBP, DBP, RPP and NC. Conclusion: Neck circumference is a readily measurable screening tool of upper-body adiposity and increased NC is associated with CVD risk.

Effects of high fructose corn syrup on intestinal microbiota structure and obesity in mice

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-associated health problems have raised concerns. We investigated the effects of HFCS-containing drinking water on body fat, intestinal microbiota structure of mice, and the relationships between them. HFCS drinking water significantly increased body fat content and altered the intestinal microbiome. The Christensenellaceae R-7 group negatively correlated with body weight, perirenal fat, epididymal fat, and liver fat percentage.

The effects of exercise on body composition of prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy: An update systematic review and meta-analysis.

Androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment for prostate cancer. However, this therapy is associated with various adverse effects, such as increased body fat and decreased bone mineral density. Exercise may be useful for ameliorating these adverse effects, although it is not completely effective. This review aimed to clarify how exercise interventions influenced body composition and bone mineral density and to explore the most effective exercise program among prostate cancer patients who received androgen deprivation therapy. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for reports of randomised controlled trials that were published until October 2021. All studies involved prostate cancer patients who received androgen deprivation therapy and completed aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and/or impact exercise training. Outcomes were defined as lean body mass, body fat mass, body fat rate, regional and whole-body bone mineral density. Thirteen reports regarding 12 randomised clinical trials (715 participants) were included. Relative to the control group, exercise intervention provided a higher lean body mass (mean difference: 0.88, 95% confidence interval: 0.40 to 1.36, P<0.01), a lower body fat mass (mean difference: -0.60, 95% confidence interval: -1.10 to -0.10, P<0.05), and a lower body fat rate (mean difference: -0.93, 95% confidence interval: -1.39 to -0.47, P<0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed greater efficacy for exercise duration of ≥6 months (vs. <6 months) and exercise immediately after the therapy (vs. delayed exercise). No significant differences were observed in the bone mineral density outcomes. Exercise can help ameliorate the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy in body composition, with combination exercises including resistance exercise, 8-12 repetition maximum of resistance exercise intensity, prolonged exercise duration, and performing exercise immediately after therapy providing better amelioration. And the combination of resistance and impact exercise appears to be the best mode for improving the bone mineral density.