Increase In Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Steeping Water Temperature Of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmannii) and Steeping Time With Test Time on the Glycemic Response of Diabetic Rats

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease in which the body is unable to metabolize fats, proteins and carbohydrates which is characterized by high blood glucose levels or commonly known as hyperglycemia. Until 2019, 10.9 million DM cases were found in Indonesia and are suspected of continuing to increase. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmannii) has several active ingredients vizcoumarin, cinnamat, cinnamaldehid, polyphenols and flavonoid can increase glucose transport by GLUT 4 in adipose cells and skeletal muscles so as to significantly reduce blood glucose. Thus, cinnamon has the potential to be a useful product for the community, namely a diabetes herbal medicine. The purpose of this research was to determine the ratio of the temperature of the cinnamon steeping water with the duration of steeping on the glycemic response of diabetic rats.
 This research uses Completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the first factor (P): steeping water temperature (65 oC, 75 oC, and 85 oC) and brewing time (20 minutes, 25 minutes and 30 minutes) and the second factor (L): test time (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes). This study also carried out control (-) and control (+) as a preliminary study to determine the glycemic response in test animals. Each treatment will be repeated 3 times to obtain 33 experimental units. The parameters analyzed were blood sugar levels, the percentage (%) increase in blood sugar levels, and the percentage (%) decrease in blood sugar levels.
 The results showed that temperature of the cinnamon steeping water (Cinnamomum Burmannii) and the duration of brewing can reduce the blood sugar levels of mice every time the test is carried out. The best treatment was obtained from the ratio of the temperature of the steeping water and the duration of steeping, namely 65 oC and brewing time for 25 minutes, determined based on the percentage decrease in blood sugar level, which is equal to 53,02%.

The Effect of Treatment With Aminoguanidine, an Advanced Glycation End Product Inhibitor, on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats and Its Effects on Physiological and Renal Functions.

Diabetes is a multifactorial syndrome that affects the functioning of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetes is well known. In the present study, we hypothesized that the prevention of AGE accumulation or abrogation of AGE synthesis using an AGE inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal modelswould affect the progression of diabetes and its related complications. We determined the effects of aminoguanidine (AG), an AGE inhibitor, in STZ-induced diabetic rats by determining various indices of RAS and renal functions. Additionally, we also investigated the effect of the drug, AG, on various hemodynamic and physiological functions in the body of the animals. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were assigned to four groups (n = 4-6): Vehicle, Vehicle+AG, STZ-induced, and STZ-induced+AG rats. Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) dissolved in sodium citrate buffer. The control groups (Vehicle) were injected with buffer. The blood glucose levels were measured after 48 hours, and animals with blood glucose levels > 300 mg/dL were included in the study. Blood glucose levels in the vehicle rats were also determined to ensure non-diabetic conditions. After confirmation, AG was administrated at a dose of 1 g/L in drinking water for two weeks. Urine was collected to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the immune reactivity for AT1 and AT2 proteins was analyzed by immunoblotting. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean(SEM), and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Diabetic rats had a significant drop in body weight, accompanied by increased food and water consumption. The diabetic rats exhibited significantly increased urine flow and GFR. These phenotypes were significantly or considerately reversed by AG treatment in the STZ+AG-treated diabetic rats. Aminoguanidineprevented the increase in blood sugar levels compared to STZ-induced diabetic rats alone (295.9 ± 50.69 versus 462.3 ± 18.6 mg/dL (p < 0.05)). However, it did not affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular damage, as assessed by the renal histopathological studies. The STZ-induced diabetic rats had an increased sodium excretion (3.24 ± 0.40 mmol) and significantly increased expression of the AT2 receptor and that of the AT1 receptor, which was slightly reversed by the treatment with AG. Treatment with AG decreased sodium excretion (2.12 ± 0.63, as compared to the diabetic rats). These rats also had modestly decreased expression of the AT2 receptor (0.99 ± 0.07 versus 1.12 ± 0.08, as compared to the STZ-induced diabetic rats), while theAT1 receptors showed a slight increase in the STZ+AG-treated rats compared to the STZ-induced diabetic rats (1.1 ± 0.19 versus 1.08 ± 0.12). This study highlights the action of the drugAG in not exacerbating any damage in diabetic rats. Employing AG as a pharmacological intervention to prevent an increase in blood sugar adds a new dimension to controlling increased blood sugar and preventing diabetic complications. The employability and pharmacological intervention of the drug AG, in diabetes, therefore, need a renewed and further investigation.

The Relationship between Body Weight and Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Students of the Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Class of 2022

Introduction: Obesity and excess body weight are predisposing factors to insulin resistance which can cause an increase in blood sugar levels resulting in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Objective: To determine the relationship between body weight and fasting blood glucose levels in students of the Faculty of Medicine Untad Batch 2022Methods: This type of research is analytic observational using a cross sectional research design. Total population of 159 people. The sampling technique used total sampling and obtained a total sample of 139 which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were obtained by measuring body mass index and taking peripheral blood using a glucometer. Then the data obtained were analyzed using the Spearman test.Results: The results of the analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between body weight and fasting blood glucose levels in Tadulako University Medical Faculty students class of 2022 with a p value of 0.39. The results of the analysis on the relationship between BMI and fasting blood glucose levels in 2022 Faculty of Medicine students showed no significant relationship with a p value of 0.24.Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that there is no significant relationship between body weight and fasting blood glucose levels in Tadulako University Medical Faculty students class of 2022. This is because the majority of the sample has normal weight.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MADU PADA LUKA DIABETES MELITUS UNTUK MEMPERCEPAT PROSES PENYEMBUHAN

Introduction : Diabetes is in the form of an increase in blood sugar levels or what is commonly called hyperglycemia beyond normal limits. This condition is a decrease in insulin secretion due to pancreatic dysfunction, decreased insulin sensitivity, or both (Ningsih Darwis &amp; Graharti, 2019). According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 425 million diabetics worldwide are aged 20-79 years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia is the 6th country in the world with the highest number of diabetics of more than 10 million people in Indonesia suffering from diabetes. Current treatment methods are very diverse, one of which is that honey can slow down the growth of bacteria so that there is an acceleration of wound healing. Objective : to find out the effect of honey removal on burns to speed up the healing process . Method : data collection and collection methods carried out through literature studies by searching the results of scientific publications with a time span of 2016- 2022 through the use of the Google Scholar Database, Garuda Portal and Pubmed. Results and Analysis : obtained 10 journals that discuss honey in diabetic wounds to speed up the healing process. Diabetic wounds show differences before and after honey feeding characterized by wounds becoming closed and the smell decreases. Discussion and Conclusion : Giving honey to diabetic wounds has an effect on accelerating the wound healing process. Honey also has a low pH can prevent the growth of germs. The high sugar content in honey can make the wound condition moist and will make the wound heal quickly

Pemodelan Klasifikasi Untuk Menentukan Penyakit Diabetes dengan Faktor Penyebab Menggunakan Decision Tree C4.5 Pada Wanita

Diabetes is closely related to the pancreas, where the pancreas produces the natural hormone insulin, but its function is problematic which causes an increase in blood sugar levels in the body. Rising blood pressure can affect organ function in damaging the function of organs in a person's body such as the kidneys, heart and brain. Where makes a person have a history of diabetes. Diabetes that attacks adults can be prevented through exercise and a regular and healthy diet. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) organization, it is estimated that at least 19.5 million Indonesian people between the ages of 20 and 79 will suffer from diabetes in 2021. China is in first place with diabetes with 140.9 million people. India is next in line with the number of people with diabetes of 74.2 million people. Therefore, early diagnosis is very important because it aims to reduce diabetes and diabetes complications in the future. It is necessary to collect data on patients with diabetes who are expected to be able to do prevention. Therefore applying classification techniques with data mining with the C4.5 algorithm. Where the classification can achieve better accuracy. Algorithm C4.5 is generally used in determining the nodes of a decision tree. Based on the test results, the accuracy is 76.67 percent, the precision is 72 percent, and the recall is 41.67 percent.

Pengaruh Edukasi Gizi Terhadap Pengetahuan, Pola Makan Dan Kadar Glukosa Darah Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 RSU Kota Mataram Dengan Provinsi NTB

The phenomenon of diabetes mellitus from year to year an increasing number. One major factor is the lack of knowledge in conducting therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus diit so may lead to increased blood sugar levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition education to increase the knowledge, dietary compliance and uncontrolled blood sugar levels Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatient in Kota Mataram Dg Provinsi NTB Public Hospital Jeneponto. The design of this research was experimental studies with pre experimental designs One Group Pretest And Postest Design. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling technique with a sample of 30 people. Data was collected by the secondary data and primary data. The dietary pattern data was collected by 24 hours recall questionnaire, blood glucose level of patients were measured by blood glucose meter. While the knowledge of patients were collected by interview using questionnaire.given before and after the education. Height and weight of patients were measured by scale and microtoice. The secondary data are the description of hospital and laboratory result data obtained from the hospital. Data analysis was performed by Mc Nemar test.The results showed, after education, knowledge of patients categorized sufficiently increased (p = 0.031), from 33.3% to 53.3%, as well as the diet of patients (p = 0.003), from 23.3% to 60 , 0% categorized fairly, as well as the patient's blood sugar levels were controlled (p = 0.000), from 3.3% to 46.7%. It is recommended to patients to better manage diet to control blood sugar levels with the help of physical activity and obedient in taking the drug.

Effect of Diabetic Exercise on Reducing Cholesterol Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Prolanis Exercise Group Argasunya

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or diabetes is a condition of disturbed metabolism in the body caused by the body's inability to produce and distribute the hormone insulin, causing instability in blood glucose levels. DM patients besides experiencing an increase in blood sugar levels also increase cholesterol levels caused by the body's inability to synthesize glucose into energy so that energy is formed from fat synthesis which can cause lipid deposits in the form of cholesterol. Management of diabetes mellitus (DM) which consists of diet, education, pharmacology and physical exercise. One of the physical exercise efforts is diabetes exercise, if done regularly it can burn 150 calories per day and is important in lowering plasma cholesterol through regulatory mechanisms.Method: This study aims to determine the effect of physical exercise on reducing cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Prolanis Benowo Sukoharjo gymnastics group. This research is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental design approachone group pretest-posttest. The sample in this study was patients with type 2 DMas many as 30 people, with statistical analysis using (paired sample t-test) withp-value (0.05).Results:The mean difference in cholesterol levels betweenpre andpost exercise in respondents who did gymnastics once a week for 4 weeks with a duration of 30 minutes per session was 35.8 with an SD of 34.7. While valuep (value) 0.000, meaning that there is a significant decrease in cholesterol levels betweenpre andpost physical exercise in respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion:There is an effect of diabetes exercise on reducing cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after being controlled with cholesterol medication in the prolanis exercise group.&#x0D;

The Effect of Arsenic on the Prevalence of Diabetes

Context: Arsenic has metallic and non-metallic properties. It is widely found in sulfide ores and belongs to the nitrogen family. Arsenic is used as an insecticide due to its high toxicity. Arsenic has caused many environmental concerns, including the widespread availability of arsenic in the environment, biological toxicity, and exploitation. Potential routes of arsenic exposure in humans include drinking water, industrial manufacturing, diet, cosmetics, smoking, and air. A recent debate has focused on the link between arsenic exposure and diabetes. Diabetes is a common disease in the world that affects many people. This disease is caused by a long-term increase in blood sugar levels in the body. Evidence Acquisition: The purpose of this review study was to epidemiologically review the side effects of arsenic on diabetes. A total of 466 articles were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Cochran, and ScienceDirect databases. Eighty-one full-text articles were entered into the analysis process. Finally, 16 articles were selected for this study. Results: Arsenic is available in a variety of sources, including natural resources, groundwater, industrial activities, food, and tobacco. Arsenic can affect the function of pancreatic β cells and cause diabetes. Conclusions: Toxic air pollutants, especially arsenic, are attributed to human activities, industrial processes, fuel uses, transportation, power plants, and energy consumption. The emission of these pollutants can increase the prevalence of diabetes. Also, exposure to arsenic in the air can be very harmful and cause cancer and non-cancerous disorders in the long term and even in the short term.

Study on Ethnomedicinal Plants used against diabetes by the tribes of Gajapati district of Odisha: Ethnomedicinal plants used against diabetes

The original roots of complementary medicine continue to be found in India, where it is still widely used in public healthcare. Due to the significant rise in frequency in India, diabetes mellitus has recently attracted attention. It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels over the threshold and an overflow of added sugar into the urine. The purpose of this research is to look into the traditional medical knowledge of plants used to cure diabetes in the Gajapati district of Odisha. Interactions with the Savara, Shaber, Kandha and Lodha tribes of the district were used to gather information on the anti-diabetic plants. Interacting with the traditional medicine men allowed researchers to chronicle the indigenous knowledge of the plants' anti-diabetic qualities. There are 19 plants in all, spread across 14 families, which have been identified as being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The medicinal plant belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Araceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Apocynaceae and Polypidiaceae are the most frequently used. Roots and leaves were the most frequently used, and decoction extracts were most frequently employed. Our research found a large number of these plants and the products they produce. With more thorough research, the future of diabetes treatment may be promising. For these plants to become recognized as secure and efficient anti-diabetic drugs, additional clinical and pharmaceutical intervention investigations are required.

Role of antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease.

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the target tissues have a decreased response to insulin signaling, resulting in glucose uptake defect, and an increased blood sugar level. Pancreatic beta cells thus enhance insulin production to compensate. This situation may cause further beta cell dysfunction and failure, which can lead diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin resistance is thus an important cause of the development of type 2 DM. Insulin resistance has also been found to have a strong relationship with cardiovascular disease and is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The mechanisms of insulin resistance in CKD are complex and multifactorial. They include physical inactivity, inflammation and oxidative stress, metabolic acidosis, vitamin D deficiency, adipose tissue dysfunction, uremic toxins, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Currently, available anti-diabetic agents, such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, alfa-glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1-based agents, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, have different effects on insulin resistance. In this short review, we describe the potential mechanisms of insulin resistance in CKD patients. We also review the interaction of currently available anti-diabetic medications with insulin resistance.

Relationship of Adrenaline Administration to Increased Blood Sugar Levels in Male Rattus norvegicus Rats

Stress is a condition that causes a steady state in the body to be disrupted. When a stressor hits the body, the hypothalamus will send a signal to the adrenal gland to produce catecholamine. One of the catecholamines is adrenaline. Adrenaline will increase heart muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose. This experimental research with research subjects is male Rattus norvegicus, 24 weeks, 250-300 gr, and healthy. The total sample is 24 rats divided into four groups, with two groups of controls not injected with adrenaline and two groups of treatment. Each treatment group will be differentiated between fasting groups (P1) and not fasting groups (P2) and injected with adrenaline 0,6 mg/kgBB via intraperitoneal. This research uses pre-test and post-test methods to measure blood glucose levels. The one-way ANOVA result shows a significant difference (p&lt;0,05) between the pre-test and post-test of blood glucose level.

DIFFERENCES IN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER MORNING AND AFTERNOON WALK IN TYPE II DIABETES MELITUS PATIENTS AT BABAKANSARI PUSKESMAS

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease which causes an increase in blood sugar levels and is at risk of causing disease complications. Walking is done to increase the sensitivity of insulin receptors. Blood vessels in the afternoon are more vasodilated than in the morning due to the effects of circadian rhythms which affect hormone action. This study aims to determine the difference in the average value of blood sugar levels before and after walking in the morning and afternoon in patients with type II DM. The research design used was a preexperiment with a pretest-posttest two group design approach. The sample of 20 respondents who are divided into 2 groups, namely the morning group of 10 people and the afternoon group of 10 people, with purposive sampling. The results of this study showed that the amount of decrease in blood sugar levels in the morning group was 31.6 mg/dL and the amount of decrease in blood sugar levels in the afternoon group was 43.5 mg/dL. The results of statistical tests in the morning group obtained a value of p = 0.007 (p &lt;0.05) and in the afternoon group obtained a value of p = 0.005 (p &lt;0.05). The results showed that the afternoon group was more effective in reducing average blood glucose levels as a result of vasodilatation of blood vessels which is influenced by circadian rhythms compared to the morning group, so it can be concluded that there are differences in blood sugar levels before and after walking in the morning and in the afternoon in patients with type II DM. Therefore it is advisable to walk, especially in the afternoon which can lower blood sugar levels more for type II DM sufferers in an effort to control blood sugar levels.

The Effect Of Kersen (&lt;i&gt;Muntingia calabura&lt;/i&gt;) Extract On The Number Of Pancreatic Beta Cells: Experiment Study In Rat

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common type of diabetes which can be caused by an increase in blood sugar levels resulting in a decrease in the number of pancreatic beta cells, dysfunction or apoptosis. To increase the number of pancreatic beta cells, antioxidants are needed. The antioxidant content of kersen leaves can improve pancreatic beta cell disorders due to high blood sugar levels by reducing ROS and RNF so that oxidative stress decreases and the number of pancreatic beta cells increases. Aim of this research, to determine the effect and the most effective dose of kersen leaves ethanol extract on the number of pancreatic beta cells of white rats wistar strain induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). This study used a true experiment post-test only with control group design with STZ-NA-induced KI-KV group and normal control KVI group. KI-KIII was given kersen leaves extract at a dose of 0.3; 0.5 ;0.7 mg/gBW. KIV positive control. KV negative control. At the end of the study, the pancreas of rats was made preparations with immunohistochemical staining and the average pancreatic beta cells from the 5 islets of Langerhans were calculated. The average number of pancreatic beta cells that were most effective from the kersen leaves treatment group was KI (dose of 0.3 mg/gBW) with an average of 39.9. There is an effect of ethanol extract of kersen leaves on increasing the number of pancreatic beta cells in white rats of wistar strain induced by STZ-NA with an effective dose of 0.3 mg/gBW.

Effect of local anesthetic lidocaine 2% with a combination of adrenaline 1:80000 on blood sugar levels before and after anesthesia procedures at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara

Objective: To determine the effect of Lidocaine 2% local anesthesia with a combination of adrenaline 1:80000 on blood sugar levels before and after anesthetic procedures at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Material and Methods: This was an experimental study with one group pretest posttest design research design. A sample of 40 patients were given a preliminary test and a final test to find out blood sugar levels before and after being given Lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:80000. Results: The results of the study were analyzed using the Paired t-test. The results showed a significant difference in blood sugar levels before and after the 2% lidocaine anesthesia procedure with a combination of adrenaline 1:80.000 (p = 0.00 &lt;0.05) Conclusion: Giving 2% lidocaine local anesthesia with a combination of adrenaline 1:80.000 increased blood sugar levels in subjects and increased blood sugar levels were higher in male subjects than female subjects.

Exploitation of steroids in coronavirus disease 2019: An overview

Abstract Corticosteroids, more specifically glucocorticoids, are one of the most prescribed drugs. Corticosteroids are adrenal hormones that serve significant physiologic activities such as modulating glucose metabolism, protein catabolism, calcium metabolism, bone turnover control, immunosuppression, and downregulation of the inflammatory cascade. Corticosteroids are regarded as life-saving due to their various effects and have been used therapeutically to treat a broad range of autoimmune, rheumatologic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and viral illnesses. However, the therapeutic benefits of glucocorticoids are restricted by their adverse effects. The most serious side effects of corticosteroids are associated with the use of higher doses for longer periods and over the counter medicine availability in specific pharmacies, which leads to dependency, as well as its usage in mild and moderate server instances, which is contrary to guidelines. In recent times, the use of corticosteroids has been multiplied with the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. WHO and the standard guidelines have recommended the usage of corticosteroids in critically ill COVID-19 patients, but their usage in mild and moderate cases caused more harm than benefit. This illicit usage has resulted in the development of opportunistic fungal illnesses such as mucormycosis, posing an extra risk to patients in terms of quality of life and finances. Other adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids include morphological changes, increased blood sugar levels, delayed wound healing, infections, decreased bone density, truncal obesity, cataracts, glaucoma, blood pressure abnormalities, and muscle fiber atrophy. In this review, we want to discuss the significance and detrimental effects of corticosteroids emphasizing on recent times, that is, COVID-19. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are the best-studied class of APEDs (appearance and performance-enhancing drugs). Anabolic steroids increase lean muscle mass when used in conjunction with weight training. The aim, for nonathlete weightlifters is typically the improvement of appearance. The vast majority of people who misuse steroids are male nonathlete weightlifters in their 20s or 30s.

Kepatuhan Minum Obat Antidiabetika Oral Pasien Ulkus Diabetikum Rawat Jalan di Klinik X Pontianak Menggunakan Metode Kualitatif MMAS-8

Compliance is a major factor in determining the success of treatment. Non-compliance with taking medication in patients with diabetes mellitus has an impact on the risk of complications, one of which is diabetic ulcers. Diabetic ulcers are chronic wounds that occur due to hyperglycemia and abnormal blood circulation, which causes an increase in blood sugar levels. This study aims to analyze the level of adherence to taking oral antidiabetic drugs and the factors that influence adherence to taking antidiabetic drugs in outpatient diabetic ulcer patients at X Clinic, Pontianak. This research is a type of cross-sectional research, the sampling technique is purposive sampling. The number of samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 100 patients. Data was collected by filling out a questionnaire. Medication adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) questionnaire. The results showed that the characteristics of patients who visited the X Clinic Pontianak tended to be 45 years old (85%), female (67%), patients with 5 years of illness (55%), patients with a single type of treatment ( 68%), patients taking metformin (47%), and only 27% of patients adhering to oral antidiabetic drugs. Chi-square analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between age (p=1,000), gender (p=0,966), length of stay (p=0,946), type of treatment (p=0,202) on patient compliance in using antidiabetic drugs. From this study, it can be concluded that age, gender, length of suffering, and type of treatment do not affect adherence to taking oral antidiabetic drugs in diabetic ulcer patients.

Survey peningkatan resiko penyakit DM di masa Pandemi covid-19 Di wilayah Kabupaten Ponorogo tahun 2021

DM is a chronic disease that cannot be cured but can only be reduced and blood sugar levels controlled. Blood sugar levels of DM patients can be controlled and reduced by pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. The impact of the Covid 19 pandemic that can increase the risk of DM is stress. Stress due to the declining level of the community's economy can be due to losing a job, increasing the burden of living and others. At times of stress can increase levels of the hormone cortisol which can increase blood sugar levels. During the pandemic, people are afraid to leave the house so that activity decreases so that it will reduce the use of blood sugar by cells so that blood sugar increasesThe method used in this research is a survey by distributing a google form questionnaire with the link https://forms.gle/EsCR4qnoj62LZFnv9 via WA Online media to the community in the Ponorogo district from 6-15 October 2021 so that the number of respondents who fit the sample criteria is as much as 122 respondents. Measurement of DM risk factors using the FINDRISC questionnaire is a questionnaire that helps to identify the risk of DM disease.The results of the Survey on Increasing the Risk of DM Disease During the Covid 19 Pandemic in the Ponorogo Regency Region in 2021 it is known that from 122 respondents, 60 (49%) low risk respondents, 45 (36%) risk respondents slightly increased, 8 (7%) risk respondents medium, 8 (7%) high risk respondents and 1 (1%) very high risk respondents.

Assessment of the anti-diabetic potential of ethanol leaf extract of Crateva adansonii in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders causing disturbance in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrate and protein. Synthetic drugs used in the treatment of diabetes are known to have adverse effects. Thus the aim of this research work was to evaluate the anti-diabetic of ethanol leaf extract of Crateva adansonii in diabetic rats. Freshly harvested leaf of Crateva adansonii was dried and subsequently processed into extract. Twenty five (25) adult male wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group I was the Normal control (NC), Group II was diabetic untreated rats, Group III and IV were diabetic rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of C. adansonii respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin caused a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in blood sugar level. However, oral administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced blood sugar level compared to the level reported for the diabetic untreated Group II rats though higher than that reported for the normal control. In conclusion, it can be deduced from this study that ethanol leaf extract of C. adansonii wield anti-diabetic potential which could be enhanced with higher doses of the aforementioned extract.

Blood Glucose Levels and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients

WHO reported that there were 356,955,803 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 5,610,291 deaths worldwide as of January 26, 2022 [1]. Meanwhile in Indonesia as of January 26, 2022, there were 4,301,193 positive cases of COVID- 19 and 144,254 deaths had been determined by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia and the North Sulawesi Provincial Health Office reported 34,786 positive cases and 1,046 deaths [2]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, based on case reports, there were COVID-19 patients whose blood glucose levels increased while undergoing treatment at the hospital, even though these patients had no history of Diabetes mellitus. The effect of COVID-19 on increasing blood sugar levels is still not fully understood. Currently, while COVID-19 is still spreading, there is a need for continuous improvement in knowledge about the effective management of blood sugar control during COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood glucose levels and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients undergoing treatment at the hospital. This research is a retrospective analysis using medical record data of Covid-19 patients treated at Sentra Medika Minahasa Utara Hospital for the period of March 2021 to August 2021. The results showed a significant relationship between elevated blood sugar levels and poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

RISK FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS (TYPE 2) AT SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA HOSPITAL NAGAN RAYA DISTRICT

Diabetes Mellitus (type 2) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels caused by a decrease in insulin secretion or impaired insulin function. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors that influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Sultan Iskandar Muda Hospital, Nagan Raya Regency. The method used is quantitative with a cross-sectional research design. The sample in the study was 77 people using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The research analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the chi square test. The results of the study based on bivariate analysis found that there was a relationship between age (p-value=0.000), hypertension status (p-value=0.043), obesity status (p-value=0.019), consumption of risky foods: sweet foods (p-value= 0.039), sweet drinks (p-value=0.003), fatty/cholesterol foods (p-value=0.002), seasonings (p-value=0.016), fast food (p-value=0.002) , physical activity (p-value=0.023), and there was no relationship between gender (p-value=0.102), family history (p-value=0.364) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study found that age, sex, family history, hypertension status, obesity status, consumption of risky foods and physical activity are risk factors that influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Suggestions, it is expected that type 2 .