Increased Air Pollution Research Articles

Effect of Environmental Temperature in Lowlands on Lung Health: A Literature Review

Lowlands, with their hot and humid climates, present health challenges especially on the respiratory system. High ambient temperatures can worsen lung conditions, especially for people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the context of climate change and increased air pollution, it is important to understand the impact of environmental temperature on lung health in lowlands. The study aimed to review the existing literature to evaluate these effects, focusing on the mechanisms underlying this relationship and the long-term effects of high temperature exposure on lung function. The method used was a systematic literature review, which included relevant studies from scientific journals on the relationship between environmental temperature and lung health, as well as epidemiological studies in lowland populations. The article search technique in this study is through web access to Mendeley, and Science Direct. The results showed that high temperatures could trigger exacerbations of lung diseases, increase pollutant particles, and decrease lung function, as well as increase the risk of respiratory infections and decrease quality of life. In conclusion, high temperatures in lowlands have a significant impact on lung health, requiring mitigation efforts, and further research to understand the underlying biological mechanisms and develop effective intervention strategies.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN KESADARAN MASYARAKAT TEBET JAKARTA SELATAN DALAM MELINDUNGI HUTAN INDONESIA

Increasing air pollution is one of the main problems of international concern considering the negative impact on the survival of living creatures in the world. For example, the impact on human health, the economy, and even the environmental ecosystem. Various plants, generally forests in Indonesia, have an important role in reducing air pollution. Therefore, the team implementing community service activities considered it important to build awareness among the community, especially in the environment of RT 07/RW 02 of West Tebet, Tebet, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta. The method for implementing community service activities was in the form of online socialization with 4 strategies that can be carried out by the community, namely campaigns, legal advocacy, research for publication, and partnership collaboration with stakeholders. The results of the implementation of activities showed an increase in awareness of community service targets, especially youth, to care for trees, plants and the surrounding environment as an effort to protect Indonesia's forests. This can be seen from the discussion or question and answer sessions held during the community service activities.

Loliolide in Sargassum horneri Alleviates Ultrafine Urban Particulate Matter (PM 0.1)-Induced Inflammation in Human RPE Cells.

Owing to increasing air pollution due to industrial development, fine dust has been associated with threatening public health. In particular, ultrafine urban particulate matter (uf-UP, PM 0.1) can easily enter our bodies, causing inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of hydrothermal extracts of Sargassum horneri and its bioactive compound, loliolide, on uf-UP-induced inflammation as a potential treatment strategy for retinal disorders. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) stimulated with TNF-α or uf-UPs were treated with S. horneri extract and loliolide. S. horneri extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on uf-UP-induced inflammation without cell toxicity through downregulating the mRNA expression of MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α. UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis confirmed that the hydrothermal extract of S. horneri contained loliolide, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Loliolide effectively reduced the mRNA expression and production of proinflammatory chemokines (IL-8) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) by downregulating the MAPK/NF-ĸB signaling pathway on TNF-α-stimulated inflammatory ARPE-19 cells. These effects were further confirmed in inflammatory ARPE-19 cells after stimulation with uf-UPs. Collectively, these results suggested the application of S. horneri as a functional ingredient for treating ocular disorders caused by particular matters.

Walking Behavior of Older Adults and Air Pollution: The Contribution of the Built Environment

Although an increase in walking is recommended to improve physical activity and public health, especially among older adults, the frequency of outdoor pedestrian activities, including walking, should be reduced when there is increased air pollution. There is limited understanding of the inter-relationships between two research fields, namely, older adults walking behavior and air pollution. This study investigates these factors and identifies their relationships with associated built environment factors. More than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the selection criteria were analyzed. The factors pertaining to air pollution in the built environment were classified based on the scale of the urban environment. Comparing the built environment factors related to both fields of study, several common features such as the type of street enclosure (urban spatial), sky view factor (urban spatial), percentage of front gardens (urban design), and land use patterns were identified. Furthermore, we found that it is important to understand how the subjective/objective measures of the urban-design-related factors identified on the street are linked to air pollution at both street and neighborhood scales. A wide range of urban vegetation factors (pattern, size, and density) in both fields of study at a street scale were also identified. These inter-relationships need to be examined by future studies to get a clearer picture of the factors which might improve walking behavior among older adults while reducing the air pollution in urban environments.

Risk assessment of fungal formations in historic buildings based on dynamic thermo-hygrometric analysis

Historical and cultural heritage must be preserved and protected from deterioration. In particular, the integrity of structures is threatened by inadequate maintenance, exceptional events (such as fires and floods), and exposure to increasing air pollution. In addition, indoor environments may provide favorable conditions for colonizing harmful agents. Fungal contamination and growth in buildings can lead to the deterioration of surfaces. Fungi need damp environments to germinate and grow, for example, in the presence of water condensation on surfaces. In this paper, an investigation is carried out to examine the conditions that favor the growth of different fungal species on building materials commonly used in historic buildings, such as brick masonry, limestone, and plaster. The analyzed climatic conditions refer to three locations, typical of Northern, Central, and Southern Europe, respectively. These conditions are obtained using the DesignBuilder software. A more detailed analysis of the walls is then performed with the WUFI software. The paper suggests solutions to reduce the risk of fungal growth and, therefore, to avoid phenomena that can damage the historical heritage.

Coastal Air Quality Assessment through AIS-Based Vessel Emissions: A Daesan Port Case Study

Coastal regions worldwide face increasing air pollution due to maritime activities. This technical note focuses on assessing the air pollution in the Daesan port area, Republic of Korea, using hourly emission measurements. Leveraging Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, we estimate vessel-induced air pollutant emissions and correlate them with real-time measurements. Vessel navigational statuses are categorized from the AIS data, enabling an estimation of fuel oil consumption. Random Forest models predict specific fuel oil consumption and maximum continuous ratings for vessels with unknown engine details. Using emission factors, we calculate the emissions (CO2, NO2, SO2, PM-10, and PM-2.5) from vessels visiting the port. These estimates are compared with actual air pollutant concentrations, revealing a qualitative relationship with an average correlation coefficient of approximately 0.33.

Data Insights for Sustainable Cities: Associations between Google Street View-Derived Urban Greenspace and Google Air View-Derived Pollution Levels.

Unprecedented levels of urbanization have escalated urban environmental health issues, including increased air pollution in cities globally. Strategies for mitigating air pollution, including green urban planning, are essential for sustainable and healthy cities. State-of-the-art research investigating urban greenspace and pollution metrics has accelerated through the use of vast digital data sets and new analytical tools. In this study, we examined associations between Google Street View-derived urban greenspace levels and Google Air View-derived air quality, where both have been resolved in extremely high resolution, accuracy, and scale along the entire road network of Dublin City. Particulate matter of size fraction less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were quantified using 5,030,143 Google Air View measurements, and greenspace was quantified using 403,409 Google Street View images. Significant (p < 0.001) negative associations between urban greenspace and pollution were observed. For example, an interquartile range increase in the Green View Index was associated with a 7.4% [95% confidence interval: -13.1%, -1.3%] decrease in NO2 at the point location spatial resolution. We provide insights into how large-scale digital data can be harnessed to elucidate urban environmental interactions that will have important planning and policy implications for sustainable future cities.

Green Hydrogen Production and Public Health Expenditure in Hydrogen-Exporting Countries

Energy resources play a significant role as a production input in many economic sectors, such as production of goods and transportation. Moreover, increased energy usage may result in increased air pollution, resulting in negative societal health effects. This paper aims to examine how the production of green hydrogen energy, as proxied by low-carbon energy production, and per capita public health spending are related. This study employs various techniques that are specific to panel data, such as panel cointegration tests, second-generation stationarity tests, and panel long-run estimates, The research has been conducted on a sample of 67 hydrogen exporting nations during the period from 2000 to 2021. The study revealed that hydrogen energy production causes a rise in per capita public health spending. Policymakers should encourage the usage and production of hydrogen energy to decrease the negative consequences of using energy that emits CO2. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions helps nations to increase the proportion of government spending on public health per person. Furthermore, in hydrogen-exporting countries, an increase in the production of hydrogen leads to accumulate more funds from exporting hydrogen that will be used to increase spending on public health.

Worsening air pollution an unfamiliar cause of low vitamin D levels: A systematic literature review

Air pollution is widely recognized as a future biohazard, yet its direct effects on human health, particularly in relation to bone health and vitamin D levels, are inadequately understood. While the detrimental impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health is well-documented, the correlation with vitamin D deficiency remains weak.&lt;br /&gt; To explore the relationship between air pollution and vitamin D levels, an extensive search of scientific literature was conducted. This comprehensive search encompassed databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and DOAJ, while also examining the bibliographies of relevant articles. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that specifically investigated the association between air pollution and vitamin D levels, while excluding systematic reviews, case reports, editor's letters, and studies lacking pertinent explanations or causative factors. Each included study underwent rigorous evaluation of its methodological quality, with data extraction performed to assess the reliability and robustness of the evidence for each research question.&lt;br /&gt; The majority of studies have consistently demonstrated a negative correlation between ambient air pollution and vitamin D levels in humans. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this relationship, including reduced exposure to sunlight due to increased air pollution, production of reactive oxygen particles, and inflammation leading to decreased vitamin D synthesis. Moreover, certain pollutants, such as particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, have been found to have a more pronounced impact on vitamin D levels. Variables such as age, gender, season, and geographical location may also influence the association between air pollution and vitamin D levels. Lifestyle factors, including indoor confinement and pre-existing vitamin D deficiency, may exacerbate the detrimental effects of air pollution.&lt;br /&gt; In conclusion, air pollution detrimentally affects vitamin D levels primarily through increased body inflammation and the generation of free radicals. The presence of elevated levels of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide further compounds this effect. Additionally, decreased cutaneous production of activated vitamin D, resulting from reduced ultraviolet B radiation penetration due to decreased Air Quality Index, contributes to the negative impact. Studies suggest that the intake of exogenous vitamin D supplements and adherence to a calcium-rich diet may confer benefits to individuals residing in highly polluted areas. To address this issue, public health policies should emphasize outdoor exposure to sunlight, promote healthy dietary choices, and reduce overall exposure to pollutants.

Health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM2.5 and PM10) during winter crop at the agricultural site of Delhi, India.

For the last few decades, air pollution in developing country like India is increasing, and it is a matter of huge concern due to its associated human health impacts. In this region, the burgeoning population, escalating urbanization and industrialization, has been cited as the major reason for such a high air pollution. The present study was carried out for health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM10 and PM2.5) and its associated heavy metals of an agriculture farm site at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) considered to be green urban area in Delhi, India. The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 varied significantly from 136 to 177µg/m3 and 56 to 162µg/m3, respectively at the site. In the present case, the highest PM10 and PM2.5 levels were reported in January, followed by December. The levels of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 are influenced by wind prevailing meteorology. These levels of PM10 and PM2.5 are more than the permissible limits of WHO guidelines of 15 and 5µg/m3, respectively, thereby leading to high aerosol loadings specifically in winters. The PM concentration of the atmosphere was found to be negatively correlated with temperature during the sampling period. The concentrations of surface ozone O3 and NOx in the present study were observed to be high in February and March, respectively. The increasing air pollution in the city of Delhi poses a great risk to the human health, as the particulate matter loaded with heavy metals can enter humans via different pathways, viz., ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin. The mean hazard index for metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, and Ni) was observed within the acceptable limit (HI < 1), thereby indicating negligible non-carcinogenic effects to residing population. The carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for Cd, Pb, and As only, as the concentrations for other metals were found to be quite low. The carcinogenic risk values were also within the limits of USEPA standards, indicating no carcinogenic risks to the health of children and adults residing near the site. This information about the PM pollution at the agricultural site and health risk assessment will serve as a baseline data in assessment of human health impacts due to air pollution at the local scale and can be used for development of mitigation strategies for tackling air pollution.

Therapy pattern of bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute exacerbations

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worsening condition of acute respiratory symptoms caused by microbial infection, increased air pollution, and fatigue. Objective: This study determines the pattern of bronchodilators in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Method: This study was observational, using the health medical records of patients with COPD at the Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya. It was conducted between January-December 2019 on male patients who received bronchodilator therapy until discharge and were from age 40 and older. Result: A total of 48 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly used bronchodilator therapy for inpatients was the combination of ipratropium bromide/salbutamol sulfate 0.5 mg/2.5 mg through inhalation in 63.64%. The most frequently used bronchodilator for discharge was salbutamol sulfate 2-4 mg orally in 87.50%. Conclusion: Therapy for acute exacerbation of COPD using a combination of ipratropium bromide/salbutamol sulfate as a preventive therapy is in line with the GOLD guidelines.

Air pollution and pregnancy

Increased fossil fuel usage and extreme climate change events have led to global increases in greenhouse gases and particulate matter with 99% of the world's population now breathing polluted air that exceeds the World Health Organization's recommended limits. Pregnant women and neonates with exposure to high levels of air pollutants are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as maternal hypertensive disorders, postpartum depression, placental abruption, low birth weight, preterm birth, infant mortality, and adverse lung and respiratory effects. While the exact mechanism by which air pollution exerts adverse health effects is unknown, oxidative stress as well as epigenetic and immune mechanisms are thought to play roles. Comprehensive, global efforts are urgently required to tackle the health challenges posed by air pollution through policies and action for reducing air pollution as well as finding ways to protect the health of vulnerable populations in the face of increasing air pollution.

Associations between residential greenness and air pollution and the incident metabolic syndrome in a Thai worker cohort.

Increasing air pollution and decreasing exposure to greenness may contribute to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined associations between long-term exposure to residential greenness and air pollution and MetS incidence in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Data from 1369 employees (aged 52-71years) from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand cohort from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed. The greenness level within 500m of each participant's residence was measured using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The kriging approach was used to generate the average concentration of each air pollutant (PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) at the sub-district level. The average long-term exposure to air pollution and greenness for each participant was calculated over the same period of person-time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the greenness-air pollution-MetS associations. The adjusted hazard ratio of MetS was 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 1.53), 1.22 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.30), and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.82, 2.20), per interquartile range increase in PM10 (9.5μg/m3), SO2 (0.9ppb), and CO (0.3ppm), respectively. We found no clear association between NDVI or EVI and the incidence of MetS. On the contrary, the incident MetS was positively associated with NDVI and EVI for participants exposed to PM10 at concentrations more than 50μg/m3. In summary, the incidence of MetS was positively associated with long-term exposure to air pollution. In areas with high levels of air pollution, green spaces may not benefit health outcomes.

Economic comparison between conventionally powered and electric cars

One of the most serious environmental problems of our time is air pollution, which has a profoundly damaging effect not only on the ecosystem but also on the human body. Increasing air pollution not only increases the risk of respiratory infections, but also increases the risk of asthma, chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In order to reduce these negative effects , the European Environment Agency supports the implementation of measures taken by EU decision-makers to reduce air pollution. At its meeting in Strasbourg on 14 February 2023, the European Parliament adopted an agreement to clean up the air by requiring all new cars and vans sold in the European Union from 2035 to be electrically powered. When this provision becomes definitive, there will be a gradual expansion of the market for electric vehicles, which already represents a steadily increasing proportion of the total number of cars on the road. This latter fact justifies an examination of the penetration, operational and financial consequences of vehicles with green plates. In the study an economic comparison between the most popular pure electric passenger car in the European Union in 2022, the Tesla Model Y with a green plate, and the Peugeot 208 with a conventional engine has been presented. Four economically developed EU Member States, Hungary, Denmark, Norway and France have been taken for consideration. The financial burden on owners of these car types in the year of purchase and in the following years of use has been investigated. The calculations are based on the legislation and market prices in 2023. Taking into account the average change in market prices, an increase of 10% per year in the costs shown in the table for both types of car has been calculated. The analysis shows that, although in the short term, owners of electric cars face much higher costs than their petrol-powered counterparts, in the long term they are an excellent investment in a cleaner vehicle. Conclusions are supported by the fact that the total expenditure on a Peugeot 208 passenger car in 2023 will exceed the total purchase price and maintenance costs of a Tesla Y model in 2023 in Hungary after approximately 10 years, 13 years in Norway, 10 years in Denmark and 12 years in France

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF AIR QUALITY AND RELATIONSHIP WITH METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract. African cities are growing fast, and this rapid urbanisation has tremendously increased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this disturbing reality, the deleterious impacts of air pollution on livelihoods and the environment are often overlooked. Recently, the link between air quality and meteorological parameters has received attention from researchers and understanding this relationship could significantly improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of air quality. This study focuses on analysing the spatiotemporal variation of three key air quality parameters, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10), in Cape Town between 2020 and 2021. The study also aims to assess the relationship between air quality and meteorological parameters during this period, and the compliance with national and international air quality guidelines. Air quality data were collected from five monitoring stations in the City of Cape Town. A preliminary analysis of the data reveals high increases in the concentration of air pollutants from 2020 to 2021. For instance, the average monthly concentration of NO2 and SO2 at Bellville South station more than doubled during this period (from 6.7–14.8 µg/m3 and 3.4–8.1 µg/m3, respectively). This is worrisome as the air quality index (AQI) exceeded the safe limits at several sites. There is a need for urgent action by national and city governments in Africa to invest in air quality monitoring systems to enhance the well-being of citizens and promote the long-term sustainability of cities and infrastructure.

Urban Economic Efficiency, Environmental Factors, and Digital Finance: Impacts on Sustainable Development in Chinese Cities

This study investigates the potential of digital finance to mitigate the environmental impact of economic development. Utilizing panel data from 290 Chinese cities between 2011 and 2019, we employ a two-way fixed effects model to control for unobservable city characteristics and time-invariant macro factors. Our findings reveal that cities with higher proportions of value-added tax and secondary industries (mainly for manufacturing) tend to experience increased air pollution. Conversely, cities characterized by higher economic efficiency exhibit better air quality, underscoring the significance of prioritizing technology-intensive sectors during economic development. Pollution control technologies, such as centralized wastewater treatment systems and harmless treatment systems for household waste, also play positive roles. Moreover, technological and educational investments correlate with increased urban green coverage and lower air pollution, highlighting the pivotal role of technology development and residents’ literacy in fostering sustainable practices. Although we initially observed a positive association between the index of digital financial technology and air pollution, which could be attributed to the influence of economic growth, our study employs instrumental variable regression to unveil their true correlation. The results suggest the application of digital financial technology may enhance environmental awareness, contributing to the mitigation of air pollution.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON URBAN TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT (CUTE) FRAMEWORK AS STRATEGY FOR THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS OF ROAD VEHICLES AT ZAPOTE STREET

Carbon emissions from vehicles contribute significantly to carbon footprint production, which is one of the primary causes of climate change. In Caloocan City, increasing air pollution is observed despite the drastic decrease in air pollutants in major Metro Manila cities. This study primarily aims to provide strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Zapote St., Caloocan City, through a Comparative study on Urban Transport and the Environment (CUTE) Framework. The study identified that the hourly average carbon footprint contributed by private and public vehicles along Zapote Street is 686.27 and 243.71 kg CO2e on weekdays and 634.65 and 212.97 kg CO2e on weekends. The exploratory data analysis via Python shows that only the vehicle and fuel types affect the emissions volume. Accordingly, the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVVRP) was ineffective. It only resulted in additional private vehicles and increased congestion, indicating the need for an improved public transport system to encourage Filipinos to shift to public transport. Furthermore, the Traffic Volume Emission Projection (TVEP) model projects a decrease of 87.19 kg CO2e per hour in 2023 and 164.72 kg CO2e per hour by 2052, resulting from the 20% reduction in volume upon the implementation of the "no exemption of motorcycles" in the number coding scheme of Caloocan city.

Urban Development and Impact on Sustainable Economic Development (The case of Albania)

The problematic urban sprawl has become a widespread phenomenon and a global problem, this is the reason why this research was done, to elaborate on a global problem that has also appeared in our country. A phenomenon that has more influenced the expansion of the main cities or capitals by creating industrial areas and residential areas far from the main city center. This uncontrolled urban expansion is a concern across the globe, because it has many negative effects such as: social, environmental and economic effects. According to these effects or impacts, sprawl without criteria demonstrates a threat to sustainable urban development, because it has an effect on the high consumption of land, energy and water and, above all, increases air pollution and the amount of waste. There are many factors that are affecting the growth of urban problems, but one of the main factors that dominates this trend is the migration of the population from undeveloped areas to developed urban areas, economic development, bad government policies. Tirana, the largest urban area in Albania, is the area most threatened by uncontrolled urban expansion in our country. This threat has taken off in recent years, turning into a very serious problem that needs to be analyzed and find ways to prevent this very negative phenomenon for the country. The best way to prevent uncontrolled urban expansion is proper urban planning, urban development and overcoming the consequences during rapid urban development. So the best solution to overcome uncontrolled urban sprawl is the development of sustainable urban forms, to achieve the development of a contemporary city.

Direct and indirect air pollutant reductions as co-benefits of the energy transition toward carbon-neutrality in India's residential sector

With increasing air pollution, exposure to air pollutants is becoming a critical health and environmental issue all over the world. In case of India, due to significant differences in the economic status and energy consumption characteristics, substantial variation in the air pollutant emissions is observed across Indian states in urban and rural areas. This study aims at developing a residential sector model to project CO2 emissions up to 2070, leading India's progress towards carbon-neutrality, and evaluating the dual benefits of reducing the aforesaid emissions. A bottom-up optimization model is used to analyze these emission projections for greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants across Indian states in rural and urban areas. Further, to evaluate the effects of Indian government policy, various mitigation scenarios are analyzed, which capture the energy transition and direct and indirect emissions in India's slow, medium, and fast-developing states. Rapid energy transition in India doubles the total energy consumption in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario from 2010 to 2070. Consumption of traditional biomass and coal energy sources dramatically falls, and advanced energy sources such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity are adopted. Energy transitions help decrease the vulnerability to harmful direct air pollutants such as black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and particulate matter (PM) among rural households. There are serious tradeoffs, however, as increased usage of LPG and electricity may raise total CO2, SO2, and NOX emissions. Higher LPG consumption leads to a more than two-fold increase in CO2 emissions by 2070, compared to 2020 in residential sector. By pursuing carbon-neutrality through a renewable electricity transition, the most ambitious scenario in this study, India could reduce CO2, SO2, NOX, and BC emissions by 67%, 87%, 89%, and 99%, respectively, from the 2070 BAU levels.

Pengaruh Penambahan methanol Terhadap Emisi Bahan Bakar Mesin Sepeda Motor Berbahan Bakar Pertamax 150 CC

Automotive vehicles have increased every year, especially motorcycles, which result in increased air pollution. The use of alternative fuel methanol is one of the solutions to control air pollution. methanol has a high oxygen content so it can improve emissions. This study aims to analyze the use of a mixture of Pertamax and methanol fuel on exhaust emissions using a 150 cc EFI gasoline engine. The percentage of methanol used in the test is 5%, 10%, and 15%. Variation of engine speed from 1000 to 3000 rpm with an interval of 1000 rpm. Measurement of exhaust emissions using a gas analyzer. The addition of methanol to Pertamax fuel reduced HC emission levels at PM15 by 34% at 3000 rpm and CO by 43% at 3000 rpm at PM15, while CO2 and O2 emission levels increased by 23% at 3000 rpm at CO2, mixing PM15 and at O2 emissions of 163% at a speed of 3000 rpm on PM5.&#x0D;