Increasing Air Flow Research Articles

Performance analysis of a conventional two-stage indirect evaporative cooler

With the aim of saving a portion of the high-quality energy consumed in mechanical vapor compression systems for air conditioning applications, the present work focuses on utilization of low-quality energy conversion processes due to fluid evaporation. The conventional indirect evaporative cooler is selected based on its preference for further modification compared to a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler. It is configured to be operated with two identical stages in series. This task is achieved by developing a thermodynamic model to analyze the performance of the cooling unit and to indicate the extent of its development compared to the cooler in one stage. Preliminary results show that the best operating condition is when the ratio of primary air to secondary air is 1. The cooling unit produces fairly comfortable air within limited climatic conditions. It delivers air at 26 °C and lower even at climatic temperatures as high as 48 °C, but within a very low relative humidity range. The relative humidity range extends to less than 58% as the outdoor air temperature decreases. At high humidity levels (64 to 80% depending on climate temperature), cool air cannot be obtained at 26 °C, and the cooling unit performance is limited only by what the first stage produces. The average performance of the cooling unit exceeds that of the first stage by 42.6%. Increasing air flow rate leads to an increase in cooling capacity, but it also has a negative impact on supply temperature and effectiveness.

Utility of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients with exacerbated COPD. Systematic review

Background: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation is a useful ventilatory support method for patients with acute respiratory failure or exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mediated by different mechanisms. It helps to reduce airflow resistance and facilitates lung expansion, reducing respiratory muscle fatigue. This allows the patient to breathe more efficiently. By providing positive pressure into the airways, it helps to open the collapsed alveoli and lower airways improving gas exchange. As a consequence oxygenation enhances. Additionally, by increasing air flow, it helps to eliminate carbon dioxide accumulated in the lungs. It reduces respiratory stress by relieving the feeling of shortness of breath as well as excessive respiratory work, reducing anxiety and stress associated with respiratory distress. Importantly, the decision to use non-invasive ventilation as an alternative to endotracheal intubation should be based on a careful evaluation of the patient and continuous monitoring of their response to the treatment. Not all patients are suitable candidates for non-invasive ventilation and in some cases endotracheal intubation may be necessary to ensure adequate ventilation. Material and methods: A systematic review was carried out. Results: 6 articles that met the criteria were reviewed, the number of patients included was 552. 23% (127 patients) were hospitalized in the general ward and 77% (425 patients) in the Intensive Care Unit, of the total patients. 83.51% received treatment with non-invasive ventilation, 11.77% oxygen therapy and 4.71% endotracheal intubation upon admission. 5.61% of the total patients required endotracheal intubation during the course of their hospitalization. Conclusion: In selected patients, Non-invasive ventilation reduces the rate of endotracheal intubation, infectious complications, hospital stay and relapsed. When appropriately used from its implementation until its withdrawal once the respiratory failure is solved, it has a beneficial impact on the patient as well as the economic burden by reducing healhcare cost.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRY EYE SYNDROME AND THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) IN HOSPITAL MEDICAL WORKERS)

Introduction & Objectives : Background: The need to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) during a pandemic can cause dry eye syndrome. It will increase sweating so reduce tear production and the use of masks increase air flow to the eye area so that tear evaporation increases. Objective: To determine the relationship between the incidence of dry eye syndrome and the use of PPE in hospital medical personnel.
 Methods : Methods: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design using the OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) questionnaire. The research was carried out at the Cilacap Hospital in 2021. There were 49 samples (51% male and 49% female), with an age range of 20-50 years. The data was analyzed by using the Spearmans test.
 Results : Results: The incidence of dry eye syndrome was 69.5% (mild 18.4%, moderate 18.4%, severe 32.7%). As many as 53.1% of the incidence of dry eye syndrome occurred in wearing PPE for more than 4 hours and was more common in the use of PPE level 1 (40.8%), followed by level 3 (36.7%) and level 2 (22.5%). In the Spearman's test, it was found that there was a significant association between the incidence of dry eyes syndrome and the use of PPE (duration and level of PPE) (p<0.05) but had a weak relationship strength (r=0.3).
 Conclusion : Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the incidence of dry eyes syndrome and the use of PPE (duration and level of PPE use) but has a weak relationship strength.

Experimental investigation of two solar air heaters, with and without employing PCM

AbstractIn the present study, an experimental test was conducted to investigate the energetic performance of a novel designed solar air heaters (SAHs), with, and without phase change material (PCM). Two identical SAHs were fabricated and tested to compare their performance. The first heater is a jacket‐tube solar air heater (SAH 1), while the second heater is similar to the first but filled with PCM (SAH 2). Experimental results showed that increasing air flow rate increases the daily thermal efficiency. Thermal energy during day hours can be stored in the PCM and used after sunset. SAH 2 gave an additional operating time after sunset for 4 hours at 0.01 kg/s, 2.5 hours at 0.035 kg/s, and 1 hour at 0.06 kg/s. Maximum improvement in the daily thermal efficiency was 15% at SAH 2, more than SAH 1 at 0.01 kg/s air flow rate. Employing PCM, as so as increasing air flow rate can reduce the daily thermal losses.

Design and Construction of Radio-Controlled Glider with Renewable Energy Capabilities

Thermal columns are a meteorological phenomenon which is frequently used by birds to rise without requiring wing power. Imitating this behaviour with an aircraft can utilize this lift to provide energy for the electrical components of the system. In this study, a radio-controlled glider with a built-in wind turbine and generator was designed and constructed. The generator is intended to provide renewable energy during glides, especially when thermal columns are harnessed. The glider was constructed using composite materials, which combine a high level of strength together with light-weight, improving energy efficiency. Turbine design was implemented using a duct-fan model which increases air flow to the generator. Test flight measurements indicate efficient battery recharging can be obtained during glides. The system may be implemented in manned or unmanned gliders, for agricultural, civil, or security uses, such as unmanned surveillance airplanes.

Study of hydrodynamic processes in a two-phase layer above a submerged perforated sheet

To study the hydrodynamics of a two-phase flow over a submerged perforated sheet (SPS) and the entrainment of water droplets from the water-air interface, a “Bubbler” installation was built. The main observation tool was video recording of the process followed by data analysis. An SPS with two holes was used. Three experiments were performed with different air flow rates. A general picture of air flow was established: the rise of bubbles in the water volume under the SPS, the formation of an air blanket, air bubbling in the layer of water above the SPS, the formation and jump of water drops upward. For each air flow rate, the size of the bubbles in the two-phase layer and the size of the resulting droplets were determined. It was found that with increasing air flow, these parameters increase.

Energy-saving discharge needle shape for electrohydrodynamic airflow generation

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is a way to produce low energy-consuming airflow without moving components. The basis of airflow by EHD is corona discharge. A way to generate corona discharge is done, among others, via needle-type emitter electrodes whose shape and arrangement play a crucial role in the effectiveness of the discharge. Until now, the needle shape was chosen somewhat arbitrarily, although it impacts the energy consumption of the EHD process. We lack systematic studies on the impact of needle shape on the EHD discharge process and associated airflow to help engineers and scientists choose the best shape. This in-silico study screens the impact of the needle shape parameters on EHD performance in terms of electrical power consumption and airflow generation. The study aims to find the ideal EHD needle shape for unrestricted and confined flow. For this purpose, we test three different geometrical configurations. The first configuration is a free-flow single-needle configuration. The second configuration adds a dielectric nearby, which represents a needle enclosure. Lastly, a configuration including a dielectric and a converging nozzle is examined. All studies use a 2D-axisymmetric, fully automatized EHD physics-based model. The first set of parametric studies explores the inherent geometrical properties of the needle shape, like tip radii (10–250 μm), needle cone angle (10–70°), and needle diameters (0.5–2 mm). The second set of parametric studies investigates the operation conditions, such as the emitter-collector distance (10–40 mm), the nozzle contraction ratio (0.04–1), and the operating voltage (6–32 kV). The results of the free-flow configuration show qualitative agreement with experiments on existing needle products. The ideal energy-saving needle shape for free flow configuration features a short conical tip length (i.e., a large angle ≥30°), a diameter of 2 mm, and a needle rip radius of 100 μm. The situation changes when a dielectric is present, and a sharp angle of 10° is favorable to reduce energy consumption. Since a dielectric inverts the optimal needle shape, it makes sense to customize it for a particular application in EHD airflow generation. We provide performance maps that can be used as design charts. This study is a guideline to optimize EHD devices further to reduce energy consumption and increase airflow speed.

Simultaneous quantification of tiotropium bromide impurities G + H in capsule formulation by LC-MS/MS.

Tiotropium Bromide is a long-acting bronchodilator that is used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma bronchodilator or bronchiolitis, which are substances that expand the bronchi and reduce resistance in the respiratory tract and increase airflow to the lungs. For Tiotropium Bromide found in inhaler capsules to treat COPD, determining the relevant impurities G and H, which are not UV active, is crucial. For this purpose, a new and sensitive liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection with electrospray ionization by using multiple reaction monitoring in the positive mode method was developed and validated. The identity of the compounds was supported by using LC-Q/TOF. All chromatographic studies were performed with a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column with a total injection time of 13 min at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min as a gradient. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in the current study range were determined as 1.0 ppb and 2.5 ppb, respectively. The results of the validation parameters following the ICH Q2(R1) guideline were determined within the acceptance criteria.

3D-tomographic reconstruction of gliding arc plasma

This study presents three-dimensional (3D) emission tomography on gliding arc discharge for volumetric measurements of plasma luminosity fields. The 3D tomography of the plasma luminosity field enables quantification and characterization of 3D plasma features, which are not easily accessible in two-dimensional measurements. Simultaneous projections of the plasma discharge were imaged using multiple CMOS cameras, and an in-house developed tomographic method was used for the 3D reconstruction of the luminosity fields. Results show good field reconstruction quality and expected gliding arc topologies. Comparisons between arc 3D length and 2D projected length displayed that 2D measurements underestimated length by around 15% at the highest tested flow case. The mean 3D length initially increased with increasing air flow, while later decreasing at even higher flows. The standard deviation of 3D length increased with increasing flow. Arc curvature and overlap were generally seen to increase with higher flows in contrast to arc volume that was seen to decrease with increasing flow rates. This study aims to facilitate instantaneous 3D tomographic measurements of plasma luminosity fields to provide a detailed quantification of 3D characteristics and correlations of typical plasma features, thereby providing paths to remove line-of-sight effects and compensate for loss of information that may occur during two-dimensional measurements. The presented technique is applicable not only to gliding arcs but also to various other plasma systems.

An evacuated tube solar bubble column liquid desiccant regenerator

Liquid desiccant air conditioners (LDAC) are environmentally friendly, require less energy, and can improve air quality. These systems are composed of two main parts: a dehumidifier and a regenerator which are heat and mass exchanger devices that are the main bottlenecks on the overall performance of LDAC systems. Despite their numerous advantages over conventional regenerators, bubble column regenerators have only been studied adiabatically. To address this gap in the literature, an internally heated bubble column regenerator is proposed that is heated with an evacuated tube solar collector while also eliminating the previous issues with corrosion. A prototype was constructed, and the effect of various values of air flow rate, air injection depth, and initial desiccant concentration was studied experimentally in 10 cases (8 modified cases, 2 conventional cases). The results showed that initial concentration has the highest impact on the device’s performance. Increasing air flow rate led to higher water extraction. Air injection depth had no significant impact on the device’s output. In Case 10 (10 L/min air flow rate, 50 cm hose depth, and 30 % initial desiccant concentration), a maximum of 576 g of water was removed from the desiccant. The maximum improvement over the conventional case was 139 % which was achieved in Case 5 (10 L/min air flow rate, 50 cm hose depth, and 35 % initial desiccant concentration). The exergy efficiency for Case 10 was the highest, reaching 8.5 % at the end of the experiment.

Thermal performance augmentation of solar air heater with curved path

Poor heat convection from absorber to airstream limits the benefits of solar air heater (SAH) utilization. This study aims to maximize the extracted heat from the absorber by increasing air flow mixing rate and boundary layers separation process. Thereby, SAHs with smooth curvilinear paths of radiuses of 5 cm (SAH5), 15 cm (SAH15), and 25 cm (SAH25) are introduced. Moreover, CFD is employed to conduct the present study, and model predictions are found to yield good agreement with respect to well-known correlations from literature. The findings reveal that thermal performance of curved SAH does not vary significantly after path's radius of 15 cm. Additionally, data of Nusselt number of SAH15 are found 3–7%, and 55–83% greater than those of SAH5 and conventional SAH, respectively. Nevertheless, data of friction factor of SAH15 are found 3.2–9.6% lower than those of SAH5. Overall, SAH15 contains smaller stagnant areas, yields better flow distribution, and owns higher overall thermal performance with respect to SAH5.

Numerical performance analysis of solid oxide fuel cell stacks with internal ammonia cracking

Ammonia-fueled operation of solid oxide fuel cells is a promising alternative to their hydrogen-fueled operation. However, high ammonia decomposition rates at elevated operating temperatures of the solid oxide cells lead to a significant temperature drop at the stack inlet, causing increased thermal stresses. A multi-scale model is used in this study to investigate stack performance under direct feed and external pre-cracking of ammonia. Additionally, the effects of co- and counter-flow configurations, gas inflow temperatures, current density, and air flow rate on the stack performance under direct ammonia feed are examined. The simulation results show that for gas inlet temperatures above 750 °C, the power densities with direct feed and external cracking of ammonia differ by less than 5%. Moreover, it is indicated that the thermal stresses are lowest for the co-flow case, which decrease with decreasing gas inlet temperature and current density and with increasing air flow. Finally, this study shows that under practically applicable operating conditions, the risk of mechanical failure of the cells under direct ammonia feed operation is small.

Measurement of liquid water distribution in GDL under cross-flow-inducing parallel flow field using operando synchrotron X-ray radiography

Baffles in flow field channels for air in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell are known to enhance the performance by inducing convective flow through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) with smaller pressure loss than interdigitated flow fields. This work experimentally correlates performance enhancement with the amount of liquid water in a GDL. A parallel flow field (PFF) that has different inlet and outlet opening sizes is applied to induce cross-flow in the GDL under the rib between adjacent air channels. Operando synchrotron X-ray radiography experiments are conducted to compare the amount of water in the GDL with that for a PFF having the same inlet and outlet sizes. The performance enhancement by application of different opening sizes increases with decreasing relative humidity and increasing air flow rate. A significant performance enhancement is observed when the amount of water in the GDL substrate under the rib becomes almost zero. No performance enhancement is observed under over-humidified conditions, although a decrease in the amount of water in the GDL is still observed, which suggests that the performance becomes insensitive to the difference in the liquid water saturation as the saturation increases.

Development of combine harvester adaptive devices for obtaining high-quality seeds when soybeans harvesting

In increasing soybean production, an important role is given to reducing indirect losses from grain crushing, which adversely affect the quality of seeds, especially when harvesting and processing crops. The impossibility of achieving the optimal mode of operation of the combine at soybean harvesting is due to the peculiarity of the physical and mechanical properties of soybeans. The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of the soybean grain harvesting technology based on the development of adapting devices to the combine to obtain the maximum yield of the first fraction of high-quality seeds, followed by their use in sowing without part-time processing (except for pre-sowing etching). The studies were carried out using the modernized Yenisei-1200 combine during the harvesting period 2021-2022 on the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Research Institute of Soybeans. Modernization of the combine makes it possible to collect 60% of high-quality soybean seeds with a low content of weed impurity in a separate section of its bunker. Ripened soybean seeds are soaked in soft modes of operation of the first threshing drum, a separate collection of which increases field germination and biological yield of the first seed fraction. Application of sieves of upper sieve mill of combine harvester cleaning with increased length of blinds petals up to 70 mm together with increased air flow ensures purity of seeds of the first fraction at the level of the first class of sowing standard. Mechanical damage to soybean seeds of the first fraction, which is 4.2%, does not exceed the established standard for crushing and microdepositing combines (5%). The use of seeds of the first fraction in sowing without additional processing reduces the indirect losses of soybeans and, accordingly, the costs of seed production.Ripened soybean seeds are soaked in soft modes of operation of the first threshing drum, a separate collection of which increases field germination and biological yield of the first seed fraction. Application of sieves of upper sieve mill of combine harvester cleaning with increased length of louver petals up to 70 mm together with increased air flow ensures purity of seeds of the first fraction at the level of the first class of sowing standard. Mechanical damage to soybean seeds of the first fraction, which make 4.2%, does not exceed the established standard for crushing and micro damage combines (5%). Using the seeds of the first fraction in sowing without working, reduces indirect losses of soybeans and, accordingly, the costs of seed production.

System analysis of a protonic ceramic fuel cell and gas turbine hybrid system with methanol reformer

The performance of a methanol-fed protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC)/gas turbine (GT) hybrid system is investigated in this work. To build the system, Thermolib software is employed with input parameters obtained from references. Effects of air stoichiometry on system performance are analyzed. Results show that, as air stoichiometry is increased, the reformer temperature and CO concentration decrease, while H2 concentration increases. High air stoichiometry decreases PCFC temperature and performance. GT output power increases with increasing air flow. But, the power consumption by compressor also increases. Overall, to achieve higher system efficiency for this hybrid system, the optimum values of air stoichiometry are from 2.7 to 2.9. An additional heat recovery steam generator can also improve the overall system efficiency from 66.5% to 71.7%. This work helps in understanding the modeling and optimum functioning parameters of high power generation systems.

Changes in nasolabial angle may alter nasal valve morphology and airflow: a computational fluid dynamics study

Aim: Nasal valve (NV) dysfunctions are a significant cause of nasal obstruction. Changes in the nasolabial angle (NLA) may also cause changes in NV morphology. The effect of changes in the 3D structure of the nasal valve region (NVR) on nasal airflow has yet to be studied sufficiently. The accuracy of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results of nasal airflow has been confirmed by in vitro tests. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of changes in NV structure and volume on nasal airflow based on the CFD method.
 Material and Method: We used CT images to create a 3D structural model of the NVR. First, CT images were transferred to MIMICS® software, and the nasal air passage was modeled. A solid reference model of the NVR was then created using SolidWorks software. Five different solid 3D nasal valve models were created with nasolabial angles of 85˚ in Model 1, 90˚ in Model 2, 95˚ in Model 3, 100˚ in Model 4, and 105˚ in Model 5. To simulate breathing during rest and exercise using the CFD method, the unilateral nasal airflow rates were set at 150 ml/s and 500 ml/s, respectively. The CFD method was then used to calculate each model’s airflow properties. Finally, the volumes of the models, pressure at the NV outlet, and airflow velocity were evaluated and calculated to investigate each model’s NV airflow characteristics. 
 Results: Our study found a significant correlation between the nasolabial angle (NLA) and NVR volume (r=-0.998, p=0.000), flow rate and velocity (r=0.984, p=0.000), velocity and maximum pressure (r=0.920, p=0.000), velocity and minimum pressure (r=-0.969, p=0.000), flow rate and maximum pressure (r=0.974, p=0.000), and flow rate and minimum pressure (r=-0.950, p=0.000). There was no correlation between NLA increase and nasal airflow velocity. We determined that the highest pressure and lowest airflow velocity values were in the upper angle region and that the lowest pressure and highest airflow velocity values were at the bottom of the NVR in all models.
 Conclusion: Using the CFD method, we found a decrease in NVR volume and an increase in airflow velocity with an increase in NLA. In addition, we found that the pressure values in the NVR did not change significantly with the increase in NLA.

Analysis of the influence of outdoor surface heat flux on the inlet water and the exhaust air temperature of the wetting pad of a direct evaporative cooling system

The study investigates the interconnectivity between the inlet water temperature, wind flow rate, and storage water heat flux with the performance of biomass wetting pads in direct evaporative cooling under the external ambient condition of Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, a standalone direct, evaporative cooling system with an upper water storage tank exposed to wind flow was locally developed and evaluated with jute, palm fruit mesocarp and wood charcoal as biomass cooling pad at three air velocities and constant pad thickness and three different air flow rates. The results indicated that increasing the heat flux around the water tank and decreasing the relative humidity of the inlet air through the wetting pad will lower both the inlet water and pad exhaust temperatures. The water demand was higher in palm fruit mesocarp fibre at airflow rates of 3 m/s, while at 4 and 4.5 m/s, it was higher in wood charcoal, and the value ranged from 9.64 × 10−4 to 1.46 × 10−3 kg/s. Except for jute fibre at 4 m/s, higher humidity difference or low cold room temperature did not translate to higher evaporative cooling effectiveness or efficiency. However, the lower inlet water temperature significantly affected the evaporative effectiveness. This shows the possibility of free moisture transfer into the cold room from the pad materials at increased air flow rates that helped boost the exhaust air's humidity. The average evaporative efficiency for the three pads ranged from 56.4 % to 80.96 %. The values for the enlargement coefficient ranged from 5 to 6.82, while the temperature thermal stress ranged from 24.37 to 28.66 °C.

Numerical and experimental study of aerosol dispersion in the Do728 aircraft cabin

The dispersion of aerosols originating from one source, the ‘index’ passenger, within the cabin of the aircraft Do728 is studied experimentally using an aerosol-exhaling thermal manikin and in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations (RANS). The overall aim of the present study is the experimental determination of the aerosol spreading for the state-of-the-art mixing ventilation (MV) and to evaluate the potential of alternative ventilation concepts for controlling the aerosol spreading in RANS. For MV, the experiments showed that the ratio of inhaled to exhaled aerosol particles drops below 0.06% (volume ratio) for distances larger than two seat rows from the source. However, within a single row, the observed ratio is higher. Further, the dispersion is much weaker for a standing than for a seated index passenger. High air exchange rates and a well-guided flow prevent a dispersion of the aerosols in high concentrations over larger distances. Additionally, the positive effect of a mask and an increased air flow rate, and especially their combination are shown. In the complementary conducted RANS, the advantages of floor-based cabin displacement ventilation (CDV) which is alternative ventilation concept to MV, regarding spreading lengths and the dwell time of the aerosols in the cabin were determined. The obtained results also underline the importance of the flow field for the aerosol dispersion. Further, additional unsteady RANS (URANS) simulations of the short-term process of the initial aerosol cloud formation highlighted that the momentum decay of the breathing and the evaporation processes take place within a few seconds only.

Ozone Concentration Measurement of an Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma Jet by Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets have great potentials for various biomedical applications due to abundance with active oxygen species. In this article, an air plasma jet with a geometry of microhollow cathode discharge has been developed, which operates in a pulsed mode or a continuous mode depending on the dissipated power of the plasma jet. There are some continuous spectra emitted from the plasma jet, whose integrated intensity indicates that electron density increases with the increase of dissipated power, while decreases with increasing air flow rate for both of the two modes. Moreover, the electron density in the continuous mode is higher than that in the pulsed mode. Gas temperature of the plasma jet is obtained by the best fitting of the simulated and the experimental optical emission spectrum of OH (A-X), and ozone concentration produced by the plasma jet is measured by means of ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. Results indicate that both ozone concentration and gas temperature decrease with increasing distance from the jet nozzle. At the jet nozzle, both of them increase with increasing dissipated power. However, ozone concentration decreases, while gas temperature increases with increasing air flow rate. The results are very important for the biomedical application of plasma jet.

Enhanced ammonia removal from skim latex using air bubbles in an agitated column

AbstractThe initial aim of the paper is to improve the ammonia removal efficiency from skim latex using air stripping in an agitated column. The effects of air flow rate, bubble sizes, types of impellers, and rotational speed were investigated. The results showed that ammonia decreased with the increased air flow rate and the decreased bubble size. More ammonia could be removed by the use of impellers at a low rotational speed. The axial flow impeller showed higher ammonia removal than that gained from the radial flow impeller. It could be concluded that the stripping process in an agitated column should be operated at an air flow rate under the homogeneous regime without pH and temperature adjustment. The use of axial flow impeller at a rotational speed below the turbulent flow is recommended for more ammonia removal. In addition, smaller bubbles than the working range proposed in this research should be avoided because of foaming formation of the skim latex.