Increase In Unemployment Research Articles

Non-employment, gender norms and the risk of couple separation in eastern and western Germany.

This paper examines and compares the impact of non-employment - more precisely female and male unemployment and female labour-market inactivity - on cohabiting and married couples' separation risk in eastern and western Germany. Although Germany has experienced substantial changes in the spheres of family and labour market in recent decades, differences between the former East and West Germany persist even over 30 years after reunification. Applying conditional logistic fixed-effect models to German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data, I find the following: in western Germany, where - despite a trend towards more egalitarian gender norms - traditional gender norms still prevail, male unemployment increases couples' separation risk, whereas female labour-market inactivity reduces it. Examining change across two birth cohorts - women born in or before 1971 and women born after 1971 - I find for western Germany that the effects of male and female unemployment on couple separation appear to be converging, and the relationship-stabilising effect of female labour-market inactivity seems to be diminishing. This is in line with the trend towards egalitarian gender norms in that region. In eastern Germany, both female and male unemployment have a relationship-destabilising effect in the older birth cohort, which might reflect the more egalitarian gender norms there. However, the relationship-destabilising effect of male and female unemployment is diminishing, and can no longer be found in the younger birth cohort. Unexpectedly, for eastern German women born after 1971, labour-market inactivity is relationship-stabilising, which was not the case in the older cohort.

Implementation of Indonesian and Swiss Cooperation Regarding Returning Assets Proceeds of Corruption Within the Framework of Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters 2019-2022

The aim of this work is to identify the chances of individuals moving to the state of unemployment in the Brazilian labor market with the application of a logit model, analyzing two moments: before the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and during the Covid-19 crisis. Evidence indicates that there was an increase in the probabilities of unemployment among pardos in relation to white and black groups. The chances of male groups being unemployed during and, therefore, after the crisis were lower than in previous periods. Black women had a more fragile situation in which they saw the threat of transition to unemployment increase by about 40% compared to the period before the health crisis

The Flow of Vacancies and Unemployment

The U.S. unprecedented tight labor market has been driving inflation pressure since the break of the pandemic. Currently, dropping vacancies is cooling off the labor market. This study analyzes the flow of vacancies and unemployment within the Beveridge relationship during such a period. The Cobb-Douglas matching function is adopted to analyze labor market dynamics. The epilogue of the regressive model finds a proper estimation of the matching function, which the study uses to show that the matching efficiency has worsened since 2022. The study concludes that cooling off the labor market with barely an increase in unemployment is unattainable under the super tight monetary condition.

Implementing AIRM: a new AI recruiting model for the Saudi Arabia labour market

One of the goals of Saudi Vision 2030 is to keep the unemployment rate at the lowest level to empower the economy. Prior research has shown that an increase in unemployment has a negative effect on a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This paper aims to utilise cutting-edge technology such as Data Lake (DL), Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to assist the Saudi labour market by matching job seekers with vacant positions. Currently, human experts carry out this process; however, this is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Moreover, in the Saudi labour market, this process does not use a cohesive data centre to monitor, integrate or analyse labour-market data, resulting in several inefficiencies, such as bias and latency. These inefficiencies arise from a lack of technologies and, more importantly, from having an open labour-market without a national data centre. This paper proposes a new AI Recruiting Model (AIRM) architecture that exploits DLs, ML and AI to rapidly and efficiently match job seekers to vacant positions in the Saudi labour market. A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is employed to test the proposed AIRM architecture using a labour market dataset simulation corpus for training purposes; the architecture is further evaluated against three research collaborators who are all professionals in Human Resources (HR). As this research is data-driven in nature, it requires collaboration from domain experts. The first layer of the AIRM architecture uses balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies (BIRCH) as a clustering algorithm for the initial screening layer. The mapping layer uses sentence transformers with a robustly optimised BERT pre-training approach (RoBERTa) as the base model, and ranking is carried out using the Facebook AI Similarity Search (FAISS). Finally, the preferences layer takes the user’s preferences as a list and sorts the results using the pre-trained cross-encoders model, considering the weight of the more important words. This new AIRM has yielded favourable outcomes: This research considered accepting an AIRM selection ratified by at least one HR expert to account for the subjective character of the selection process when exclusively handled by human HR experts. The research evaluated the AIRM using two metrics: accuracy and time. The AIRM had an overall matching accuracy of 84%, with at least one expert agreeing with the system’s output. Furthermore, it completed the task in 2.4 min, whereas human experts took more than 6 days on average. Overall, the AIRM outperforms humans in task execution, making it useful in pre-selecting a group of applicants and positions. The AIRM is not limited to government services. It can also help any commercial business that uses Big Data.

How COVID-19 Is Facilitating the Digital Transformation of Luxury Retailing Industry in ChinaTaking Louis Vuitton as an Example

In recent years, COVID-19 poses an undeniable threat to the world economy. There is an increase in the global unemployment rate, supply chain disruptions, and business failures in several industries, especially in China. Faced with this difficulty, an increasing number of organizations are transforming their platforms from physical stores to e-commerce and online platforms, hence boosting their digitalization penetration. This paper explores how COVID-19 stimulates the digital transformation of the luxury retailing industry in China, using Louis Vuitton as an example. The purpose of this paper is to determine the possible pattern around all luxury retailers to see if digitalization is better and more sustainable for their commercial operations. This paper will employ literature analysis as its methodology. This paper reveals that the digital change surrounding the luxury brand is not solely a result of COVID-19, while COVID-19 does speed this transformation, and that social media platforms also play a significant role in China.

Analyzing the Impact of the Labor Market on Company Location Selection Using Spatial Econometric Models

Abstract This study employed spatial econometric models to analyze the company registration site selection in various counties and cities of Taiwan from 2002 to 2021 and examined its correlation with the labor market. The results revealed that over the past two decades, the number of company registrations in Taiwan has consistently risen, with a growth rate of 60.61%. Metropolitan areas such as Taipei City, New Taipei City, Taichung City, Kaohsiung City, and Taoyuan City took the lead in terms of registration numbers. Furthermore, the study found that local labor market factors and spatial spillover effects significantly influence company location decisions. Specifically, using the spatial Durbin model, it was discovered that an increase in unemployment rates negatively impacts company registrations in neighboring counties and cities; growth in employment numbers has a positive overall effect on company registrations; a rise in the proportion of industrial workers may be detrimental to company startups; a higher proportion of employees with tertiary education positively affects company registrations; an increase in the proportion of employed individuals aged 45 to 64 negatively impacts company registrations. The research findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, assisting in the creation of a more conducive entrepreneurial environment. JEL classification numbers: C31, J21. Keywords: Spatial autocorrelation, Spatial Dubin model, Spillover effects, Labor market, Number of companies.

The Impact of the Crisis on Poverty and Socio-Economic Inequalities in Europe

We want to investigate the factors that have had an impact on poverty rates and inequalities in Europe and enquire about the possibility to reduce them in the future. Our enquiry is largely novel in the literature on the topic. The immediate causes of the increase in poverty rates and inequalities have certainly been the financial crisis, the pandemic and the increase in unemployment that derived from them in almost all European countries. In a nutshell, the underlying novel factors that we underline can be attributed to the EU institutions and policies, the ensuing asymmetries and the situation in “core” and “peripheral” countries, more specifically: 1) The “credit-led” strategy of growth pursued by peripheral countries. 2) The “export-led” strategy of growth pursued by core countries. These strategies implicated pernicious imbalances that reflected on poverty rates and inequalities. We find also that only the welfare state has succeeded in mitigating the negative impact on poverty and equity, but at the cost of further burdening public finances, especially in peripheral countries, casting a shadow on the ability to perform the same role in the future. In the future what is needed to avoid asymmetries and imbalances in the European Union is a common strategy of growth.

Pengaruh Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) Terhadap Pengangguran Usia Muda di Asia

This study discusses the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on youth unemployment in Asia which aims to determine the extent to which these factors affect it. In this study the variables used are foreign direct investment, economic growth, population growth, wages, exports and imports. The method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive research approach and associative research. The data used is secondary data from 1991 to 2019 with a sample of 19 countries in Asia obtained from related agencies. By using the panel data regression model and the best model is the Random Effect Model by testing it through the Chow test, Hausmant test and Lagrange test. Based on the results of the theoretical test, it shows that the output response of foreign direct investment and population growth has a significant negative effect on increasing youth unemployment in Asia, because an increase in foreign direct investment and population growth will reduce the number of unemployed. Meanwhile, the results of output wages and exports have a significant positive effect on youth unemployment in Asia, which means that any increase in wages and exports will affect an increase in youth unemployment. And economic growth output and imports have no effect on youth unemployment in Asia

Churches as Social Insurance: Oil Risk and Religion in the U.S. South

Religious communities are important providers of social insurance. We show that risk associated with oil dependence facilitated the proliferation of religious communities throughout the U.S. South during the twentieth century. Known oil abundance predicts higher rates of church membership, which are not driven by selective migration or local economic development. Consistent with a social insurance channel, greater oil price volatility increases effects, while greater access to credit, state-level social insurance, and private insurance crowd out effects. Religious communities limit spillovers of oil price shocks across sectors, reducing increases in unemployment following a negative shock by about 30 percent.

First time around: Local conditions and multi-dimensional integration of refugees

We study the effect of local unemployment and attitudes towards immigrants at the time of arrival on refugees’ multi-dimensional integration outcomes. We leverage a centralized allocation policy in Germany where refugees were centrally assigned to live in specific counties. To measure sentiments of native residents towards immigrants, we use geo-coded Twitter data, which provides our “negative sentiment index”. Our results show that attitudes towards immigrants are as important as local unemployment rates in shaping refugees’ integration outcomes. A one standard deviation increase in unemployment or in the negative sentiment index predicts five percentage points lower probability of refugees being employed in 2016 to 2018. In additional robustness check, we present an analysis that uses far-right vote share as an alternative measure of sentiments of native residents.

Macro Economics Analysis of Relationship between Unemployment and GDP Growth of Bhutan: Application of Okun’s Law

This paper examines the relationship between unemployment and the GDP growth rate in Bhutan, focusing on the applicability of Okun's laws from 1991 to 2022. The findings reveal significant short-term and long-term impacts of unemployment on Bhutan's GDP. Both the short run and long run demonstrate the negative effects of unemployment on GDP in Bhutan. The results confirm the validity of Okun's law in the country, showing that a one-unit increase in unemployment leads to a decline of 2 percentage points in GDP. Consequently, this study emphasizes the need for appropriate measures and policies to address the unemployment problem in Bhutan. To tackle this issue, the implementation of hands-on training and workshops on job-related skills during undergraduate studies is recommended. By providing practical training early on, individuals will be better prepared for the job market, enhancing their employability and contributing to the economy more effectively. Furthermore, the government should allocate mandatory internships in various related fields. These internships will provide students with valuable practical experience, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application.

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Decision Making Among University Graduates: A Case Study of Universitas Riau Kepulauan


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This scientific article addresses the concerning issue of increasing unemployment among university graduates in Indonesia, focusing on the Faculty of Economics and Business students at Universitas Riau Kepulauan (class of 2019-2020). Employing a quantitative approach, the research examines the influence of accounting information systems, e-commerce, and income expectations on entrepreneurial decision making. Data from 79 respondents were collected using the Slovin formula and analyzed using SPSS software. The study reveals that the utilization of accounting information systems significantly impacts entrepreneurial decision making, while e-commerce has a positive but non-significant effect. Furthermore, income expectations significantly influence graduates' entrepreneurial choices. The findings underscore the need to foster entrepreneurial mindsets among university graduates to mitigate unemployment challenges.
 Highlight:
 
 The research investigates the concerning increase in unemployment among university graduates in Indonesia, with a focus on the Faculty of Economics and Business students at Universitas Riau Kepulauan.
 A quantitative approach is employed, using the Slovin formula to gather data from 79 respondents analyzed through SPSS software version 20.
 The study reveals that the utilization of accounting information systems positively and significantly influences entrepreneurial decision making among the students, while e-commerce shows a positive but non-significant effect, and income expectations significantly impact entrepreneurial choices.
 
 Keyword: Unemployment, University Graduates, Entrepreneurship, Accounting Information Systems, E-commerce
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Russian labor market: A statistical portrait on the crises background

The paper examines long-term trends in the evolution of the Russian labor market, as well as its short-term adjustments to negative economic shocks. The analysis covers a wide array of indicators, both quantitative and price ones. The results obtained show that the Russian labor market is in a process of restructuring. Labor force and employment are on long-term downward trends, unemployment has fallen to a record low, after a long period of stagnation, labor turnover has sharply intensified, and vacancies have reached an all-time high. At the same time, its algorithm of responding to negative shocks remained virtually unchanged. As before, short-term adjustments are brought about mainly through decline in wages and contraction of working hours, rather than through decrease in employment and increase in unemployment (“the Russian labor market model”).

Analysis of tools for the interaction of the government and society: financial security, legislative regulation

Introduction. The paper is devoted to interaction between the authorities and the community at the legal and financial levels. The institutional mechanism for ensuring the implementation of personnel support for the effective functioning of local self-government bodies in Ukraine at the current stage of development are revealed. The purpose of the paper is the analysis to solve the current problems of state management, administration, development of territorial communities requires the modernization of the system of public management and administration. Results. Forms, principles, economic and legal regulation of the organization and functioning of the community are provided. At the present stage, united communities are faced with a number of problems and challenges, such as the globalization of the economy, increased mobility of labor resources and the related increase in unemployment, increased international competition for investments and development resources. A set of problems and prospects contributing to the development of communities as important territorial units is justified. A model of the strategy for further development according to international practices is presented. The peculiarities of the concept of "territorial community" as a political, social, and economic phenomenon of local self-government were investigated. Conclusion. The redistribution of power and resources between the state and local self-government bodies involves the use of system tools in regulating the socio-economic space and achieving macroeconomic stability of the territory swarm and the state as a whole. Research methodology includes methods of scientific knowledge such as descriptive, systematic and analysis. The practical value of the work lies in the conclusions of the study and further research. Specialists in the legal and economic sectors can use this material.

Job loss and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused substantial increases in unemployment; however, the association between these job losses and psychological distress is not well documented. Our study reports on this association from a cohort study, with a particular focus on educational differences in both the likelihood of job loss and its potential implications for mental health.MethodsUtilizing data from a large prospective cohort study of parents in Norway (n = 58,982), we examined changes in psychological distress within four groups of respondents: those who during the first wave of COVID-19 had (i) no change in their employment situation, (ii) worked from home, (iii) been furloughed, or (iv) lost their job.ResultsPsychological distress increased in all groups. In z-scores relative to pre-pandemic levels, the increases were (i) 0.47 [95%-CI: 0.45–0.49] among respondents with no change in their employment situation, (ii) 0.51 [95%-CI: 0.49–0.53] among respondents who worked from home, (iii) 0.95 [95%-CI:0.91–0.99] among those furloughed, and (iv) 1.38 [95%-CI: 1.16–1.59] among those who permanently lost their job, corresponding to increases of 89%, 95%, 170%, and 185%, respectively. While respondents without university education had a 2 to 3 times higher risk of job loss, the negative impact of job loss on psychological distress was similar across educational levels.ConclusionsParticipants exposed to job loss during the pandemic experienced a stronger increase in symptoms of depression or anxiety compared to those who remained employed. Although higher education lowered the risk of losing work, it did not substantially diminish the impact on mental health from losing work.

PENGARUH PDRB, JUMLAH PENDUDUK, IPM, DAN PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP PENGANGGURAN DI PROVINSI BALI

The problem that most often arises in development is unemployment. Development will be hampered if unemployment increases because it triggers the emergence of new problems in the economic and social fields. According to Sukirno (2006), unemployment is a situation where a person included in the labor force wants to get a job but has not got it yet. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP), Total Population, Human Development Index (IPM), and the Covid-19 Pandemic on the unemployment rate in the Province of Bali. The data used is secondary data, namely unemployment data, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP), Population Projection, Human Development Index (IPM), and the Covid-19 Pandemic as a dummy variable. This research was conducted in 8 regencies and 1 city in Bali Province from 2017-2021. This study was tested using panel data regression analysis techniques with the selected estimation model, namely the common effect model using Eviews software. The results of the research conducted show that the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) has a negative and significant effect on unemployment, total population has no significant effect on unemployment, the Human Development Index (IPM) and the Covid-19 Pandemic have a positive and significant effect on unemployment in the Province of Bali.
 keyword: Unemployment, GRDP, Total Population, HDI, and the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Tarım Ekonomisi ve Türkiye’de ve Bölgede Muhtemel Gelişmeler

While agricultural economy has begun to lose its previous importance in the world and Turkey, climate changes, global warming, population growth, misuse of water resources, increase in unemployment, problems caused by the international or multinational companies in food security, the most recent Ukraine-Russia war and other wars in the region have led economists and politicians to rethink their agricultural policies. In this study, redistribution of resources related to agricultural economy, increasing productivity of agricultural lands, logistic problems in distribution of produced goods, and the role and continuity of all these activities in economic development are going to be emphasized. While countries are promoting industrialization, why agricultural sector is not emphasized and which environmental and global factors are involved in the decline of agriculture are going to be examined. 
 
 In this context, with the economic development of the countries, the rapid decrease in the agricultural population, the increase in migration from villages to cities, poor quality of agricultural lands, decrease in productivity due to environmental pollution and global warming in recent years, the exposure of agricultural lands to ground rent due to urbanization, the increasing importance of water and the export of agricultural products, the war between two countries which play an important role, has shown that very serious food problems can arise in our region, and especially in our country. For these reasons, especially Turkey, along with other countries, needs to reorganize its agricultural policy immediately. In this study, suggestions are also going to be made in this regard.

Entrepreneurship Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan enjoys global fame for its pursuit of GNH (Gross National Happiness) as an alternative model of development. An increase in youth unemployment has made Bhutan look to entrepreneurship as a possible solution, prompting a need for entrepreneurship education. But what could entrepreneurship education look like in a context where policies and culture promote simple living and contentment, are cautious with regard to cultural change, and seek to constrain wealth accumulation of private sector entrepreneurs? This essay offers a number of suggestions for entrepreneurship education guided by GNH principles. The essay concludes by discussing what Western cultures can learn from GNH infused entrepreneurship education.

Follow-up of patients diagnosed with and treated for tuberculosis in Brazil: financial burden on the household.

To evaluate the implications of the proportion of annual family income spent in the pre- and post-diagnosis periods in tuberculosis patients followed for after at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study of tuberculosis patients followed for at least one year after completing tuberculosis treatment in five Brazilian capitals (one in each region of the country). A total of 62 patients were included in the analysis. The overall average cost of tuberculosis was 283.84 Brazilian reals (R$) in the pre-diagnosis period and R$4,161.86 in the post-diagnosis period. After the costs of tuberculosis disease, 71% of the patients became unemployed, with an overall increase in unemployment; in addition, the number of patients living in nonpoverty decreased by 5%, the number of patients living in poverty increased by 6%, and the number of patients living in extreme poverty increased by 5%. The largest proportion of annual household income to cover the total costs of tuberculosis was for the extremely poor (i.e., 40.37% vs. 11.43% for the less poor). Policies to mitigate catastrophic costs should include interventions planned by the health care system and social protection measures for tuberculosis patients with lower incomes in order to eliminate the global tuberculosis epidemic by 2035-a WHO goal in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Does the crime rate respond symmetrically or asymmetrically to changes in governance quality and macroeconomic variables? The application of linear and non-linear ARDL

PurposeSocioeconomic development needs quality governance to provide and protect property rights and other economic means. In this regard, the current study examines the symmetric and asymmetric effect of composite governance index, unemployment rate (UR) and consumer price index on the crime rate (CR) in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThe current study uses time series data (1996–2020) on CR, composite governance index, UR and consumer price index. In this study, the authors first constructed a composite governance index from six governance indicators using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. After that, the short-run and long-run symmetric and asymmetric effects were estimated through linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models, respectively.FindingsThe authors found short-run and long-run symmetric and asymmetric effects of governance, unemployment and consumer prices (CPI) on the CR in Pakistan. For asymmetric effects, the findings show that high-quality governance diminishes and poor governance accelerates committed crimes in Pakistan. Interestingly, the asymmetric unemployment effect suggests that criminal behavior diminishes when people find job opportunities and do not adopt criminal behavior even if people lose employment. In other words, if unemployment decreases CR will fall, and when unemployment increases, the CR may not increase. Lastly, rising product prices lead to criminal behavior, while falling prices do not help to diminish the CR in Pakistan.Originality/valueThe study provides the first empirical evidence of symmetric and asymmetric responses of CR toward composite governance index, UR and consumer price index.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-09-2022-0625