Increase In Total Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Photosynthesis, antioxidant status and gas-exchange are altered by glyphosate application in peanut leaves

Glyphosate herbicide caused oxidative stress and exhibited negative effects on photosynthesis and gas exchange of peanut [Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Giza (G) 5 and 6] leaves. We demonstrated that glyphosate caused various morphological symptoms, such as chlorosis, yellowing, and appearance of curly edges in leaves treated with high doses of herbicide in both cultivars; however, the G5 cultivar was more sensitive and showed severer symptoms. Glyphosate lowered photosynthesis and reduced contents of pigments and proteins as well as free amino acids in both cultivars. The gas-exchange parameters, such as photosynthetic (PN) and transpiration rate (E), were highly altered by the glyphosate application. For example, PN and E were reduced by 65 and 61%, respectively, in G5 treated with high dose of glyphosate compared with control. Antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were induced by both low and high concentrations in the glyphosate-treated leaves. Moreover, the level of lipid peroxidation, indicated by a malondialdehyde content, as well as the hydrogen peroxide content increased in the glyphosate-treated leaves. However, an increase in total antioxidant activity was detected in leaves and this reflected changes in the antioxidant status and accumulation of antioxidants as a defense mechanism against glyphosate toxicity in peanut.

Shelf life extension of minimally processed ready-to-cook (RTC) cabbage by gamma irradiation.

Gamma irradiation (0.5-2.5kGy) in combination with low temperature (4-15°C) storage was attempted to increase shelf life of ready-to-cook shredded cabbage wrapped in cling films. A maximum extension in shelf life of 8days, while retaining the microbial and sensory quality, was obtained with an irradiation dose of 2kGy and storage at 10°C. Gamma irradiation also inhibited browning of shredded cabbage at their cut edges resulting in enhanced visual appeal. An increase in total antioxidant activity was observed with respect to DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability while the nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing property remained unaffected with irradiation. Total phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C content remained unchanged due to irradiation. No significant migration of additives from cling films into stimulant water was observed up to a radiation dose of 2kGy thus demonstrating the feasibility of such films for above applications.

Impact of Atmospheric Microparticles on the Development of Oxidative Stress in Healthy City/Industrial Seaport Residents.

Atmospheric microsized particles producing reactive oxygen species can pose a serious health risk for city residents. We studied the responses of organisms to microparticles in 255 healthy volunteers living in areas with different levels of microparticle air pollution. We analyzed the distribution of microparticles in snow samples by size and content. ELISA and flow cytometry methods were employed to determine the parameters of the thiol-disulfide metabolism, peroxidation and antioxidant, genotoxicity, and energy state of the leukocytes. We found that, in the park areas, microparticles with a size of 800 μm or more were predominant (96%), while in the industrial areas, they tended to be less than 50 μm (93%), including size 200–300 nm (7%). In the industrial areas, we determined the oxidative modification of proteins (21% compared to the park areas, p ≤ 0.05) and DNA (12%, p ≤ 0.05), as well as changes in leukocytes' energy potential (53%, p ≤ 0.05). An increase in total antioxidant activity (82%, p ≤ 0.01) and thiol-disulfide system response (thioredoxin increasing by 33%, p ≤ 0.01; glutathione, 30%, p ≤ 0.01 with stable reductases levels) maintains a balance of peroxidation-antioxidant processes, protecting cellular and subcellular structures from significant oxidative damage.

Marine natural product, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro- (C7H10N2O2) of antioxidant properties from Bacillus species at Lakshadweep archipelago

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated bacteria Bacillus species. Methods: The potential active compound was subjected for assay of total antioxidant activity, α,α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and total reducing power. Further, the 16S rRNA gene sequence was carried out to identify the sponge symbiotic bacteria. Results: The results showed linear increase of total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity and total reducing power. IC50 value of the active compound for DPPH activity, H2O2 scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity was recorded as 15.025 μg/mL, 23.73 μg/mL, and 41.70 μg/mL respectively. The potential strain was identified as Bacillus species from GenBank database (GenBank Accession number JX985748). Conclusions: The present study has reported the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated Bacillus species. The report will be helpful to pharmaceutical and antioxidant researchers for further studies.

Chronic restraint stress induces intestinal inflammation and alters the expression of hexose and lipid transporters

Psychosocial stress is reported to be one of the main causes of obesity. Based on observations in studies that relate stress and gut inflammation to obesity, the present study hypothesized that chronic stress, via inflammation, alters the expression of nutrient transporters and contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome. Rats were exposed to restraint stress for 4h/day for 5days/week for eight consecutive weeks. Different segments of rat intestine were then collected and analysed for signs of pathophysiological changes and the expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like-1 (NPC1L1), sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1 (SLC5A1, previously known as SGLT1) and facilitative glucose transporter-2 (SLC2A2, previously known as GLUT2). In a separate experiment, the total anti-oxidant activity (TAA)-time profile of control isolated intestinal segments was measured. Stress decreased the expression of NPC1L1 in the ileum and upregulated SLC5A1 in both the jejunum and ileum and SLC2A2 in the duodenum. Inflammation and morphological changes were observed in the proximal region of the intestine of stressed animals. Compared with jejunal and ileal segments, the rate of increase in TAA was higher in the duodenum, indicating that the segment contained less anti-oxidants; anti-oxidants may function to protect the tissues. In conclusion, stress alters the expression of hexose and lipid transporters in the gut. The site-specific increase in the expression of SLC5A1 and SLC2A2 may be correlated with pathological changes in the intestine. The ileum may be protected, in part, by gut anti-oxidants. Collectively, the data suggest that apart from causing inflammation, chronic stress may promote sugar uptake and contribute to hyperglycaemia.

Prophylaxis of Imune Deficiencies and Neonatal Diarrhea Syndrome among Sucking Piglets by Administration of Organic Selenium (Sel-Plex)

In this study, it was investigated the action of the Sel-Plex product that was included in the combined forage for milking swine and sucker piglets. There were investigated 10 parturient swine and 101 piglets of 1-42 days. It was concluded that the addition in basic ration of organic selenium has a benefic effect for swine growing and development that was expressed through:  mortality and neonatal diarrhea reduction, weight increase with 2.5 kg for the swine treated with Sel-Plex (P<0,05);  significant increase of the total number of T-lymphocytes (P<0,001), of the subpopulation of active T-lymphocytes (P<0,01) and of B-lymphocytes (P<0,01). The postive action of the products is show at the level haemotopoiesis by increasing erythrocytes and hemoglobin (P<0,01) an dat the level of antioxidant system by reducing the level of DAM (Malonic dialdehyde ) and increase of TAA ( total antioxidant activity ) in blood serum.

Comparative proteomic analysis of cellular response of human airway epithelial cells (A549) to benzo(a)pyrene

This work aimed to investigate the cellular response of human airway epithelial cells (A549) to oxidative stress induced by benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]. Levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were investigated in A549 cells treated with varying concentrations of B(a)P. A comparative proteomic analysis of total proteins was performed in cells treated with 1 µM B(a)P [B(a)P-1] and untreated cells. The expression of Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), one of the identified down-regulated proteins in B(a)P-1 cells, was then analyzed by Western blotting. The total antioxidant activity, total superoxide dismutase activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity were all analyzed after B(a)P treatment. Our results demonstrated that 1 µM B(a)P could induce ROS generation and lead to lipid peroxidation in A549 cells, and 23 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The expression levels of Mn SOD and the total SOD were induced at 0.1 µM and suppressed at 1 µM and 10 µM. Up-regulation of CAT and GR activity resulted in an increase in total antioxidant activity in A549 after exposure to B(a)P. These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbation of antioxidant status induced by B(a)P on airway epithelial cells.

The antioxidant status of patients with thyrotoxicosis during combined therapy with epifamin

The aim of this study was to investigate intensity of free radical processes and catalase activity in serum of patients with thyrotoxicosis during traditional therapy and combined therapy with epifamin. Patients (n = 25) were subdivided into two groups: the first group of patients (n = 12) received traditional therapy (antithyroid drugs, β-adrenoblockers, and the second group of patients (n = 13) received additionally epifamin (1 tablet of 10 mg 3 times a day, 10–15 minutes before meal for 7 days). The thyrotoxic patients were characterized by intensification of free radical oxidation evaluated in blood serum by biochemiluminescence parameters. During the combined therapy with epifamin there was less expressed intensity of free-radical processes and the increase in total antioxidant activity of the body, which was not observed during traditional therapy. The standard therapy of thyrotoxicosis by thyrostatics and β-adrenoblockers decreased catalase activity and thus exhibited a negative effect on the antioxidant status of the body. On the contrary, combined therapy with epifamin increased catalase activity and this could positively influence the antioxidant protection of the body.

Extractable antioxidants and non-extractable phenolics in the total antioxidant activity of selected plum cultivars ( Prunus domestica L .): Evolution during on-tree ripening

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of extractable antioxidants and non-extractable phenolics to the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of plums. Therefore, the antioxidant activity was determined (ABTS assay) in aqueous–organic extracts, as well as in the extraction residues which were a subject of two different acidic treatments to release hydrolysable tannins and non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPA). In addition, the changes in TAA during the last week of ripening were investigated. Extractable antioxidants contributed less than 18% to the TAA, considerably higher values of antioxidant activity were associated with hydrolysable tannins and NEPA, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of plums may be underestimated in the literature. The ripening resulted in an increase of TAA up to 38% in excess of the value determined on the first sampling date. TAA showed a similar pattern over the ripening period for all cultivars studied.

Black carrot ( Daucus carota ssp. sativus) juice: Processing effects on antioxidant composition and color

Black carrot, a potential source of anthocyanin pigment, has high antioxidant activity. The effect of pre-press maceration treatment with different doses of cell wall degrading enzyme pectinase ( Aspergillus niger Teigh) on antioxidant composition of black carrot juice was investigated. Enzyme-assisted processing significantly ( p < 0.05) improved the antioxidant composition of black carrot juice. There was an overall increase of 33% in juice yield, 27% in total phenolics and 46% in total flavonoids. The total anthocyanin content in black carrot juice was almost doubled. The in vitro total antioxidant activity in black carrot juice extracted through enzyme-assisted processing was 30.0 and 62.0 μmol TE/mL in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, respectively. There was 30% increase in total antioxidant activity of black carrot juice extracted with enzyme over straight pressed juice. The results indicate that tailoring of specific enzyme mixtures can yield antioxidant rich juice products. Optimizing a strategy for extraction of phenolic rich juice from black carrots can offer an opportunity for its utilization in developing novel functional beverages with enhanced color appeal and high antioxidant activity.

OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION CONDITIONS FOR ANTIOXIDANT PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM MALT ROOTLETS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT Significant levels of antioxidant phenolic compounds were detected in malt rootlets, indicating that malt rootlets may serve as an excellent source of natural antioxidants for disease prevention and health promotion. To improve this by-product value, response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of extraction conditions for obtaining the maximum amount of antioxidant phenolic compounds from malt rootlets in the malting industry. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effects of three independent invariables on total antioxidant activity (TAA). These three independent variables were solvent composition (% v/v), extraction temperature (C) and time (min), respectively. By RSM and canonical analysis, the optimal conditions for higher TAA were: 50%, 84C, 22 min. Under optimal conditions, the predicted response value for TAA reached 9.49 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE). Verification of the optimization showed that 9.79 µmol TE was observed under the optimal condition, which was a 3.13-fold increase of TAA at the lowest level. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Antioxidant phenolic compounds have gradually been used in the medicine industry with the ability of reducing risks of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. On the one hand, they are beneficial to grains, fruits and vegetables through several possible mechanisms, such as directly quenching free radicals, chelating transition metals, reducing peroxides and stimulating the antioxidative defense enzyme activities. On the other hand, many of the biological functions, such as antimutagenity, anticarcinogenity and antiaging, originate from this property of antioxidant phenolic compounds. Generally, a great deal of malt rootlets are produced in the malting industry and treated as by-products for animal feed. However, significant levels of antioxidant phenolic compounds were detected in malt rootlets, indicating that malt rootlets may serve as an excellent source of natural antioxidants for disease prevention and health promotion. While the optimization of extraction conditions for antioxidant phenolic compounds from malt rootlets would not only add value to this by-product, but also offer a new source of natural antioxidant.

Effect of gibberellic acid on total antioxidant activity during Chenopodium rubrum L. ontogenesis invitro

Total antioxidant activity (TAA) represents the combined ability of diverse antioxidants present in a sample of plant material to scavenge free radicals. Chenopodium rubrum L. sel. 184 is a qualitatively short-day plant; as an early-flowering species, it is a suitable object for studying ontogenesis in vitro. We investigated the effect of GA3 (5 mg/l) on TAA during C. rubrum ontogenesis under two different inductive photoperiodic regimes in vitro. Total antioxidant activ?ity does not change in different phases of C. rubrum ontogenesis under the same photoperiodic treatment. Exposure to continuous irradiation caused an increase of TAA in both C. rubrum plants and collected matured seeds. Gibberellic acid stimulated stem elongation, but did not affect leaf development or the number of matured seeds per plant, regardless of photoperiodic treatment; it induced a decrease of TAA in C. rubrum plants regardless of photoperiodic treatment or the phase of development, while it had no effect on TAA of matured seeds.

Green tea extract selectively activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in cultured cardiomyocytes

Hypoxia/reoxygenation is one of the causes of the increased expression of inducible NO synthase in cardiomyocytes. In a recent study we demonstrated that a single, high dose of green tea extract (GT) supplemented to the medium of cultured cardiomyocytes just before hypoxia/reoxygenation is able to prevent the increased expression of inducible NO synthase, therefore reducing NO overproduction. In the present study we investigated the mechanism by which GT reduces NO production. Since a molecular mechanism for polyphenol activity has been postulated, and PPAR activation is related to the transcription of the inducible NO synthase gene, we evaluated the activation of PPAR by GT. A moderate GT concentration, supplemented to the cardiomyocyte medium since the initial seeding, selectively activated the PPAR-beta/delta isoform. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in NO production and an increase in total antioxidant activity, indicating that GT components may act on both reactive oxygen species, via an antioxidant mechanism, and NO overproduction. PPAR-beta/delta activation could represent the key event in the reduction of NO production by GT. Although PPAR activation by GT was lower than activation by fenofibrate, it is very interesting to note that it was selective for the beta/delta isoform, at least in neonatal cardiomyocytes.

Phenylacetic acids were detected in the plasma and urine of rats administered with low-dose mulberry leaf extract

The use of a high quercetin dose to demonstrate its absorption and bioavailability does not reflect the real dietary situation because quercetin glycosides are usually present in small amounts in the human diet. This study aimed to demonstrate the absorption and bioavailability of quercetin in mulberry leaves that represents a more physiologic dietary situation. Mulberry leaf ethanol extract was prepared similar to tea infusion, which is the way the tea leaves are generally prepared for consumption. Accordingly, rats were fed by oral intubation the mulberry leaf ethanol extract (15 g%/rat per day) or pure rutin (135 microg/rat per day) for 2 weeks. The control group received a similar volume of the vehicle, 10% ethanol. There was a significant increase in total antioxidant activity (TAA) in the urine and feces of the antioxidants-fed rats. Phenylacetic acid, a microbial metabolite of quercetin, was detected in the urine of the test animals, and quercetin was present in the fecal samples. By using an in situ intestinal preparation, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, another microbial metabolite of quercetin, was detected in the plasma when the duodenal segment was instilled with 2 mg of rutin. This microbial metabolite retained 50% of the TAA of quercetin. The results of this study indicate that in a more realistic dietary situation, an increase in TAA in the body after consumption of quercetin-containing foods is contributed mainly by the microbial metabolites.

High-Protein-Pufa Supplementation, Red Blood Cell Membranes, and Plasma Antioxidant Activity in Volleyball Athletes

The authors evaluated the role of a high-protein, low-calorie, polyunsaturated fatty-acid (PUFA) -supplemented diet on anthropometric parameters, erythrocyte-membrane fatty-acid composition, and plasma antioxidant defenses of nonprofessional volleyball athletes. The athletes were divided in two groups: One (n = 5) followed the Mediterranean diet, and the other (n = 6) followed a high-protein, low-calorie diet with a 3-g/day fish-oil supplementation. All the athletes had anthropometric measurements taken, both at the beginning and at the end of the study, which lasted for 2 months. Body-mass index and total body fat were significantly diminished in the second group, while they remained unchanged in the first. Plasma total antioxidant activity (TAA) was significantly increased in the plasma of both groups, with no differences between the groups, suggesting that physical activity, not the different diets, is the main contributor to the increase of plasma TAA. The second group showed a significant increase in erythrocyte-membrane PUFA content and in the unsaturation index value (UI) because of the fish-oil supplementation.A high-protein, low-carbohydrate, fish-oil-supplemented diet seems to be useful only when the aim of the diet is to obtain weight loss in a short-term period. The significant increase in the UI of erythrocyte membranes indicates the potential for harm, because a high intake of PUFA might increase susceptibility to lipid peroxidation not counterbalanced by a higher increase in TAA. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet seems to be the better choice.

Natural antioxidant L-carnosine inhibits LPO intensification in structures of the auditory analyzer under conditions of chronic exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics

Intragastric administration of L-carnosine suspension to Wistar-Kyoto rats 3 days before and after 7-day course of intraperitoneal injections of ototoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin compensated expenditures of tissue antioxidant systems and significantly eliminated kanamycin-induced intensification of MDA production in tissues of the membrane part of the cochlea and in the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. L-NAME (competitive NO synthase inhibitor) also inhibited LPO, increased total antioxidant activity, and decreased ototoxicity of kanamycin, which confirms the contribution of NO into LPO intensification under conditions of aminoglycoside treatment. Inhibition of pathological intensification of LPO processes and increase in total antioxidant activity under conditions of induced acute aminoglycoside ototoxicity characterizes L-carnosine as a highly effective otoprotector.

Pentoxifylline Diminishes the Oxidative Damage to Renal Tissue Induced by Streptozotocin in the Rat

Oxidative damage has been suggested to be a contributing factor in the development to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Recently, there has been evidence that pentoxifylline (PTX) has free radical-scavenging properties; thus, its antiinflammatory and renoprotective effects may be related to a reduction in reactive oxygen species production. It is likely that the pharmacological effects of PTX include an antioxidant mechanism as shown in in vitro assays. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the reported renoprotective effects of PTX could be the result of its antioxidant actions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in rats. The administration of PTX over a period of 8 weeks, in addition to displaying renoprotective effects, caused a significant reduction in lipoperoxide levels (LPOS) in the diabetic kidney (P < 0.05), compared to untreated rats. These levels were comparable to those in the healthy kidney of experimental animals (P > 0.05). All untreated STZ rats exhibited an increase in LPOS as opposed to healthy controls (H) (P < 0.001). The total antioxidant activity (TAA) in plasma was increased significantly already after 2 days of STZ (P < 0.05). When we examined the progression of TAA in STZ rats, there was a significant decrease over 8 weeks (P < 0.05). PTX treatment caused an increase in TAA when compared to untreated STZ rats (P < 0.05). Renal hypertrophy was less evident in PTX-treated STZ than in untreated STZ rats, evaluated by kidney weight/body weight ratio. These results indicate that PTX decreases the oxidative damage induced by these experimental procedures and may increase antioxidant defense mechanisms in STZ-induced diabetes in rats.

Adaptation Effects In The 70Th Generation Of Mice From Radionuclide-Polluted Territories In The South Urals, RUSSIA

Male Microtus arvalis mice from radionuclide-polluted territories in the South Urals ( 90 Sr activity of ground - 0.2 Ci/km 2 , 2 Ci/km 2 , 500 Ci/km 2 , 800 Ci/km 2 ) were investigated. The 90 Sr content in a mouse skeleton was determined. On intensification of protein and carbohydrate enzymes, an increase of total antioxidant activity and a reduction of lipid peroxidation processes were detected. These are the adaptation effects in the liver of Microtus arvalis mice, which are the 70th generation of animals exposed to long-term irradiation.

Expression of low molecular weight heat‐shock proteins and total antioxidant activity in the Mediterranean tree Quercus ilex L. in relation to seasonal and diurnal changes in physiological parameters

ABSTRACTThe total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the accumulation of small heat shock proteins (sHsps) were analysed under field conditions in Quercus ilex with regard to organ ontogeny and the physiological state of the plant. The results point toward the participation of sHsps and an increase of TAA in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) of woody Mediterranean evergreens. In leaves and stems, there was a definite TAA seasonal pattern but no effect from diurnal variations or from the current stage of organ ontogeny. TAA was about twice as large in summer as in spring and winter and the hydrophilic antioxidant content was about 16 times greater than that of lipophilic antioxidants. The accumulation of sHsps in leaves also showed a seasonal pattern, but no effect from diurnal variations or from leaf ontogeny. In summer days, the sHsps content remained invariable even during the daylight hours in which the leaves were physiologically recovered. However, the accumulation of sHsps in stems did vary in relation to organ ontogeny. Old stems had a high accumulation of sHsps throughout the year, whereas in young stems, accumulation of sHsps was detected only in summer. This is probably due to a higher quantity of lignified and suberized tissues in the older stems. Using two‐dimensional immunodetection for leaves and stems, two sets of Hs protein species (17 and 10 kDa regions) were observed. In stems, there was an increase in 10 kDa proteins from winter to summer. These results are discussed and the possible role of the two types of polypeptides in the face of environmental and endogenous oxidative stress are considered.