Increase In Poverty Rate Research Articles

Use of free preventive dental programme for children: 10 years of Lov'U'r Teeth, France.

Lov'U'r Teeth is a French oral health prevention programme targeting children. The programme offers an appointment with a dentist for oral examination and individual oral health advice. It covers any necessary primary dental care resulting from that examination. Despite being free, it was under-utilised at its previous evaluation 10 years ago. The study aims to identify the determinants of participation and their evolution since 2009. We worked on the General Beneficiary Sample, a medico-administrative database representative of the French population, including health-care consumption data. We selected individuals aged 6 to 15. We performed descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regressions to analyse and compare the determinants of participation between 2009 and 2019. The final sample included 26 288 children. Lov'U'r Teeth participation rate increased by 4.2 percentage points from 2009 to 2019. Participation was highest at age 6 and declined as age increased. Children from households facing financial difficulties have a 72% lower probability of participating than other children. Over the study period, increasing poverty rates were consistently associated with lower participation. Children living in the areas with the highest poverty rates were up to 46% less likely to participate than those in areas with the lowest poverty rates. Participation in Lov'U'r Teeth has improved over the past 10 years, but the programme continues to reproduce social inequalities, as the determinants of using free preventive dental care mirror those of non-preventive care. Lov'U'r Teeth should enhance communication strategies to reach those in need and clarify the programme's benefits.

ANALISIS DETERMINAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN PADA MASA PRE-POST PANDEMI COVID-19 DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

The COVID-19 pandemic has wielded a significant economic impact, spanning from the global stage to the national and regional levels. This crisis has led to a slowdown in economic activity in East Java Province, resulting an increase in poverty rates. The pandemic's arrival in 2020 brought about substantial and unprecedented changes to the factors influencing poverty levels, presenting significant challenges for the East Java Provincial Government. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the Human Development Index, Population Growth, Economic Growth, and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the poverty rate in the districts/cities of East Java Province. This research employs panel data regression analysis using secondary data from 2017 to 2021 sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results found that the human development index had a negative and significant effect on poverty levels, economic growth and the COVID-19 pandemic had a positive and significant effect on poverty levels, while population growth was found to have no significant effect on poverty levels in East Java Province.

Small-Scale Pig Farming as a Tool for Unemployment Alleviation in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape of South Africa

The study examines the effect of small-scale pig farming on unemployment alleviation in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape of South Africa. This is against the backdrop of the extreme youth unemployment and increasing poverty rate being witnessed in South Africa (SA) due to the unstable global economic environment that has impacted most economies of the world. On its part, the government made an appreciable number of investments, especially in the agricultural sector, to address the unemployment challenges, which has yielded varied levels of success. The unemployment situation in SA was compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in approximately 33% of the labour resources that were productive before the pandemic to idle. This necessitated a government injection of R100 billion as a stimulus package into the economy to support small businesses and the agricultural sector, especially small-scale farmers. Mixed methods were adopted to gather primary data from 164 pig farmers, which were randomly selected. XLSTAT and SPSS 28 were used to analyse the quantitative data, and NVivo was used for the qualitative data. The results revealed that farming activities provided a source of income for most pig farmers, with several households depending on it for their livelihood. The collective advantage among pig farmers was the availability of space for farming activities, and most of them engaged in pig farming as a necessity. The government plays a crucial role in the sustainability of pig farming activities in the area through the various interventions that create the needed enabling environment for the farmers to thrive.

The influence of selective mortality on poverty rates in later life: evidence from a Swedish cohort born in 1926.

Mortality influences the composition of the surviving population. Higher mortality among low-income individuals than high-income individuals may result in lower poverty rates in the surviving population. The objective of this study was to describe poverty rates for both survivors and deceased individuals in a cohort born in 1926. We used Swedish total population data on the 1926 birth cohort (n = 83,382), calculating annual poverty rates from 1991 to 2016. We compared poverty rates for the entire cohort, those who died the next year, and those who survived for 5, 10, or 20+ years, measuring the impact of selective mortality as the differences in poverty rates between the cohort and these subgroups. Individuals who died the following year had higher poverty rates than the cohort at ages 65-90. Conversely, individuals who survived 5, 10, or 20+ years had lower poverty rates, with relatively small differences (1.1% to 6.9% lower) for survivors of 5 years or longer, and larger differences (26.4% to 32.8% lower) for those who survived 20+ years. Despite differences in mortality rates by income, selective mortality had only a modest impact on poverty rates. If life expectancy rises for all, and a more diverse population reaches old age, our findings indicate a potential slight increase in poverty rates due to reduced mortality as a selective factor. These findings emphasise the need to consider mortality selection when addressing future poverty rates in older adults.

Social class, smartphone advertising exposure, self‐esteem, and materialism: The case of children in Lebanon

AbstractThe current compounded economic crisis in Lebanon has increased poverty rates and widened the gap between families of different socioeconomic classes. Little is known about the impact of advertising, particularly smartphone advertising, on the self‐esteem and materialism levels of children in developing countries like Lebanon. This study aimed to measure the differences among children coming from lower and upper socioeconomic classes in the following: smartphone advertising exposure, materialism and self‐esteem, vulnerability to the effects of smartphone advertising exposure on materialism, and vulnerability to the effects of materialism on self‐esteem. It was found that advertising affected negatively the self‐esteem of the children coming from lower social classes, including the “newly poor,” because in the current economic situation, children who are more exposed to advertising are more likely to believe in advertising, have lower self‐satisfaction, and believe themselves to be inferior for not owning the various products that are advertised, which lead them to become more materialistic than children from wealthier families. On the other hand, advertising had a reinforcing effect on materialism among more affluent children. In addition, and contrary to the expected, children from higher social classes, and not children from deprived households, were more susceptible to the impact of advertising on materialism. These findings enlighten us on the significant role that today's advertising plays in societies with wide socioeconomic disparities.

The Effect of Local Original Income (PAD), Transfer Funds (Balanced Funds), and Regional Economic Growth on the Regional Poverty Rate of West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB)

One of the primary goals of any municipality is human development when it comes to regional development. Reducing poverty and improving community welfare and human resources are the primary goals. The poverty rate in NTB Province has dropped dramatically, and the income and economic growth in the area have increased, thanks to the many regional development initiatives that the province has launched. Finding out how local original income, balancing funds, and economic development influence the poverty rate in NTB province is the main objective of this research. Using a battery of tests and regression analysis, we compile a dataset consisting of panel data from ten NTB Province regencies and cities covering the years 2012–2022. The results obtained from this study show that local original funding (PAD) has a significant impact on reducing poverty rates and balancing funds that significantly reduce poverty rates in the NTB province. However, economic growth impacts increasing the poverty rate in NTB province, although not significantly. This may happen because Indonesia's economic growth fluctuates, thus affecting the increase in poverty. Fluctuations occur due to factors such as national economic conditions, supply-demand, government policies, etc. This can affect the economic growth of NTB, and it also impacts the increasing poverty rate in NTB. In addition, the increasing population is one of the factors that contribute to economic fluctuations and the increase of poor people in NTB.

Refugee Benefit Cuts

This paper analyzes the effects of Denmark’s Start Aid welfare reform that targets refugees. Implemented in 2002, it enables us to study not only the reform’s immediate effects but also its longer-term consequences and its repeal a decade later. The reform-induced large transfer cuts led to an increase in employment rates, but only in the short run. Overall, the reform increased poverty rates and led to a rise in subsistence crime. Moreover, local demand conditions generate substantial heterogeneity in the reform’s effects on immediate and longer-term employment. (JEL I32, I38, J15, J22, J64, K42)

Abstract 2243: A multi-ethnic population-based pilot study of multiple myeloma disparities

Abstract To understand multiple myeloma (MM) disparities we established the Precision MEDicine, EqUity and Disparities Research in MultipLe MyeLomA (MEDULLA) study, a population-based study in California. Our study contacted, via the Cancer Registry of Greater California (CRGC), 100 adult MM patients from four racial/ethnic groups: Non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Latinos, and Asians. Data collection included variables reported to the CRGC, a self-administered survey, and biospecimen saliva collection. The survey focused on demographics, risk factors, cancer treatment, family history, quality of life, and social determinants of health. Of the 400 MM patients, we had 95 patients who responded to the survey, giving a response rate of 24%. 44% of those who responded were NHW, 21% NHB, 19% Latinos, and 16% Asians. Those that provided a response tend to be living in a census tract location with lower proportions of poverty (p=0.0004), higher proportion of adults ages 25 years or over with a college degree (p=0.0011), higher median household income (p=0.0048), lower proportion of adults ages 25 years or over without a high school diploma (p<0.0001), and a lower proportion of individuals ages 16 or over who are unemployed (p<0.006). All respondents also have a lower comorbidity count and expressed being in good health. For minorities, we identified a trend where a higher response rate is seen if they live in an area where median household income is higher (p=0.0108). For every 1% increase in poverty rates, NHW living in such neighborhoods were 3% less likely to respond to the survey (p=0.04). For every 10% increase in the proportion of individuals having a college degree, response rate increased by 1.17 for minorities in that neighborhood (p=0.07). Minorities living in neighborhoods with high proportions of adults without a high school diploma and high unemployment rates are less likely to respond (p=0.02 and p=0.047, respectively). In conclusion, we found significantly lower participation rates among minority groups, with socio-economic factors affecting response rates. Our findings, therefore, suggest that future studies must develop improved community-focused and culturally tailored strategies to engage and meaningfully understand MM etiology and survivorship in such populations. Citation Format: Angelica M. Rolon, April P. Vang, J. Elizabeth Quino, Ana Estrada, Eric Stewart, Rosemary D. Cress, Luis Carvajal-Carmona, Alexa Morales Arana. A multi-ethnic population-based pilot study of multiple myeloma disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2243.

The welfare impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the Philippine labor market using the CGE-microsimulation approach

Global exogenous shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, challenge the capacities of economies to cushion their welfare impacts. Such shocks translate to macroeconomic slowdowns, labor market contraction, and decreases in income in many economies around the world. We take the case of the Philippines and assess the pandemic’s labor market and welfare effects at its onset, and ask whether cash assistance would have reversed the welfare decline. Using a CGE-microsimulation strategy, the pandemic would have increased poverty rate from 16.85% in 2018 to 24.66% in 2020 in the absence of cash transfers to affected households and workers. However, while broader coverage of transfers may have tempered the reduction in welfare, trade-offs in the form of leakages may ensue with wider support given to the population. Thus, in future similar circumstances, policymakers may face a trade-off between implementing a cost-efficient policy and a broad coverage of assistance for affected households.

The Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Implications of Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria

This paper examines the microeconomic and macroeconomic implications of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria 2023 while adopting a desk review method using discourse analysis methodology. The paper offers some insights into the implications of fuel subsidy, drawing from the interplay of economic, political, environmental, and societal factors necessitating a holistic approach. The removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria has prompted a profound shift with far-reaching implications across economic, social, and environmental circles. Nigeria, as an oil-dependent economy has long relied on fuel subsidy to ensure affordable fuel prices for its citizens. However, in recent years, the country has faced numerous challenges including the rising rate of inflation, unemployment and increase in poverty rates. Based on these challenges, the decision to remove petroleum subsidy has had a significant impact on the economy. To achieve the objective highlighted in the paper, the background of the problem was discussed, review of related literature was undertaken, and possible recommendations were suggested towards mitigating the severe effect of fuel subsidy removal on the general living standard of the citizens and the economy.

Toplulukları Güçlendirmek: Bangladeş’te Covid-19 Sonrası Zekat Dağıtımını Yeniden Tanımlamak

Poverty persists as a global challenge, particularly in economically underdeveloped Islamic countries. Despite government efforts to address income inequality and reduce poverty, these issues continue to afflict societies. To effectively confront this pressing problem, it is imperative to scrutinize the impact of Zakat, a crucial institution in Islam, and its potential contribution to alleviating these challenges. Zakat, one of Islam's five pillars, plays a pivotal role as a guiding economic force and a form of worship. It serves as a means of social assistance and solidarity, fostering stronger bonds between the donor and the recipient. Zakat cultivates feelings of love, compassion, and mercy while also mitigating jealousy, envy, and hostility. Furthermore, it operates as a mechanism for income redistribution in societies marked by unequal wealth distribution. This long-standing practice is rooted in the belief that wealth is a trust from Allah and underscores the importance of sharing it with those in need. Zakat has the potential to address a range of economic issues, from supporting the marriages of impoverished individuals to tackling unemployment. It remains significant as an expression of social responsibility and a means to promote justice and compassion, ultimately creating a more equitable income distribution. The objectives of Zakat are multifaceted, encompassing goals such as poverty alleviation, wealth redistribution, strengthened social bonds, wealth purification, meeting basic needs, and empowering vulnerable individuals. However, in Muslim-majority countries such as Bangladesh, the impact of zakat distribution is often inadequate due to a lack of self-discipline and understanding among Muslims. Additionally, the economic recession triggered by COVID-19 has exacerbated poverty in Bangladesh, with adverse effects on employment and a significant increase in poverty rates among low-income workers. Fair and Shariah-compliant zakat distribution remains underutilized in these regions, including South Asian countries within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The ease of collective cash or clothing distribution in zakat practices has led to inaccurate assessments of the genuinely needy. This traditional approach has also drawn criticism for its deviation from Islamic principles. This study examines changing perceptions and practices of zakat distribution in Bangladesh, focusing on promoting effective and equitable distribution methods. These methods may include income-generating expenditures, vocational training, microfinance initiatives, and targeted cash transfers. By adhering to Zakat's authentic principles and purposes, Bangladesh can leverage its potential to alleviate poverty and foster a compassionate society per Islamic teachings. Emphasizing the importance of Zakat and applying it fairly can drive significant progress in poverty reduction and social development in Islamic countries like Bangladesh. This study seeks to explore innovative approaches to zakat distribution that align with contemporary economic challenges and societal dynamics, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and prosperous future for the people of Bangladesh. As a result, poverty remains an ongoing problem in Islamic countries, and Zakat is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. By revising and improving the zakat distribution practices in Bangladesh, where the principles of Islamic economics guide efforts to reduce poverty and increase social welfare, work can be done toward building a more just and compassionate society.

PENGEMBANGAN USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UMKM) BERBASIS EKONOMI KREATIF DI LAPAK PESONA

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are productive businesses owned by individuals or business entities that meet the criteria to become micro-enterprises. MSMEs do play a role in reducing the increasing poverty rate in Indonesia. MSMEs have a role in fighting poverty by utilizing the potential of natural resources that are managed comprehensively. This research examines creative economy-based MSME development strategies in Lapak Pesona, Village of Madiun Lor, Manguharjo District, Madiun City. The purpose of the study is to find out the challenges and obstacles faced by creative economy MSMEs in Lapak Pesona in developing their businesses. The research type used in this research is a qualitative research method and uses proportional sampling, namely a sampling technique by first determining the data source. Data collection techniques are carried out directly through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research obtained found that business actors in Lapak Pesona still find it difficult to develop their businesses to grow. The challenges and obstacles are limited capital and lack of promotional facilities. Using appropriate strategic planning and problem solving methods can make it easier to resolve the problems faced. One of the best ways to use is to utilize the methods provided through a series of stages in the SWOT analysis

Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Visual Impairment in Working-Age Individuals, 1990-2019

Visual impairment in working-age individuals can affect their general health and employment prospects, leading to decreased social and economic productivity and increased poverty rates. Nonetheless, investigations in this population appear to be limited. To investigate the trends of visual impairment prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in working-age individuals from 1990 to 2019. This cross-sectional, population-based study used data for individuals of working age (15-64 years) from 204 countries and territories obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. The data analysis was performed between May 1 and 10, 2023. Visual impairment, defined as visual acuity of less than 6/18 (20/60) or near visual acuity of less than 6/12 (20/40) distance equivalent as determined by Snellen chart. Trends of visual impairment prevalence, DALYs, and corresponding estimated annual percent changes (EAPCs) from 1990 to 2019 were stratified according to region, nation, and sociodemographic index (SDI). There were 437 539 484 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 325 463 851-575 573 588) prevalent cases of visual impairment globally (53.12% female and 46.88% male) in 2019, representing an increase of 91.46% from 1990 (prevalent cases, 228 530 964; 95% UI, 172 515 833-297 118 596). Over 3 decades, visual impairment-associated DALYs increased from 7 601 852 (95% UI, 5 047 030-11 107 897) to 12 563 276 (95% UI, 8 278 866-18 961 723). Among the 5 SDI groups, the low-SDI group had the largest increase in DALYs (898 167 [95% UI, 597 161-1 301 931] in 1990 to 1 634 122 [95% UI, 1 079 102-2 444 381] in 2019). Regionally, the greatest increase in prevalence was observed in Eastern Europe (EAPC, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.19). Among all countries and territories, Nepal had the highest national prevalence of visual impairment per 100 000 population in 2019 (26 008.45; 95% UI, 19 987.35-32 482.09), while South Sudan had the highest DALY rate per 100 000 population (480.59; 95% UI, 316.06-697.06). Despite the mild decrease in visual impairment prevalence rates in less-developed countries, these findings suggest that the number of prevalent cases globally has increased substantially, with discernible unfavorable patterns in developed regions. The findings support the notion that visual impairment in working-age individuals is a growing global health challenge. A better understanding of its epidemiology may facilitate the development of appropriate measures for prevention and treatment from both medical and social perspectives.

Lives Versus Livelihoods: The Epidemiological, Social, And Economic Impact Of COVID-19 In Latin America And The Caribbean.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Latin American and Caribbean countries implemented stringent public health and social measures that disrupted economic and social activities. This study used an integrated model to evaluate the epidemiological, economic, and social trade-offs in Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica, and Mexico throughout 2021. Argentina and Mexico displayed a higher gross domestic product (GDP) loss and lower deaths per million compared with Brazil. The magnitude of the trade-offs differed across countries. Reducing GDP loss at the margin by 1percent would have increased daily deaths by 0.5 per million in Argentina but only 0.3 per million in Brazil. We observed an increase in poverty rates related to the stringency of public health and social measures but no significant income-loss differences by sex. Our results indicate that the economic impact of COVID-19 was uneven across countries as a result of different pandemic trajectories, public health and social measures, and vaccination uptake, as well as socioeconomic differences and fiscal responses. Policy makers need to be informed about the trade-offs to make strategic decisions to save lives and livelihoods.

Abstract B113: A multi-ethnic population-based study of multiple myeloma disparities: Results from a recruitment pilot

Abstract To understand multiple myeloma (MM) incidence and survivorship disparities, we established the Precision MEDicine, EqUity and Disparities Research in MultipLe MyeLomA (MEDULLA) study. Our study contacted 400 MM patients reported to the Cancer Registry of Greater California (CRGC) between 2013-2018. We contacted 100 adult individuals from four racial/ethnic groups: Blacks, Whites, Latinos, and Asians with MM diagnosis. Data collection included variables reported to the CRGC, a self-administered survey, and biospecimen saliva collection. The survey focused on demographics, risk factors, cancer treatment, family history, quality of life, and social determinants of health. We also used census tract level features obtained by the American Community Survey 2007-2011. A total of 95 patients participated in the survey (overall response rate = 24%). We performed chi-square test, fisher’s exact test, or Wilcoxon test to obtain two-sided p-values for univariate testing for associations with responding to the survey. We further perform multivariable logistic regression using a stepwise approach under the Akaike information criterion with age and sex kept as covariates. These methods were stratified by Whites and Non-Whites separately which we were able to find important trends. The highest response received was from Whites at 44.2%, with significantly lower rates in all minority groups (<20% for all groups). Response rates were higher for patients living in areas with higher median annual incomes and education. For every 1% increase in poverty rates, Whites living in such neighborhoods were 3% less likely to respond to the survey (p=0.04). For every 10% increase in the proportion of individuals having a college degree, responding to the survey increased by 1.17 units for minorities in that neighborhood (p=0.07). Minorities living in neighborhoods with high proportions of adults without a high school diploma and high unemployment rates are less likely to respond (p=0.02 and p=0.047, respectively). In conclusion, we found significantly lower participation rates among minority groups, with socio-economic factors affecting response rates. We suggest that future studies develop community-focused and culturally tailored strategies to understand MM etiology and survivorship in such populations. Citation Format: April P. Vang, Angelica Perez, Juanita Elizabeth Quino, Ana Estrada, Eric Stewart, Rosemary Cress, Luis Carvajal-Carmona. A multi-ethnic population-based study of multiple myeloma disparities: Results from a recruitment pilot [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B113.

Analysis and Prediction of Poverty Rate along with Other Economic Factors in the United States

Poverty is an everlasting issue that affects everyone on the globe, and it is of crucial importance to lift people out of poverty. It is part of the UN SDGs and a macroeconomic goal of most countries. Thus, it is important to understand patterns and make predictions of poverty rate. In this paper, data from the US Census Bureau and The Balance are used to form timeseries analysis. In addition to poverty rate alone, unemployment rate and inflation rate are used to generate dynamic regression model for more complete and accurate predictions. The result of modeling and prediction shows that poverty rate in the United States will most likely increase in the following years to around 15 to 16 precent and then gradually decrease. It is also likely that it will fluctuate around 12%. Overall, the result is a sign that potential measures should be taken to mitigate the possible effects of a predicted increasing poverty rate.

Upaya Kampung Beting untuk Mencapai Ketangguhan terhadap Bencana Alam dan Sosial Berbasis Sistem Kekerabatan dan Gender

Title: The Efforts of Kampung Beting to Achieve Resilience to Natural and Social Disaster Based on Kinship System and Gender
 Kampung Beting in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, is an informal settlement area formed spontaneously in a community. This village has existed since establishing the Kadriyah Palace of the Pontianak Sultanate in 1771. Over time, Kampung Beting has changed from being used as a trading center to an informal settlement inhabited by migrants. Various problems accompany this development, including environmental sanitation problems that trigger natural disasters such as floods and social problems, especially crime in the settlement environment. This research aims to find out the resilience strategy of the Kampung Beting community in realizing a resilient environment against natural and social disasters based on the kinship system and gender. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis, which discusses data using relevant theories to the research objectives. Data were obtained through field observations and interviews with the Kadriyah Palace tourism manager and the Kapuas River tourism cafe manager. The respondents were selected based on their knowledge of Kampung Beting and the tourist café business. The results showed that the resilience of Kampung Beting in facing natural and social disasters was carried out through community adaptation to the environmental conditions of flood-prone homes due to poor sanitation and social inequality due to the increasing poverty rate.

Penerapan Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Dalam Memodelkan Pengaruh Lama Sekolah Dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka Terhadap Kemiskinan di Kota Manado

The increase in poverty rates in Manado City, North Sulawesi, is influenced by various factors such as the average length of schooling and the open unemployment rate. This study aims to determine a model and to determine whether the average length of schooling and the open unemployment rate can affect the poverty rate in Manado City from previous time periods using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The data used in this study are secondary data, namely the percentage of poverty rates, average length of schooling, and the percentage of open unemployment rates taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Manado City, North Sulawesi Province, from the annual period starting from 2003-2021. The results showed that the best model offered by Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was ARDL (2,2,2) with the smallest AIC value of -0.36 with the model equation with the results that both independent variables, average length of schooling and open unemployment rate, can affect poverty in Manado City.

Transplantation, Waitlist Status, and County Indices of Economic Health in West Virginia.

Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with end stage kidney disease. Given lower rates of kidney transplant in West Virginia (WV), we searched for potential predictors, focusing on indices of economic health. Data on initiation of kidney replacement therapy, being waitlisted for and receiving a kidney transplant between 1965 and 2020 were collected from United States Renal Data System (USRDS). Data on county poverty rate (PR) and economic distress were collected from the Appalachian Regional Commission. Of the 23,055 WV patients identified, 2,999 (13%) were transplanted compared to 514,050 (15.3%) for the rest of the US (p< 0.001). Patients who never received a kidney transplant were from counties with higher PRs (17.95%) compared to transplanted patients (17.44%); p<0.001. Waitlisted patients (2,375) came from counties with lower PRs than those who were never waitlisted (17.48 vs 17.94%; p<0.001). Waitlisted patients were less likely to be from distressed or at-risk counties (32 vs 34.3%; p=0.05) than patients who were never waitlisted. In multivariable logistic regression, county PR remained an independent predictor of being transplanted (OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.97; p=0.008) or waitlisted (OR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.84-0.96; p=0.001) per 5% increase in poverty rate after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, alcohol use, functional status and comorbid medical conditions. Group/employer health insurance appeared to modify the relationship between PR and waitlist, where PR remained an independent predictor of waitlisting among patients with insurance. Waitlisted patients and transplant recipients from WV were more likely to hail from counties with lower PRs and those in better economic health.

Peran Zakat Dalam Mengatasi Kemiskinan: Covid-19 Di Indonesia

Zakat is an obligation for a Muslim in managing their wealth and is also a form of social concern that is given when it reaches the threshold. The distribution of zakat to the recipients is not only limited to consumptive forms that meet basic human needs, but also includes productive zakat distribution in the form of capital for businesses that are monitored for their development, so that the recipients can become more self-reliant. The Indonesian economy has experienced a decline due to the Covid-19 pandemic, which has led to an increase in poverty rates in Indonesia. This research utilizes literature research from articles and published journals. The research findings indicate that zakat plays a role in alleviating poverty and ensuring social justice for the community, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. BAZNAS and LAZ throughout Indonesia have created collaborations to assist the government in dealing with Covid-19 by establishing the Covid-19 Crisis Center