Increase In Gamma Globulin Research Articles

Sonochemistry and the organ of hearing.

Modern life with its wailing sirens, screeching cars, blaring radios, TV, and roaring jet planes—all carrying high‐frequency ultrasonic spectra—is potentially dangerous. Progressive deafness is a sequel of sonic‐ultrasonic (us) impact upon the organ of hearing. Sonic energy as a mechanical force has been widely explored. The chemical aspect of the problem has been fully neglected. Chemical reactions on the biological structures of the labyrinth can be initiated by infinitesimal amounts of vibratory energy. The electrokinetic potentials initiate migration of ions. If the impact is of a limited capacity and duration, the response of the organ of hearing is within its physiological range, the damage is a temporary one, and reversible. If the impact is sustained, the enhanced damage becomes irreversible and progressive failure of the hearing is in the making. The ultrasonic components of sound produce an intense agitation in the labyrinthine fluid. The temperature is raised, the thermokinetic effect accelerates the rate of chemical reaction. As ultraviolet light is chemically more potent than the visible part of the spectrum, because of very short waves and greater number of vibrations/second, so are the us of shorter and greater number of waves—of greater penetrating power—due to greater absorptions. us permeates the bunched particles of the colloids, disperses them, accelerates the rate of chemical reaction, and advances: in bone, proliferation of new bony tissue; in blood, increase of Gamma globulin, fibrinogen, hemolysis, etc.; in nerve, exit of potassium ion which inhibits and paralyzes nerve function.

Electrophoretic distribution of hexosamine in plasma proteins of the rat following thyroidectomy.

SummaryFollowing thyroidectomy the rat develops a relative increase in gamma globulin. The increase in total plasma hexosamine levels following thyroidectomy can be almost entirely accounted for by the increase in the hexosamine content of the beta and gamma globulin fractions. The normal distribution of hexosamine in rat plasma is as follows: Albumin 5%, alpha globulins 67%, beta globulins 19%, and gamma globulin 9%. The richest fraction is alpha-1 globulin which contains approximately 4.4% hexosamine. The other globulins contain less and albumin contains only 0.30%.

Sonochemistry and the Organ of Hearing

Modern life with its wailing sirens, screeching cars, blaring radios, TV, and roaring jet planes—all carrying high-frequency ultrasonic spectra—is potentially dangerous. Progressive deafness is a sequel of sonic-ultrasonic (us) impact upon the organ of hearing. Sonic energy as a mechanical force has been widely explored. The chemical aspect of the problem has been fully neglected. Chemical reactions on the biological structures of the labyrinth can be initiated by infinitesimal amounts of vibratory energy. The electrokinetic potentials initiate migration of ions. If the impact is of a limited capacity and duration, the response of the organ of hearing is within its physiological range, the damage is a temporary one, and reversible. If the impact is sustained, the enhanced damage becomes irreversible and progressive failure of the hearing is in the making. The ultrasonic components of sound produce an intense agitation in the labyrinthine fluid. The temperature is raised, the thermokinetic effect accelerates the rate of chemical reaction. As ultraviolet light is chemically more potent than the visible part of the spectrum, because of very short waves and greater number of vibrations/second, so are the us of shorter and greater number of waves—of greater penetrating power—due to greater absorptions. us permeates the bunched particles of the colloids, disperses them, accelerates the rate of chemical reaction, and advances: in bone, proliferation of new bony tissue; in blood, increase of Gamma globulin, fibrinogen, hemolysis, etc.; in nerve, exit of potassium ion which inhibits and paralyzes nerve function.

Isolation and determination of the glycoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid.

SummaryA procedure is described for the isolation of the glycoproteins from spinal fluid that also separates the lipides and free sugars. The carbohydrates in the glycoproteins were identified by paper chromatography, mannose, galactose, fucose, and glucosamine were found. 2. Methods are given for the quantitative estimation of the hexose and hexosamine associated with the glycoproteins and the gamma globulin, and also the neuraminic acid content of the spinal fluid. 3. An increase in gamma globulin hexose was found in multiple sclerosis. The ratio of gamma globulin hexose to glycoprotein was likewise increased. However the ratio of hexose to gamma globulin was not different from that found in non-demyelinating diseases, indicating that the hexose increase merely reflected the increase in gamma globulin.

Electrophoresis of sera of breast-fed infants and its relation to nutritional dystrophy of their mothers; studies on the nutrition of children in Hirosaki area; 22nd report.

1. Mothers in Hirosaki area show, as has been repeatedly shown by us, clinical symptoms of nutritional dystrophy. 2. Exclusively breast-fed infants of these mothers, as has been shown by Kagaya, do not show clinical signs of nutritional dystrophy. 3. These infants, however, show in electrophoretic pattern of serum protein, a decrease in albumin and an increase in gamma globulin. 4. So these breast-fed infants without clinical symptoms of nutri-tional dystrophy show a close nutritional connection with their mothers with distinct clinical symptoms of it in that peculiar electrophoretic pattern of serum protein.

Electrophoresis of Sera, Liver Biopsy Finding and Sato's Bromsulfalein Test in Children with Negative Response to the Ordinary Bromsulfalein Test

Electrophoretic analysis of sera, liver biopsy and Sato's modified bromsulfalein test were carried out simultaneously upon the sick children, from whom were excluded those who were positive to the ordinary bromsulfalein test in which the dye was injected in an amount of 5mg.per kg. of body weight. According to the relations among electrophoretic pattern, liver biopsy findings and Sato's bromsulfalein test, all the cases examined were divided into 5 groups (Groups A, B, C, D, and E); Groups A and B included the negative cases to Sato's test and Groups C, D and E included the cases positive to Sato's test; histopathological changes in the livers were revealed by a needle biopsy in Groups B, D and E, and not in Groups A and C. Histopathological changes in the biopsied livers seemed to be more frequently found in the cases positive to Sato's test (Groups C, D, and E) than in the negative cases (Groups A and B), and pathological changes of cytoplasm with fibrosis were found only in the cases with positive response to Sato's test (Group E). Irrespective of response to Sato's bromsulfalein test and histopathological findings of the biopsied liver, a significant increase in the averages of alpha and beta globulins was found in almost all groups (Groups A, B, C, D and E) and this finding may be partly ascribed to the fact that not a few cases with clear symptoms of nutritional dystrophy were included in the patients subjected to the present investigation. The ‘abnormal’ electrophoretic pattern characterized by an increase in gamma globulin accompanied by a decrease in albumin was found in the cases which were positive to Sato's test and, in addition, showed histopathological changes of cytoplasm with fibrosis, in the biopsied livers (Group E). A tendency toward an increase of gamma globulin as well as a decrease of albumin seemed to be very marked in the cases with histopathological changes in the biopsied livers and in those with positive response to Sato's bromsulfalein test as compared with those without pathological changes in the livers or with negative response to Sato's test.

Plasmacytoma of the mandible

Plasmacytoma of the mandible

Electrophoretical Studies on the Antibodies in Serological Reaction of Syphilis

Davis, et al., describing the Wassermann antibody, said that it has a rather broad range of mobility with its center between beta- and gamma-globulin, although, no separate peak is there.The present report also discussed the mutual relationship between serum protein fractions and antibodies in Wassermann, Meinicke and Murata tests.ExperimentalElectrophoretic analysis and fractionation were carried out with the Tiselius' apparatus using Schlieren-diagonal method.Pooled syphilitic human sera were dialyzed, before electrophoresis, against 1/20M phosphate buffer of pH 8.0.Electrophoresis was carried out until the components. were distributed throughout the length of the cell, and then compensated so that the ascending albumin peak and alpha-globulin peak might be situated respectively above and below the flange plates between the upper and lower compartments.The compartments were then seprated by sliding over the plates, and albumin separated above the plates was taken out with along pipette. Repeating the same process, fractions were also prepared.Serologic actiivities of these fractions were determined by Wassermann, Meinicke and Murata tests.Concentrations of serum proteins in syphilitic serum were estimated on electrophoretic patterns, then compared with those of normal serum.Results and DiscussionResults in Wassermann, Meinicke and Murata tests, are shown in Tables 1-3, and the relationship between these tests and the degree of serum dilution is shown in Table 4.Most of the fractions containing gamma-globulin indicate positive reaction in these tests. Therefore, it is considered that the antibodies in serologic tests for syphilis are contained in gamma-globulin.Even though beta-globulin may contin Wassermann antibody as Davis, et al described, since beta-globulin concentration in fraction is not high, the fraction may not indicate positive reaction.Table 5 shows that in sypholitic sera, an increase of gamma-globuling occurs, with some decreasee of albumin, and almost no quantitative change in alpha- or beta-globulins.It is observed that gamma-globulin increases remarkably, but the amount of beta-globulin does not change perceptibly.Therefore, even though beta-globulin may contain antibody, its amount is cosidered to be very small in comparison with that in gamma-globulin.1) Wassermann antibody is chiefly contained in gamma-globulin.2) The antibodies in Meinicke and Murata tests are closely related to Wassermann antibody, and are also chiefly contained in gamma-globulin.3) In syphilitic sera are found an increase of gamma-globulin, some decrease of albumin, and almost no quantitative change of alpha- and beta-globulins.

An electrophoretic study of maternal, fetal, and infant sera

Serum albumin and gamma-globulin increase rapidly during the development of the human fetus, whereas the alpha- and beta-globulins remain at a low level. The alpha- and beta- globulins rise appreciably and albumin decreases in maternal sera during pregnancy. The high gamma-globulin in newborn infants decreases markedly during the first month or two of life, whereas all of the other serum components rise. The view that the ingestion of colostrum maintains or raises the antibody level of infants is not supported by our findings.The serum patterns are discussed from the viewpoint of lipid content, placental permeability, and species differences.

Serum proteins in syphilis: Electrophoretic study

T HE Tiselius method of electrophoresis’” offers a tool with which to investigate certain properties of colloidal mixtures including the serum proteins. The method has been used to study serum proteins in many diseases and interesting changes have been found.6s8’15 The physiologic and pathologic significance of these findings remains in large part to be worked out. It, has been stated that in syphilis there are changes in the electrophoretic pattern of the serum proteins which are “characteristic and statistically significant.“3 These changes consisted in an “increase in ‘all of the electrophoretic globulin fractions.” Othersll demonstrated the changes in this disease to be of a more limited nature and to consist of a decrease in albumin and an increase in gamma globulin. Similar alterations were found in biologic false-positive sera. The present studies were undertaken in order to (1) re-examine the electrophoretic pattern changes in syphilis, (2) to correlate the pattern alterations with the stage of the disease, the effects of treatment and other possible influencing factors and (3) further evaluate the use of electrophoresis as an aid in the serologic diagnosis of syphilis.

PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES

Electrophoretic patterns of human and dog plasma are markedly altered by the extraction of a large part of the plasma lipids. Total electrophoretic areas, relative areas of individual electrophoretic components, and electrophoretic albumin: globulin ratios undergo change. For human plasma, such extractions confirm previous observations that a particularly rich lipid content characterizes beta globulin. Abnormally large beta peaks regularly occur in the presence of elevated plasma lipids. Marked increases in gamma globulin, however, are also found to be due in large part to elevated plasma lipid levels in certain abnormal human plasmas. The greatest relative amount of lipid in dog plasma, in contrast to human plasma, is associated not with the beta globulin, but with components usually designated as alpha globulins. Not only the areas, but the configuration and the number of alpha globulin peaks in dog plasma are altered by the extraction of plasma lipids. The results demonstrate that increased alpha globulin areas which occur in the plasma of hypoproteinemic dogs are due in large part to elevated plasma lipid levels.

Mechanism of the Colloidal Gold Reaction of Blood Serum in Liver Disease

SummaryThe addition of pure gamma globulin to normal blood serum produced a positive serum colloidal gold reaction. The purified fraction containing alpha and beta globulins produced no effect. Albumin inhibited the serum colloidal gold reaction. Since the most characteristic and consistent alteration of the serum proteins in liver disease is a decrease in serum albumin and a relatively large increase in gamma globulin it is suggested that the mechanism of the colloidal gold reaction in liver disease depends upon a relative increase in the gamma globulin of the blood.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Edwin J. Colin for supplying the purified protein fractions used in this study, which were prepared under contract with the Office of Scientific Research and Development upon reconimendation by the Committee on Medical Research.