Increase In Days Research Articles

Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the “Rights to Fish”: The Effects of Catch Shares on Fishermen’s Days at Sea

This paper investigates whether rights-based management in fisheries ends the “race to fish.” The staggered introductions of catch shares in the Alaska pollock and Pacific hake fisheries—neighboring regional fisheries that are the largest and sixth largest fishery by volume in the United States, respectively—provide a unique natural experiment for isolating the impact of “catch shares.” Difference-in-difference-in-differences estimations, combined with vessel fixed effects, indicate that catch shares are associated with an increase in the number of days that a harvester spends at sea engaging in fishing activities, which implies a slowing of fishing effort, ceteris paribus. For the Pacific hake fishery, participation in the pollock fishery is a negative predictor of a harvester’s days at sea in the target fishery. In the initial two years when the hake fishery was rationalized before the pollock fishery the pollock fishery served as a derby alternative for hake harvesters. Results also show that pollock and hake harvesters respond to changing economic conditions: fish or fish product prices are positive predictors of days at sea. For the Pacific hake catcher-processor fleet, an estimated increase in days at sea per ton of catch suggests that a harvester’s fishing intensity has also slowed as a result of catch shares.

Reprint of: Outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with individualized sunitinib therapy: Correlation with dynamic microbubble ultrasound data and review of the literature

BackgroundIncreased sunitinib exposure (area under the curve) is associated with better outcome in metastatic renal cell cancer. Recommendations for dose modification do not take this into account. A treatment strategy, based on individual patient toxicity, was developed to maximize dose and minimize time without therapy for patients who could not tolerate the standard sunitinib schedule of 50mg given for 28 days with a 14-day break (50mg, 28/14). MethodsA single-center retrospective review was conducted on patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated from October 2005 to March 2010. Dose/schedule modifications (DSM) were done to keep toxicity (hematological, fatigue, skin, and gastrointestinal) at≤grade 2. DSM-1 was 50mg, 14 days on/7 days off with individualized increases in days on treatment. DSM-2 was 50mg, 7 days on/7 days off with individualized increase in days on treatment. DSM-3 was 37.5mg with individualized 7-day breaks. DSM-4 was 25mg with individualized 7-day breaks. Multivariable analysis was performed for outcome as a function of patient and treatment variables. ResultsOverall, 172 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients had clear cell histology (79.1%) with sunitinib given as a first-line therapy in 59%. The DSM-1 and 2 and DSM-3 and 4 groups had a progression-free survival (PFS) (10.9–11.9mo) and overall survival (OS) (23.4–24.5mo) that was significantly better than the PFS (5.3mo; P<0.001) and OS (14.4 mo; P = 0.03 and 0.003) for the standard schedule (50mg, 28/14). DCE-US in a subset of patients showed that maximum antiangiogenic activity was achieved after 14 days on therapy. ConclusionsIndividualized sunitinib scheduling based on toxicity may improve PFS and OS. This hypothesis is supported by several other respective data that are reviewed. A confirmatory prospective trial is ongoing.

Hospital ward antibiotic prescribing and the risks of Clostridium difficile infection.

Only a portion of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections can be traced back to source patients identified as having symptomatic disease. Antibiotic exposure is the main risk factor for C difficile infection for individual patients and is also associated with increased asymptomatic shedding. Contact with patients taking antibiotics within the same hospital ward may be a transmission risk factor for C difficile infection, but this hypothesis has never been tested. To obtain a complete portrait of inpatient risk that incorporates innate patient risk factors and transmission risk factors measured at the hospital ward level and to investigate ward-level rates of antibiotic use and C difficile infection risk. A 46-month (June 1, 2010, through March 31, 2014) retrospective cohort study of inpatients 18 years or older in a large, acute care teaching hospital composed of 16 wards, including 5 intensive care units and 11 non-intensive care unit wards. Patient-level risk factors (eg, age, comorbidities, hospitalization history, antibiotic exposure) and ward-level risk factors (eg, antibiotic therapy per 100 patient-days, hand hygiene adherence, mean patient age) were identified from hospital databases. Incidence of hospital-acquired C difficile infection as identified prospectively by hospital infection prevention and control staff. A total of 255 of 34 298 patients developed C difficile (incidence rate, 5.95 per 10,000 patient-days; 95% CI, 5.26-6.73). Ward-level antibiotic exposure varied from 21.7 to 56.4 days of therapy per 100 patient-days. Each 10% increase in ward-level antibiotic exposure was associated with a 2.1 per 10,000 (P < .001) increase in C difficile incidence. The association between C difficile incidence and ward antibiotic exposure was the same among patients with and without recent antibiotic exposure, and C difficile risk persisted after multilevel, multivariate adjustment for differences in patient-risk factors among wards (relative risk, 1.34 per 10% increase in days of therapy; 95% CI, 1.16-1.57). Among hospital inpatients, ward-level antibiotic prescribing is associated with a statistically significant and clinically relevant increase in C difficile risk that persists after adjustment for differences in patient-level antibiotic use and other patient- and ward-level risk factors. These data strongly support the use of antibiotic stewardship as a means of preventing C difficile infection.

Isoflavone, γ-aminobutyric acid contents and antioxidant activities are significantly increased during germination of three Chinese soybean cultivars

The changes in isoflavone and γ-aminobutyric (GABA) contents and antioxidant activity of germinated soybean seeds were investigated. Three Chinese soybean cultivars (ZH 13, 30 and 42) released for high yield and protein content were evaluated. The results showed that the total isoflavone contents at peak level were 86.3, 81.0, and 42.3% higher than that of the un-germinated control for ZH 42, 13 and 30, respectively. GABA content of ZH 13 in particular was a statistically significant 36.7-fold increase in day 5 germinated soybeans as compared to un-germinated soybean. Such increases also led to significantly elevated antioxidant activities. Moreover, germination can significantly suppress IL-8 expression in Caco-2 cells by ZH 13 extract (P < 0.05) without cell apoptosis. Current results suggest that ZH 13 soybean is a cultivar that can be used to develop nutritional and functional foods with important health benefits.

English

Cellulases were produced from fungus Humicola fuscoatra MTCC 1409 by solid state fermentation under different cultural conditions viz. pH, incubation temperature, inoculum size and days of incubation in order to optimize the conditions for maximum enzyme production. The potential of cellulase pretreatment to increase the digestibility of paddy straw was also ascertained. Maximum enzyme production was achieved at pH 6.0 of Mandel media and at temperature 45°C. Inoculum size of 1×107 spores/ml was found to be optimum for maximum enzyme production. Enzyme production increased with the increase in days of incubation from 2 to 6 days and then declined thereafter. Cellulase units at the concentration of 1, 1.5 and 2 µmole/g were exogenously added to paddy straw and change in chemical composition of paddy straw was determined after 18, 24, 30 and 36 h of treatment. With increase in enzyme concentration and incubation period, the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose reduced gradually with simultaneous increase in lignin and silica content. The concentrations of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose decreased by 9.2, 5.9, 10.8 and 23.4% respectively, however lignin and silica content increased by 9.7 and 6.4% respectively as compared to control (with no cellulase added) at 2 µmole enzyme concentration after 36 h of pretreatment. These results show that the enzyme produced from cellulolytic fungus H. fuscoatra is capable of increasing paddy straw digestibility and thus enhancing the utilization of paddy straw for different purposes. Key words: Cellulase production, Humicola fuscoatra, paddy straw, paddy straw digestibility.

Urgencias: Uso de la escala de severidad BAP-65 para valoración de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica exacerbada

Classifying the severity of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a challenge because there is no unified and specific scale. The objective of the study is to use the BAP65 scale to relate outpatient, in-hospital management, intensive care unit need, mechanical ventilation and mortality. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive cohort study of patients with exacerbated COPD admitted to the emergency service of the San José Hospital of Bogotá DC in the 2011-2012 period. Results: of 252 patients 28 corresponded to BAP-65 classification: I (11.11%), 146 to BAP-65: II (57.9%), 70 to BAP-65: III (27.8%), 7 to BAP-65: IV (2.8%) and one to BAP-65: V (0.39%). Eight required invasive mechanical ventilation (3.1%), 11 hospitalization in ICU (4.3%) and mortality (0.4%). Those that required mechanical ventilation corresponded to scale III. The days of hospitalization increased with the degree of severity of the scale. The only case of mortality was grade IV. Conclusions: the BAP-65 scale is related to the increase in days of hospitalization, ICU management and mortality. A study with a greater number of V-grade patients is required to define their clinical behavior. Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Vascular Disease.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Vascular Disease.

Changes in proline accumulation, amino acid, sugar and chlorophyll content in leaf and culm of Phourel-amubi, a rice cultivar of Manipur in response to flash flood

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth is generally hindered by prolonged exposure to excess of water during its vegetative or reproductive stage. To determine the effect of flood on the plant and to understand the tolerance mechanism of the rice cultivar, variations in the plant height, dry matter, and contents of chlorophyll, total soluble sugar, free amino acid and proline were determined in leaves and culm of Phourel-amubi, a rice cultivar of Manipur under 5, 10 and 15 days of submergence and non-submerged (control) condition. Plant height, dry matter and proline accumulation increased with the increase in days of submergence (highest with 15 days submergence). Total chlorophyll, both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content were found to decrease with period of submergence. Likewise concentration of soluble sugar in leaves decreased with submergence but in the case of culm, the sugar concentration gradually increased from control to 15 days submergence. Total free amino acid concentration also decreased with submergence. However, proline accumulation both in leaves and culm gradually increased with submergence, and highest content were observed under 15 days submergence.

Increased variability of tornado occurrence in the United States.

Whether or not climate change has had an impact on the occurrence of tornadoes in the United States has become a question of high public and scientific interest, but changes in how tornadoes are reported have made it difficult to answer it convincingly. We show that, excluding the weakest tornadoes, the mean annual number of tornadoes has remained relatively constant, but their variability of occurrence has increased since the 1970s. This is due to a decrease in the number of days per year with tornadoes combined with an increase in days with many tornadoes, leading to greater variability on annual and monthly time scales and changes in the timing of the start of the tornado season.

Reorganization increases long-term sickness absence at all levels of hospital staff: panel data analysis of employees of Norwegian public hospitals

BackgroundThe Norwegian specialist health service has undergone many processes of reorganization during the last three decades. Changes are mainly initiated to increase the efficiency and quality of health care serving an ageing population under the condition of a diminishing labour supply. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of reorganization on long-term sickness absence among different levels of hospital staff.MethodsThe study draws on panel data on employees of Norwegian public hospitals in 2005 and 2007 (N = 106,715). National register data on individual employees’ days of medically certified long-term (>16 days) sickness absence were linked with survey measures of actual reorganization executed at each hospital in each year. The surveys, answered by hospital administration staff, measured five types of reorganization: merging units, splitting up units, creating new units, shutting down units and reallocation of employees. The variation in sickness absence days was analysed using random and fixed effects Poisson regression with level of reorganization as the main explanatory variable.ResultsThe fixed effects analysis shows that increasing the degree of organizational change at a hospital from a low to a moderate or high degree leads to an increase in the number of days of long-term sickness absence of respectively 9% (95% CI: 1.03-1.15) and 8% (95% CI: 1.02-1.15). There are few significant differences between employees in different education categories. Only physicians have a significantly higher relative increase in days of long-term sickness absence than the control group with lower tertiary education.ConclusionsIncreased long-term sickness absence is a risk following reorganization. This risk affects all levels of hospital staff.

2. Dysregulation of psychoneuroimmune function in women symptomatic of postpartum depression

500,000 U.S. women develop postpartum depression (PPD) annually. Although psychosocial risks are known, the underlying biology remains unclear. We hypothesized that exaggerated inflammation early after childbirth would increase PPD risk, alone or synergistically with abnormal cortisol secretion, indicating dysregulation of psychoneuroimmune function. Plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured on Days 7 and 14, and Months 1, 2, 3, and 6 after childbirth. Saliva was collected 5 times the day preceding blood draws for cortisol area under the curve (AUC). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Survey (EPDS) and evaluated in light of cytokines and cortisol, independently and together. 152 women completed the EPDS; 18% scored symptomatic of depression (EPDS > 10) by 6-months. Cortisol AUC was higher in symptomatic women on Day 14 ( p = .017). Bivariate analysis indicated change in IFNγ/IL10 (pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine) ratio on Day 14 from Day 7 and Day 14 cortisol AUC were important predictors of depressive symptoms. Multiple logistic regression indicated joint effects of cortisol AUC and change in IFN/IL10 ratio were highly significant in predicting symptoms. A unit increase in Day 14 IFN/IL10 was associated with 91% increase in odds (OR: 1.91, p = 0.036) of depressive symptoms while a 20-min increase in AUC was associated with a 33% increase in odds (cortisol AUC OR: 1.333, p = 0.012). Findings suggest dysregulation of psychoneuroimmune function is a biological risk for PPD.

Effect of Religion on End-of-Life Care Among Trauma Patients.

Evidence suggests that religiousness is associated with more aggressive end-of-life (EOL) care among terminally ill patients. The effect of religion on care in more acutely life-threatening diseases is not well studied. This study examines the association of religious affiliation and request for chaplain visit with aggressive EOL care among critically injured trauma patients. We conducted a retrospective review of all trauma patients surviving at least 2days but dying within 30days of injury over a 3-year period at a major academic trauma center. Time until death was used as a proxy for intensity of life-prolonging therapy. Controlling for social factors, severity of injury, and medical comorbidities, religious affiliation was associated with a 43% increase in days until death. Controlling for these same variables, chaplain request was associated with a 24% decrease in time until death. These results suggest that religious patients receive more aggressive, and ultimately futile, EOL care and that pastoral care may reduce the amount of futile care consumed.

Aging in place within permanent supportive housing.

This study examined whether and how permanent supportive housing (PSH) programs are able to support aging in place among tenants with serious mental illness. Investigators used a mixed-method approach known as a convergent parallel design in which quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed separately and findings are merged during interpretation. Quantitative analysis compared 1-year pre-residential and post-residential outcomes for PSH program enrollees, comparing adults aged 35-49 years (n = 3990) with those aged 50 years or older (n = 3086). Case study analysis using qualitative interviews with staff of a PSH program that exclusively served older adults identified challenges to providing support services. Substantial declines in days spent homeless and in justice system settings were found, along with increases in days living independently in apartments and in congregate settings. Homelessness and justice system involvement declined less for older adults than younger adults. Qualitative themes related to working with older adults included increased attention to medical vulnerability, residual effects of institutional care, and perceived preference for congregate living. PSH is an effective way to end homelessness, yet little is known about how programs can support housing stability among aging populations. Additional support and training for PSH staff will better promote successful aging in place.

Health and well-being of homeless veterans participating in transitional and supported employment: Six-month outcomes

Supported employment, specifically individual placement and support (IPS), improves competitive employment (CE) rates for individuals with serious mental illness, but has not shown greater improvement in non-vocational outcomes than other rehabilitation approaches. The Department of Veterans Affairs offers two types of vocational services, IPS and transitional work experience (TWE), but no study has compared the effectiveness of these approaches. This secondary analysis of data from a study of homeless veterans compared 6 mo improvement in diverse outcomes for five employment patterns: never worked, worked only in TWE, worked in TWE followed by CE, worked in CE without IPS, and worked in CE with IPS referral. Veterans referred to IPS were more likely to be competitively employed. Those who worked in CE (whether following TWE or with or without IPS referral) showed the greatest increase in days worked, employment income, and total income and the greatest decrease in public support income when compared with those who worked only in TWE or not at all. Veterans in TWE showed the greatest increase in residential treatment days, but there were no other differences in non-vocational outcomes between groups. There are multiple paths to CE, but few differences in non-vocational outcomes across employment experiences.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM LEVELS ON YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF FOUR NEW BREAD WHEAT CULTIVARS

In order to study the effect of nitrogen and potassium on yield and yield components on four bread wheat cultivars; Gemmiza 11, Sids 12, Sids 13 and Shandaweel 1, the treatments included three levels of nitrogen: 50, 75 and 100 kg N/fad accompanied by tow levels of potassium: 24 and 48 kg Ko2/fed. Field experiment was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, during the two growing seasons of 2008 - 2009 and 2009-2010. The treatments were arranged in a spilt-spilt plot design with four replications. The main plots were devoted to nitrogen levels and the sub-plots were allocated to potassium levels, while the sub-sub plots were designed to cultivars. Increasing nitrogen levels up to 100 kg N/fad. Resulted in significant gradual increase in days to heading and maturity, plant height, number of spikes/m2, number of kernels/spike, and grain yield/fad. On the hand, there was no significant effect for potassium fertilization levels on the tested agronomic characters. The results indicated that Gemmiza 11 was the earliest in heading and maturity in the two seasons. Shandaweel 1 gave the highest grain yield/fed in the first season while it was the latest one in days to maturity.Sids12 cultivars gave more spikes/m2in the both seasons.While,Sids 13cultivars gave the highest values of 1000-grain weight. The interaction between nitrogen and potassium, nitrogen and cultivars, potassium and cultivars and cultivars, nitrogen and potassium rates did not show any significant effect on grain, straw yield/fed and harvest index in the two seasons. However, the interaction between nitrogen rates and cultivars and potassium and cultivars was significant for number grains/spike in the two seasons. The interaction between nitrogen levels and cultivars was significant for no. of spikes/m2 in the second season. Also, the interaction between nitrogen and potassium levels was significant for no. of spikes/m2 in the first season. It could be concluded that Shandaweel 1 can be cultivated under fertilization at 100kgN/fed to produce the highest yields of grains and straw per Fadden.

Is there still a role for the lung injury score in the era of the Berlin definition ARDS?

BackgroundThe Lung Injury Score (LIS) remains a commonly utilized measure of lung injury severity though the additive value of LIS to predict ARDS outcomes over the recent Berlin definition of ARDS, which incorporates severity, is not known.MethodsWe tested the association of LIS (in which scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe lung injury) and its four components calculated on the day of ARDS diagnosis with ARDS morbidity and mortality in a large, multi-ICU cohort of patients with Berlin-defined ARDS. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare the predictive validity of LIS for mortality to Berlin stages of severity (mild, moderate and severe).ResultsIn 550 ARDS patients, a one-point increase in LIS was associated with 58% increased odds of in-hospital death (95% CI 14 to 219%, P = 0.006), a 7% reduction in ventilator-free days (95% CI 2 to 13%, P = 0.01), and, among patients surviving hospitalization, a 25% increase in days of mechanical ventilation (95% CI 9 to 43%, P = 0.001) and a 16% increase (95% CI 2 to 31%, P = 0.02) in the number of ICU days. However, the mean LIS was only 0.2 points higher (95% CI 0.1 to 0.3) among those who died compared to those who lived. Berlin stages of severity were highly correlated with LIS (Spearman’s rho 0.72, P < 0.0001) and were also significantly associated with ARDS mortality and similar morbidity measures. The predictive validity of LIS for mortality was similar to Berlin stages of severity with an area under the curve of 0.58 compared to 0.60, respectively (P-value 0.49).ConclusionsIn a large, multi-ICU cohort of patients with ARDS, both LIS and the Berlin definition severity stages were associated with increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality. However, predictive validity of both scores was marginal, and there was no additive value of LIS over Berlin. Although neither LIS nor the Berlin definition were designed to prognosticate outcomes, these findings suggest that the role of LIS in characterizing lung injury severity in the era of the Berlin definition ARDS may be limited.

Comparison of rainfall and water requirement for rice during rice growing period in Kirtipur, Nepal

An experiment was conducted to estimate the crop water requirement of rice and to compare it with the amount of rainfall. Experiment was designed to estimate evaporation and evapotranspiration in cylindrical half cut mineral water bottles. Rice was planted in the bottles to estimate evapotranspiration. The amount of rainfall during the experiment period was recorded in the rain gauge station. The evaporation was highest in the month of September (3.16 mm/day) and lowest in June (2.56 mm/day). The rate of evapotranspiration was in increasing order from June to September ranging from 3.43 mm/day in June to 19.57 mm/day for September. The crop water requirement was in increasing order reflecting more water demand with the increase in days after plantation and successive developmental stage of rice. The total amount of rainfall in the study area over study period (23rd June to 30th September, 2005) was 549.59 mm. The total crop water requirement of rice for same period in the same area was 711.45 mm. It showed that the rainfall during the study period was insufficient to meet the water demand for rice in the study area.

Outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with individualized sunitinib therapy: Correlation with dynamic microbubble ultrasound data and review of the literature

BackgroundIncreased sunitinib exposure (area under the curve) is associated with better outcome in metastatic renal cell cancer. Recommendations for dose modification do not take this into account. A treatment strategy, based on individual patient toxicity, was developed to maximize dose and minimize time without therapy for patients who could not tolerate the standard sunitinib schedule of 50mg given for 28 days with a 14-day break (50mg, 28/14). MethodsA single-center retrospective review was conducted on patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated from October 2005 to March 2010. Dose/schedule modifications (DSM) were done to keep toxicity (hematological, fatigue, skin, and gastrointestinal) at≤grade 2. DSM-1 was 50mg, 14 days on/7 days off with individualized increases in days on treatment. DSM-2 was 50mg, 7 days on/7 days off with individualized increase in days on treatment. DSM-3 was 37.5mg with individualized 7-day breaks. DSM-4 was 25mg with individualized 7-day breaks. Multivariable analysis was performed for outcome as a function of patient and treatment variables. ResultsOverall, 172 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients had clear cell histology (79.1%) with sunitinib given as a first-line therapy in 59%. The DSM-1 and 2 and DSM-3 and 4 groups had a progression-free survival (PFS) (10.9–11.9mo) and overall survival (OS) (23.4–24.5mo) that was significantly better than the PFS (5.3mo; P<0.001) and OS (14.4 mo; P = 0.03 and 0.003) for the standard schedule (50mg, 28/14). DCE-US in a subset of patients showed that maximum antiangiogenic activity was achieved after 14 days on therapy. ConclusionsIndividualized sunitinib scheduling based on toxicity may improve PFS and OS. This hypothesis is supported by several other respective data that are reviewed. A confirmatory prospective trial is ongoing.

Research on Climate Change and Its Impacts Needs Freedom of Research

Climate change captured my interest as a teenager when, at the dining table, my dad talked about potential anthropogenic climate changes. He brought up subjects such as “climate could change if the Siberian Rivers were to be deviated to the South for irrigation of the (semi) arid areas of the former Soviet Union”. Other subjects were afforestation in the Sahel to enhance precipitation recycling, deforestation in the Tropics that could have worldwide impacts on climate, the local climate impacts of the Merowe High Dam in its vicinity and downstream, Atlantropa, a new ice age, and the increase in days with sunshine after the introduction of the high-chimney policy in the Rhein-Ruhr area, just to mention a few. [...]

STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF SOME ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI AGAINST BROWN PLANT HOPPER, NILAPARVATA LUGENS STAL IN IRRIGATED RICE

ABSTRACT A field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012 to study the efficacy of certain entomopathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticilium lecani @ 5 g/l having 1x108 CFU along with standard check - Acephate 75% SP @ 1.5 g/l against brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugen Stal and predators (mirid bugs and spiders). The results clearly indicated that Acephate 75 SP @ 1.5g/l was highly effective against BPH, but highly toxic to predators with higher grain yield and higher benefit cost ratio. However, B. bassiana, and M. anisopliae @ 5 g/l though found to be ineffective at 5 days after first spray, their efficacy against BPH increased with increase in days after spray and found to be at par with Acephate at 10 days after second spray. Among the entomopathogens, B. bassiana, and M. anisopliae were found to be relatively more effective against BPH and relatively less toxic to predators, followed by V. lecani.