Increase In Velocity Research Articles

Laminar planar jets of elastoviscoplastic fluids

We perform numerical simulations of planar jets of elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluid (Saramito (2007) model) at low Reynolds number. Three different configurations are considered: (i) EVP jet in EVP ambient fluid, (ii) EVP jet in Newtonian ambient fluid (miscible), and (iii) EVP jet in Newtonian ambient fluid (immiscible). We investigate the effect of the Bingham number, i.e. of the dimensionless yield stress of the EVP fluid, on the jet dynamics, and find a good agreement with the scaling for laminar, Newtonian jets for the centerline velocity uc/u0∝(x/h)−1/3 and for the jet thickness δmom/h∝(x/h)2/3 at small Bingham number. This is lost once substantial regions of the fluid become unyielded, where we find that the spreading rate of the jet and the decay rate of the centerline velocity increase with the Bingham number, due to the regions of unyielded fluid inducing a blockage effect on the jet. The most striking difference among the three configurations we considered is the extent and position of the regions of unyielded fluid: large portions of ambient and jet fluids (in particular, away from the inlet) are unyielded for the EVP jet in EVP ambient fluid, whereas for the other two configurations, the regions of unyielded fluid are limited to the jet, as expected. We derive a power law scaling for the centerline yield variable and confirm it with the results from our numerical simulations. The yield variable determines the transition from the viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid (yielded) to the viscoelastic Kelvin–Voigt material (unyielded).

Ultrasound and Doppler Study in Assessing the Efficiency of Complex Rehabilitation in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

The aim of the work: to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise therapy, ozone therapy, physiotherapy equipment in outpatient rehabilitation and treatment of patients with diabetic neuropathy of the lower extremities from the standpoint of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. When evaluating the effectiveness of a monthly course of rehabilitation treatment, changes in the vessels of the lower extremities are of great importance. We were able to prove a positive change in the vessels of the lower extremities after treatment with the rehabilitation complex using ultrasound Dopplerography. In the main group, an increase in the blood flow velocity in the vessels of the lower extremities by 20.5% was noted, and in the comparison group, an increase in the blood flow velocity of the lower extremities by 12.7% was noted. The effectiveness of rehabilitation was assessed based on a comparison of the achieved rehabilitation results with the initial indicators.

Enhancing Building Stability and Seismic Resilience with Water-Added Tuned Mass Dampers

These days, the construction industry is increasingly producing buildings with extremely low damping values. Under structural vibrations caused by storms and earthquakes, structures can collapse easily. There are now several methods for reducing structural vibrations, and one of the methods currently employed is the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). Research is being conducted to determine its performance and importance. The entire damper was tuned for various constructions. An eight-story model specifically designed for the structure was used in this study to observe the structure's response with and without TMD during shaking table experiments. Compared to passive control devices (PTMDs), Active Tuned Mass Dampers (ATMDs) are more efficient as they are active control devices powered externally. By maintaining the structure's frequency, damping, and stiffness constant, other variables such as the percentage reduction in structural capacity can effectively control structure vibrations. The findings and observations from TMD studies can be used to address challenges in earthquake structural control considering current technological limitations and energy demands. The results illustrate significant improvements with damping: the damped structure experienced a 21% increase in acceleration, a 17% increase in velocity, and a 79% reduction in displacement compared to the un damped structure. These findings underscore the effectiveness of damping in mitigating earthquake-induced vibrations.

Solute Dispersion in Casson Blood Flow through a Stenosed Artery with the Effect of Temperature and Electric Field

This study develops a mathematical model to address solute dispersion in arterial blood flow, particularly considering the effects of temperature and electric fields using the Casson fluid model. Given the physiological importance of drug delivery within the human vascular system, understanding these dynamics is crucial, especially in the presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The Generalized Dispersion Model (GDM) is employed to simulate the dispersion function. Results demonstrate that elevated temperatures and electric fields enhance drug uptake and distribution by increasing blood flow. The model accurately predicts drug behavior in narrowed arteries, optimizing dosage regimens and improving therapeutic outcomes. Visual representations and detailed discussions of these findings are presented in the subsequent sections. The results are validated against a previous study that did not consider the effects of stenosis height, temperature and electric field. The findings suggest a strong agreement between the two studies. Additionally, an increase in mean absorption leads to an increase in velocity. When mean absorption increases, the functions of steady dispersion and overall dispersion decrease, while the function of unsteady dispersion increases. The reverse behavior is observed for the electric field. The study concludes that integrating temperature and electric field effects into drug delivery systems can significantly enhance treatment efficacy and reduce side effects, providing a valuable tool for advanced targeted therapies in CVD and cancer management.

Study on the propagation characteristics of shockwave in dense crowd in corner passage

Crowd shockwaves are prone to occur when evacuating dense crowds, especially in areas with corner passages, leading to congestion and accidents. The characteristics of shockwaves in corner passages need further exploration. This study used AnyLogic software based on the social force model to construct scenarios. The propagation mechanism of crowd shockwaves was revealed through simulation analysis of the changes in wave amplitude, duration, and propagation velocity of crowd density waves under different corner angles (0–90°). It was found that a 45° corner passage has advantages compared to other corner passages for evacuation. At higher desired velocities, pedestrians form a bottleneck-like area at the corner of the passage, resulting in crowd shockwaves. Because of social forces, congestion occurs primarily in the corner area. To alleviate this pressure, pedestrians actively adjust the distance between themselves and others. The time interval between the two shockwaves decreases as the desired velocity increases. The propagation time of crowd shockwaves before the corner is generally more significant than the duration after the corner. This study could guide the elimination or reduction of crowd shockwaves, improving pedestrians' evacuation efficiency and safety in evacuation passages.

Numerical simulation of the water flow field on subway stairs and evaluation of people safety evacuation

ABSTRACT Stairs in subway stations are vulnerable to floods when rainstorm disasters occur in cities. The stairs, as a critical way for human evacuation, can affect the safe evacuation of people on flood-prone stairs. To evaluate the risk of people evacuating through different slopes and forms of stairs when floods invade subway stations, a numerical model for the water flow on stairs based on the volume of fluid model and the realizable k-ε model was established. The water flow patterns on stairs at the subway station entrance under different slope conditions and with/without rest platforms were simulated. The real-time water flow process on stairs at different inlet depths was obtained, and the escape control index F was used to evaluate the risk of people evacuating through stairs at different slopes and water depths. The results indicate that the presence of a rest platform can cause an increase in water velocity and depth on pedestrian stairs, and people should choose stairs without a rest platform for evacuation during the evacuation process. The research results hope to provide a reference for the people evacuation on stairs, and further improve the theory of safe evacuation of personnel on flood-prone stairs.

Numerical study of gas pocket distribution and pressurization deterioration mechanism in a centrifugal pump

In the event of a loss-of-coolant accident at a nuclear power plant, a large amount of steam enters the main pump, causing the pump's pressurization to deteriorate or even fail. To reveal the deterioration mechanism of the pump performance, the gas-liquid distribution characteristics in the centrifugal pump were studied by using structured grids and the Eulerian-Eulerian model. Based on the dimensional analysis method, a predictive correlation for bubble size was established, which included factors such as inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF), rotational speed, liquid flow rate, and impeller geometric parameters. When the predictive correlation is applied to the numerical simulation, the numerical two-phase pressurization agrees well with that obtained from the experiment. As the IGVF increases, the gas begins to accumulate at the impeller inlet under the effect of the pressure gradient force. Due to the large increase in liquid velocity, the gas begins to accumulate from the middle of the diffuser flow channel. The area occupied by the gas pocket in the impeller loses its pressurization capability. The pressure vortex formed at the inlet of the channel causes the diffuser to lose its pressurization capacity. An increase in rotational speed and a decrease in liquid flow rate can effectively prevent the formation and development of gas pockets in the impeller.

Investigation of dynamic effect of rapid impact compaction

Dynamic compaction is a soil improvement technique which involves the repeated application of an impact load to a contact area of the soil surface induced by heavy weights. Experimental measurements were prepared for evaluation of the ground wave propagation induced by the rapid impact compaction. Influence of increase of subsoil stiffness during compaction and terrain configuration were investigated. When the shear strength of soil is exceeded during the penetration of the compaction footing, increase of peak particle velocities is slower but still clearly visible along the measurement line. The peak particle velocity is damped by the subsoil below 5 mm s−1 within 40–50 m from the source of excitation. Attenuation radius is affected by the terrain configuration, when terrain elevations cause the increase of acceleration amplitudes. Rigid bodies in the ground, such as foundation structures, could have similar influence. Dominant frequencies are in the interval from 20 to 40 Hz regardless the distance from the source of excitation or the density of the treated subsoil. Obtained results are preferably related to the given boundary conditions. However, wave propagation pattern and change of its characteristics during densification of the subsoil are applicable at another construction sites considering their particularities.

Heat transfer and power consumption of an optimized low-pressure compact drizzling cooling module integrated PEMFC stack radiator

The application of nozzle-assisted spray cooling to proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack radiators has shown superior performance when compared with conventional air-cooled radiators. However, challenges remain with regard to high power consumption. This study experimentally optimized a low-pressure compact drizzling module coupled with a stack radiator as an alternative spray cooling strategy. The effects of the distance between the drizzling module and the radiator (30–90 mm) were examined, along with the influence of the spray flow rate/temperature, air velocity/temperature, and coolant flow rate on the thermal performance. The results showed that among the operating variables, the impact of the drizzling distance decreased with an increase in air velocity. Moreover, the drizzling performance was significantly influenced by the spray flow rate and air velocity, with minimal impact from the coolant-side variables. Optimal thermal performance was achieved at a distance of 50 mm and spray flow rate of 0.4 LPM, resulting in a 142 % improvement in heat rejection compared to an air-cooled radiator and a 132 % increase in the air-side pressure drop. Additionally, heat rejection only decreased by 7.3 % as the spray temperature increased from 40 °C to 70 °C. Two novel empirical correlations were developed, predicting heat transfer improvement and air-side heat transfer coefficient with over 85 % accuracy. These findings underscore the potential of drizzling cooling for stack radiators in fuel-cell vehicles, while the empirical correlations offer valuable insights for the development of spray-cooled radiators for next-generation electric vehicles.

Flame stabilization and emission reduction: a comprehensive study on the influence of swirl velocity in hydrogen fuel-based burner design

PurposeThis study aims to numerically analyse a full-scale burner across a wide range of operating pressure conditions and determine the effect of swirl velocity on flame stabilization, flame holding and combustion performance.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a numerical analysis approach to investigate a three-dimensional full-scale burner. Modified governing equations are used to determine the effect of swirl velocity on flame stabilization and flame holding. The GR-Mech 3.0 chemical reaction mechanism is used to predict the combustion process. To validate the model, a grid independence study is performed.FindingsThe study reveals that swirl velocity enhances flame stability, resulting in better combustion rates. As the swirl velocity increases, higher flame temperatures are observed due to high convective heat recirculation. The heat transfer coefficient and high radiative extinction coefficient are found to vary based on fuel swirl velocity. The mass fraction of CH4 and CO emphasizes the role of swirl velocity on flame structure. Increasing velocity potentially improves combustion by delaying the process, leading to better combustion and lower emissions.Originality/valueThe findings of this study contribute to the understanding of swirl-stabilized combustion and can guide the development of advanced combustion technologies, making it a valuable addition to the existing combustion field.

Study on energy consumption and failure mechanism of water-saturated coal sample during impact cracking

To uncover the mechanism of energy dissipation in coal samples when subjected to both water and dynamic load, the damage patterns and energy absorption properties of coal samples in their natural and saturated states were investigated and analyzed through Hopkinson impact experiments. The results of the study show that the mass and wave velocity of the natural coal samples show an increasing trend when they are saturated with water. And the mass and wave velocity increase by 6.35 % and 21.42 % respectively. The coal sample's level of fragmentation and dynamic strength exhibited a positive correlation with the velocity (1 m/s-5.69 m/s) of impact. When subjected to dynamic loads, both natural and water-saturated coal samples primarily undergo splitting, fracturing, and crushing. Compared with natural coal samples, saturated water coal samples show greater degree of crushing and lower mechanical strength. The dynamic strength of saturated coal sample at 5.25 m/s (15.66 MPa) decreased by 33.86 % compared with that at 5.69 m/s (23.68 MPa). The mean size of particles in coal samples, both in their natural state and when saturated with water, had an linear reduction relationship with impact speed. Conversely, the fractal dimension, which represents dissipation, had a direct relationship with impact speed. The fractal dimensions of dry and saturated coal samples are distributed in the ranges of 1.56–2.08 and 1.65–2.1, respectively. And the dissipative energy of natural coal samples between 1.09 m/s and 5.67 m/s is about 0.039 J/cm3-0.175 J/cm3, and that of saturated coal samples between 1 m/s and 5.25 m/s is about 0.034 J/cm3-0.088 J/cm3. The surface energy of coal samples was analysed and calculated, and an energy consumption prediction model was proposed to predict the energy consumption of coal samples after dynamic crushing.

Parametric study of free turbulent slurry jet: influence of particle size and particle concentration on the flow dynamics and thermal behavior of high-speed slurry jet

A detailed computational investigation was conducted to explore the dynamics of high-speed free slurry jets, with a focus on how variations in abrasive size and concentration affect their behavior. The study yielded several significant observations: Firstly, it was observed that slurry jets containing larger particles exhibited notably higher average velocities, attributed to their inherent self-similar characteristics. Specifically, at the far field of the jet, slurry jets with larger particle sizes demonstrated a 15% increase in velocity compared to those with smaller particles. Additionally, an analysis of turbulent intensity revealed that beyond a certain axial distance (x/D = 10), turbulence levels progressively increased. However, intriguingly, for slurry jets with a high concentration (Co = 15%), there was a notable decrease (28%) in turbulent intensity compared to water jets, indicating a complex interplay between particle size and concentration. Secondly, the study found that as the concentration of particles in the slurry jet increased, there was a corresponding rise in the bulk temperature of the jet. This phenomenon was primarily attributed to the heightened thermal conductivity resulting from the increased density of particles in the water. Furthermore, an examination of the Nusselt number revealed interesting trends. While the Nusselt number exhibited a peak near the nozzle exit, indicative of enhanced heat transfer in this region, it showed a decremental trend along the axial direction of the jet, attributable to jet divergence. In summary, the computational analysis provided valuable insights into the behavior of high-speed slurry jets, highlighting the intricate relationships between abrasive size, concentration, velocity distribution, and thermal characteristics. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of slurry jet dynamics and have significant implications for various industrial applications.

Correlation of Doppler Indices Within the Umbilical Vein Compared With Gestational Age and Fetal Weight in a Normal Pregnancy

Objective: Given the sophistication of ultrasonography, it is possible to explore and better comprehend the link between gestational age (GA), fetal weight (FW), and the diameter of the umbilical vein (UV). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between the Doppler indices, within the UV, compared with GA and FW, in a normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The design of this work was a cross-sectional analytical study. The sample size was calculated to include a sample size of 61, for statistical significance. A convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. The inclusion criteria were to recruit pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 years, in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. In this cohort, the exclusion criteria were to be no co-existing maternal medical conditions chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, cardiovascular problems, infections, hypercoagulability, and endocrine disorders. Results: A total of 61 pregnant women participated in this study, with a mean age of 25.21 ± 2.79 years. The mean GA was 32.4 ± 6.5 weeks. GA demonstrated a strong positive correlation with UV diameter ( r = .772, P < .001), UV velocity ( r = .687, P < .001), and UV volume ( r = .732, P < .001). UV diameter showed a strong positive correlation with UV velocity ( r = .593, P < .001) and an even stronger positive correlation with UV volume ( r = .928, P < .001). UV velocity showed a strong positive correlation with UV volume ( r = .754, P < .001). These findings may suggest that as GA increases, there are corresponding increases in UV diameter, velocity, and volume. Conclusion: In this cohort, the data collected demonstrated significant correlations between UV Doppler indices, GA, and FW, in normal pregnancies.

Comparative investigation of heat extraction performance in 3D self-affine rough single fractures using CO2,N2O and H2O as heat transfer fluid

The type and thermophysical properties of heat transfer fluids significantly impact the heat extraction rate of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). Studies based on field-scale stochastic discrete fracture network geometric models have certain limitations and uncertainties. To compare the heat extraction performance of heat transfer fluids H2O, CO2, and N2O in a core-scale (φ50 × 100 mm) rough single fracture in hot dry rock, we first constructed the fracture geometry with rock surface roughness characteristics using a fractal self-affine function, with a joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of 12.38. Then, at temperatures ranging from 37 to 300°C and a pressure of 30 MPa, we established a thermo-hydraulic (TH) coupling model based on the thermophysical parameter equations of the three heat transfer fluids. Finally, we conducted a comparative study of the changes in the outlet mean temperature and heat extraction rate after flowing through the fracture, as well as the temperature distribution on the fracture surface, under conditions of constant inlet flow velocity with varying inlet temperature and constant inlet temperature with varying inlet flow velocity. The results indicate that (1) with the increase in inlet flow velocity and temperature, the outlet mean temperature and heat extraction rate of CO2 and N2O at the fracture outlet are essentially the same and lower than those of H2O. (2) When the inlet flow velocity increases from 0.005 m/s to 0.025 m/s, the thermal convection effect from the rock matrix to the fluid in the fracture predominates, and flow velocity is the main factor affecting the heat transfer process between the fluid and the rock matrix. When the inlet temperature increases from 37°C to 57°C, the thermal conduction effect from the rock matrix to the fluid in the fracture predominates, and temperature is the main factor affecting the heat transfer process between the fluid and the rock matrix.(3)When maintaining constant inlet temperature, increasing inlet flow velocity from 0.005 m/s to 0.025 m/s results in CO2 experiencing a maximum heat extraction rate increase of 118.85 W. In contrast, N2O experiences 117.05 W, and H2O experiences 266.4 W.(4) When the inlet flow rate is constant, the maximum increase in heat extraction rate for CO2 is 15.34 W as the inlet temperature increases from 37 °C to 57 °C; for N2O, it is 13.9 W; and for H2O, it is 45.45 W.

Experimental study on the thermal performance of a high-temperature finned latent heat storage system

The primary objective of this study is to develop and evaluate the performance of a latent heat storage (LHS) system. A tube-in-tube heat exchanger configuration was used to design the LHS system. Sodium nitrate and air were employed as the phase change material (PCM) and heat transfer fluid (HTF), respectively. To mitigate the low thermal conductivity of the PCM, six circular fins were integrated on the HTF tube surface and experiments were conducted in an in-house experimental facility. Temperature plots from the charging-discharging experiments revealed that the HTF flow direction governs the heat transfer along the axis of the system. The sensible heat gain by the PCM in the range of 270–330 °C, led to an additional ⁓0.4 MJ of heat storage beyond the storage capacity of 1 MJ. Furthermore, increasing the inlet temperature from 400 °C to 440 °C reduced the charging time by 39.6 %, while reducing the inlet temperature from 210 °C to 170 °C decreased the discharging time by 18.2 %. Despite improved heat transfer, higher inlet temperatures adversely affected the thermal uniformity whereas, the increase in inlet air velocity enhanced both the dynamics of heat transfer and the thermal uniformity within the storage system.

Jet injection and spout formation in a fluidized bed

A single jet was studied in a rectangular fluidized bed by analyzing the pressure fluctuations data to characterize the jet hydrodynamics. The bed contained with glass beads of different mean sizes (450, 650, and 920 µm) as well as pharmaceutical pellets (920 µm). The analysis of the pressure fluctuation data was performed using the power spectral density function (PSDF) and discrete wavelet transforms technique. This study investigated how the flow regime changed from a jet in a fluidized bed to a spouted regime as the gas injection velocity was increased. Increasing the mean particle size led to an increase in the minimum spouting velocity. The minimum spouting velocity for 450, 650, and 920 μm glass bead particles and for 920 μm pharmaceutical pellets were determined to be 32.47 m s-1, 38.66 m s-1, 44.78 m s-1, and 44.47 m s-1, respectively. The study also examined how the dominant frequency of the various particles and the energy percentage of scales changed with increasing injection velocities. The ratio of energy percentages of meso-scale changes as the injection velocity increases and these changes were used to estimate the minimum spouting velocity. Wavelet sub-signals analysis revealed that the Daubechies 2 (DB2) wavelet was the most effective at capturing the characteristics of the jet. Based on the Shannon entropy of the approximate coefficients, the wavelet analysis showed that 11 levels of decomposition were required. By combining the wavelet analysis and PSDF, a more detailed analysis of the meso-scale was achieved. This study provided valuable insights into the behavior of jets and spouts in fluidized beds, which can greatly contribute to the optimization of a jet in fluidized beds and spout-fluidized beds by enhancing our understanding of jet behavior in such environments.

The Spatiotemporal Surface Velocity Variations and Analysis of the Amery Ice Shelf from 2000 to 2022, East Antarctica

The surface velocity of the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) is vital to assessing its stability and mass balance. Previous studies have shown that the AIS basin has a stable multi-year average surface velocity. However, spatiotemporal variations in the surface velocity of the AIS and the underlying physical mechanism remain poorly understood. This study combined offset tracking and DInSAR methods to extract the monthly surface velocity of the AIS and obtained the inter-annual surface velocity from the ITS_LIVE product. An uneven spatial distribution in inter-annual variation in the surface velocity was observed between 2000 and 2022, although the magnitude of variation was small at less than 20.5 m/yr. The increase and decrease in surface velocity on the eastern and western-central sides of the AIS, respectively, could be attributed to the change in the thickness of the AIS. There was clear seasonal variation in monthly average surface velocity at the eastern side of the AIS between 2017 and 2021, which could be attributed to variations in the area and thickness of fast-ice and also to variations in ocean temperature. This study suggested that changes in fast-ice and ocean temperature are the main factors driving spatiotemporal variation in the surface velocity of the AIS.

Catalytic alcoholysis of fiberglass reinforced epoxy resin composites

The article presents the results of a study of alcoholysis of fiberglass reinforced epoxy resin composites obtained by vacuum infusion. To intensify alcoholysis, chlorides, nitrates and sulfates of cobalt (II) and copper (II) were introduced into the reaction medium in an amount of 5% of the mass of ethyl alcohol for each system. The efficiency of the system was assessed based on data from the analysis of mass change of composite samples during alcoholysis, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the presence of metal chlorides contributes to 5 times increase of the alcoholysis velocity. The residual strength of the recovered fiber samples obtained is at least 95%.

Investigation on flame behaviors in the mesoscale channel of one sudden-expansion step during the preliminary stage of ignition

The dynamic flame behaviors at the preliminary stage of ignition in the mesoscale sudden-expansion channel are numerically investigated in this study under the isothermal condition (300 K) at walls by using a two-dimensional model without symmetric assumption at the centerline. It is found that the flashback velocity is dominated by the upstream channel height; nevertheless, the blowoff velocity is determined by not only the downstream channel height but also the flow recirculation behind the sudden-expansion steps. As the expansion ratio is sufficiently large, the flame could exist within a substantially wider range of inlet flow velocity. In addition, four types of flame behaviors are found at the expansion ratio of 2: (I) steady convex flame, (II) steady concave flame, (III) simple oscillating flame, and (IV) complex oscillating flame. Above the flashback velocity, the convex flame exists steadily. With the increase in flow velocity, the flame becomes concave to the upstream and is stabilized by the wall-quenching effect of sudden-expansion steps. If the flow velocity is further increased, the flame becomes unstable and oscillates periodically (simple oscillating flame) due to the interaction of flame and the symmetric flow field in the sudden-expansion channel, while the occurrence of complex oscillating flame at high flow velocities is attributed to the asymmetric flow pattern. The frequency of oscillating flames decreases with the increase in flow velocity.

Magnetohydrodynamic and Aerodynamic Assessment of a 70° Spherecone at Mars and Venus

An electrical conductivity database for continuum flow in a CO2 atmosphere over a 70° spherecone was created using the Data Parallel Line Relaxation Code computational fluid dynamics software to inform development of future magnetohydrodynamic subsystems at Venus and Mars. Sixteen freestream conditions were considered at Mars with atmospheric relative velocities from 5 to 8 km/s and altitudes between 20 and 80 km. Sixteen freestream conditions were considered at Venus with atmospheric relative velocities from 9 to 12 km/s and altitudes between 85 and 115 km. Results indicate that the total electrical conductivity in the flow volume always increases as velocity increases. At low velocities, the electrical conductivity is higher at high altitudes whereas, at high velocities, the electrical conductivity is higher at low altitudes. Three of the 80 km altitude computational fluid dynamics solutions show good agreement with direct simulation Monte Carlo results. In general, computational fluid dynamics predicts thinner shocks, higher electron number density, and similar vibrational temperatures to direct simulation Monte Carlo. The magnetohydrodynamic force was calculated at both Mars and Venus. Results indicate there may not be sufficient control authority to use magnetohydrodynamics as a trajectory control mechanism at Mars without artificially increasing the electrical conductivity of the flow, but there may be appreciable control authority for a drag-modulated aerocapture at Venus.