Increase In Urban Population Research Articles

Train-Induced Building Vibration and Radiated Noise by Considering Soil Properties

Constructing buildings above subway tracks exploits urban-area space intensively by adopting the three-dimensional overlapping development mode, which is one of the important measures for solving the contradictions among urban population increase, land resource shortage, and environmental protection. However, the vibration generated by the frequent train operations is transmitted to the upper buildings through the track structure and ground soil, which can cause structural vibrations and radiated noise and bring physical and mental side effects to occupants within the buildings. Subway projects are often located in geologically sensitive areas, while the influences of the encountered geological problems on the generation and propagation of structural vibration and structure-radiated noise within the buildings are not yet clear. Hence, this paper presents a method of studying the train-induced vibration transmission from the ground up into the buildings and the structure-radiated noise within the building. The method consists of a train-track model, track-soil-building model, and structure-radiated noise simulation. The impact of soil properties on the building vibration and structure-radiated noise is analyzed and ground-improvement measures are proposed in order to mitigate vibration and structure-radiated noise within buildings. The results show that the interaction between soil and structure has a great impact on vibration transmission from the ground into the building. Good foundations reduce vibration transmission from ground soil up into the building and lead to a lower level of structure-radiated noise. Ground improvements increase the impedance of ground soil, thereby weakening the vibration transmission and lowering the structure-radiated noise.

LUTSK CITY SPACE EVOLUTION UNDER MODERNIZATION CONDITIONS (END OF THE XIXTH – BEGINNING OF THE XXTH CENTURY)

purpose of the article is to analyze Lutsk city space evolution at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries by analyzing the network of educational institutionsʼ development in the city and the city territory arrangement. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, the authorʼs objectivity and the use of the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The criticism and classification methods were applied at the archival materials processing stage. The scientific novelty is that for the first time on the basis of the archival materials Lutsk povit development has been illustrated, its territory expansion, the urbanization improvement and the urban population increase have been depicted at the turn of the century, which was the result of urbanization as a manifestation of modernization processes. These processes spheres of life has been determined. The Conclusions. One of the modernization manifestations of the second half of the XIXth century was the urbanization processes, which resulted in the increase in the number of cities and towns, territorially increasing existing urban settlements. The modernization also affected Lutsk povit, having a decisive influence on the development of its cultural, educational and territorial space. We have considered the evolution of the educational institutionsʼ network in the city, the cemeteries and squares organization, the urban improvements are some of the most striking examples of the urban space evolution, but not the last. There is a need for a comprehensive study of the city infrastructure development – the city streets construction and improvement, their electrification, the telephone communications emergence, the water supply and more. Due to the ethno-confessional diversity of the city, a separate and thorough study dedicated to the Lutsk City Society should be carried out. Therefore, both special and general works on Lutsk development history in terms of modernization conditions are not only possible but also necessary in the future.

The Impacts of Poor Solid Waste Management in Legetafo-Legedadi Town, Oromia, Ethiopia

Forced, by rapid increases in urban population, municipal administrations in Ethiopia are wrestling with an ever rising problem of solid waste management. In the emerging Legetafo-Legedadi town open and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste is rampant and piles of decaying growing in the garbage remain uncollected. The study focused on an analysis and discussion of the challenges of solid waste around the open dumpsite and environmental, economic, and health impacts arising from the haphazard and poor waste management. In doing investigation, descriptive research design was followed. Using purposive sampling technique, key informants were selected. Besides, participants were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data gathering instruments employed in the study were, interview, key informant interviews, focus group discussion, and site observation. The findings of the study revealed that existing solid waste collection practice could not cope with the increasing volume of solid waste in the town. Illegal dumping is increasing polluting the roadsides, open spaces, and temporary collection sites with potential health menace to the residents of the town Accordingly, 59 percent (216) of the respondents stated that open dumpsite posed public health risks; 18.9 percent (69) said that there was uncontrolled dumping even at the dumpsite, and 12.3 percent (45) argued that the open dumpsite contaminated groundwater. Apparently, the residents are facing health and environmental challenges due to poor management of solid wastes. With this regards, it is recommended that the town administration should apply integrated solid waste management system.

Evakuacija iz stambenih zgrada - simulacija mogućih evakuacionih scenarija sa prisustvom nepokretnih osoba

The increase in urban population leads to the lack of housing in cities. One of potential solutions for this problem is to build tall residential buildings. The height of this objects, in recent times, ranges from several tens of meters even to several hundreds of meters, while the number of residents ranges from several hundred even to several thousands. Although these objects have built related to modern standards and technologies, with usage of modern materials and machines, problems can happen. One of particularly complex and hard problem presents the evacuation of residents in case of some disaster. Problem is much more severe and complicated if there are people with disabilities or people with special needs in the building. The potential solution for this problem can be the usage of simulation software. This paper was written to show the usage of simulation software Pathfinder in calculation of evacuation times for different evacuation scenarios, without the presence of immobile occupants, with presence of immobile occupants in the percentage of 5 % from complete occupant's number and with presence of immobile occupants in the percentage of 10 % from complete occupant's number.

Effect of Neighborhood Security on Housing Price in Lagos

Effect of neighborhood security on housing price in Lagos State Nigeria. The nonstop increase in urban population has created a gap between unceasing demand and limited supply of housing units in Nigeria particularly Lagos State. Housing being an heterogenous commodity has a lot of independent variables attached to it such as structural, location and neighborhood attributes (including crime rate). The population growth equally presented unemployment and insecurity in most neighborhood going by high rate of crime in Lagos State. The inadequate provision of security for life and properties by successive governments over the years along with population growth have caused unimaginably increase in crime rates in the city. The need for safety and prevention of crimes resulted into neighborhood security. The study confirms that the rate of crime in a particular neighborhood have a direct effect on housing price. This study investigates the effect of neighborhood security on housing price in Lagos State using Amuwo-Odofin Local government Area. The study employed primary data and surveyed 140 residents of the LGA through multistage sampling technique. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) was used to analyze the data. The result, shows that fenced apartment, services of local securities and vigilantes and the presence of gateman have positive influence on price of housing in Lagos state. While high crime rates have a negative influence on housing price. The study concluded that residents pay higher housing price to live in a secured and crime free neighborhood. The study recommends the need for community policing is highly supported by the outcomes of this study.

ДИНАМИКА РОСТА ГОРОДСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В МИГРАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССАХ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СИБИРСКОГО РЕГИОНА В 1950-1970-Х ГГ

Population growth in the Siberian region began at the end of the XIX century, during the construction of the Transsiberian railway, which passed through all of Siberia and the far East. Many rural people came to the region from the European part of the Russian Empire. Some settlements to which they arrived became urban settlements in Soviet times. The formation of the urban population continued during the Soviet period, where were significant changes in the dynamics of growth of the urban population of the Siberian region and its social structure. By 1950, in Siberia, the consequences of the Great Patriotic War were largely eliminated. In the Eastern regions of the Soviet Union, the creation of new for the Siberian region industrial sectors continued. As a result of these actions, there was a significant increase in the urban population, which was accompanied by the development of the social processes that was new and important for the State. In Siberia, new cities and workers settlements were built, which later became cities. At new buildings of the Siberian region, at the All-Union Komsomol call, arrived, as a rule, young people, who then had building new enterprises and cities in the region. The autor believes that the migration processes took place due to the development of industrial sectors which was necessary for the region, the construction of completely new for Siberia military-defense enterprises, and the construction of new industrial production facilities. The article uses both General scientific and historical methods, including dialectical, chronological, comparative, as well as other methods and approaches.

Factors Influencing Regional Economic Vitality Based on Regression Analysis

The urban economic vitality refers to capacity and potential of urban economic development. At present, Chinese cities are in a period of rapid growth, the vitality of urban economy has become a driving force for attracting talents, urban construction and sustainable regional development. Based on multiple stepwise regressions, this paper quantitatively analyzes the current regional economic vitality and future development from different regions and different perspectives. This paper models and analyzes the economic vitality of different provinces of China from six aspects: population change, corporate development vitality, regional development, regional environment, industry development, and income level. The results show the increase of urban population and population density is conducive to the enhancement of regional economic vitality, and the absorption of enterprises can drive the regional economic growth. We use propensity score matching to calculate the change of the growth rate of the number of enterprises after the implementation of the policy, and analyze the short-term and long-term effects of changes in economic policy factors on regional economic vitality. This paper quantifies the key factors affecting the survival of urban enterprises, and provides theoretical support for promoting urban economic vitality. Finally, we tested the model, verified the rationality of the results, and extended the scope of application of the model, which has certain reference value in practical applications.

The Sustainable Parcel Delivery (SPD) Problem: Economic and Environmental Considerations for 3PLs

Sustainability in parcel delivery is a growing area of interest, especially for third-party logistics providers (3PLs). The recent increase of urban population is directly related to the increase request of goods in urban areas, and consequently to the growth of the urban freight transport and CO2 emissions. For these reasons, national and local institutions carried out regulations and incentives to reduce urban pollution and promote zero-emission vehicles. In particular, daily tickets to access to city centers is a common regulation applied to reduce freight transport. This paper presents a new SPD model that compares Eclectic Vehicles (EVs) and Fossil Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) considering economic savings and CO2 emissions, for parcel delivery from a single distribution center to a set of delivery point located inside and/or outside an urban area. Limitations as the daily ticket, the fuel cost, the battery duration are considered to provide 3PLs an innovative model to evaluate both the economic convenience and the environmental impact of its vehicles fleet. Through an explanatory study, economic considerations are carried out, related to the length of the route, the daily ticket cost, and the fuel cost to evaluate and to assess the different transportation options. It demonstrates that EVs are more convenient in terms of economic savings when the route (urban distances) and the daily ticket cost increase.

Formal/informal employment and urban food security in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to add nearly 800 million urban residents by 2050. Due to this rapid urban population increase there is an urgent need to understand the drivers of urban food security across the region. Understanding food security in an urban environment is difficult due to the complexity of the relationships between urban consumers and food suppliers. Unlike rural communities, urban residents produce little of their own food, and are largely reliant on food suppliers to meet their dietary needs. Identifying urban food insecure households is further complicated by the lack of food security metrics specifically designed for the urban context. We use household-level data from 718 low-income households in Lusaka, Zambia, to assess urban food security through two measures, the Food Consumption Score (FCS) and the Coping Strategies Index (CSI). Our assessment investigates the association between food security and different employment types across the city, with particular attention paid to spatial variance of outcomes and statistical differences between households with majority formal or informal employment. Our study reveals three substantial findings. First, we find statistically significant differences in FCS and CSI of households predominantly engaged with formal employment over households engaged in informal employment. Secondly, we find significant associations between purchasing food from informal and formal food suppliers and the use of coping strategies and consumption of higher calorie foods. Lastly, we identify substantial challenges in using FCS and CSI to evaluate urban food security. Both metrics are predicated on underlying assumptions that may not accurately represent household food consumption and coping strategies in urban areas of SSA.

Joint Delay and Cost Optimization of In-Route Charging for On-Demand Electric Vehicles

On-Demand electric vehicle (EV) systems are expected to play a significantly increasing role in near future urban transportation systems, to cope with the massive increases in urban population and reduce global carbon emissions. One inconvenience in MoD-EV systems is the need of some customers to perform in-routing charging, which may cause delays in the trip time. Moreover, the customer choice of which station to charge at is an operational issue for the MoD-EV service operator due to the different pricing for the charging at different stations. Given a connected system, we propose a routing scheme that aims to reduce these inconveniences for both customers and the operator. By modeling the routing problem between multiple MoD-EV stations as a multi-server queuing system, we formulate the joint problem of minimizing the average trip time for all customers and the average cost of charging as a dual-objective convex optimization problem. Single and multiple servers per charging stations are considered. Optimal routing decisions are derived analytically for any arbitrary weighting of the two problem objectives and simulation results show the significant merits of our proposed solution as compared to shortest time and random routing decisions. They also illustrate the trade-offs between the two objectives.

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Large Rectangular and Shallow Embedded Pipe-Jacking During Pushing-Process

With the continuous increase of urban population, the development degree of urban underground space is increasing, and the pipe jacking method has been widely used in the construction of urban underground space. This paper analyzes the disturbance mechanism of the pipe jacking construction on the surrounding soil, and analyzes the actual results of the surface subsidence in the rectangular pipe jacking project of Baima Road in Fuzhou Baolong Wanxiang Square and the civil defence project. By combining the three-dimensional finite element model, the law of ground surface settlement and deformation during the construction of shallow-buried large-section pipe jacking under the conditions of coastal stratum is studied. And through the on-site monitoring settlement data of the project and the finite element simulation, the ground surface subsidence deformation law and the pipe-tube stress variation law of the shallow-buried large-section pipe jacking under the coastal stratum are mastered, which can be used for the design and construction of related similar projects for reference in the future.

Evolution of urban construction land structure in Henan Province based on information entropy and equilibrium model

The paper aims to accurately identify the evolution characteristics of urban land use structure in Henan Province, clarify the current situation and problems of urban land use structure, and provide reference and basis for the optimization of urban land use structure and urban land allocation. Statistical analysis, comparative analysis, information entropy, equilibrium and dominance were used. From 2007 to 2016, the urban construction land area in Henan Province showed an overall upward trend; from 2007 to 2016, the per capita construction land area in Henan Province showed an overall upward - downward - upward trend. From 2007 to 2016, the information entropy, equilibrium and dominance curves of urban land use structure in Henan Province are in a stable state, which shows that the change of urban land use structure tends to be gentle, the overall fluctuation range is not large, and all types of land are relatively uniform. To a certain extent, it can show that urban land development in Henan Province is relatively mature. In the structure of urban construction land in Henan Province, the proportion of residential land is the highest, and its area and proportion are increasing year by year. This is closely related to the increase of urban population. The proportion of industrial land is higher, but it decreases year by year. The land for urban green space, square and road traffic facilities is increasing year by year, and others. Although the land use area of different types is increasing year by year, the proportion of structure is decreasing year by year, and the urban land use structure of Henan Province is in the stage of continuous adjustment.

GIS Based Assessment of Satellite Town of Jaipur City for Sub Urban Planning

Explosive increase in urban population especially in major cities and towns has brought the strain on sustainable development of the city. Jaipur is one of the rapidly growing cities of India, facing several problems. One of the major issues is to find new area as well as restricted areas for further urban development. Therefore effective and efficient planning becomes mandatory for sustainable development of Jaipur. This research aimed to ascertain the built up growth of Jaipur city and its satellite towns; as well as connectivity of satellite town with all the basic amenities and facilities. In this paper satellite images are used to map built up growth and proximity analysis using GIS deployed for assessing connectivity to Jaipur city. Built up are showed enormous increase for Jaipur city and its satellite towns in last four decades. However proximity analysis provided details of distance to basic amenities and facilities from all towns. Although all towns are very well connected with road network but distances from facilities and basic amenities are almost lie in the range of 30-40 km, which indicated requirement of efficient transportation to avail facilities. Results can be used as preliminary guidelines for local governments and planners regarding development and management to achieve sustainable city.

Essential components of institutional and social indicators in assessing the sustainability and resilience of urban water systems: Challenges and opportunities

There has been increasing focus on the resilience and sustainability of Urban Water Systems (UWS) due to the increase in urban population and rise of imminent threats (e.g. floods). This focus has brought about numerous studies attempting to develop a framework of assessment of UWS that can be benchmarked and adopted by different jurisdictions. The use of composite indicators has been the most common approach in many of the studies appearing in the past two decades. While there seems to be a consensus on the relevant technical and economic indicators in assessing UWS, the situation is different when it comes to social and institutional indicators. In this paper, a discussion of the most common institutional and social indicators used in conducting a sustainability or resilience assessment of UWS is presented. A framework of criteria which describes four key ways for ensuring that indicators are appropriate for use in UWS is proposed. The framework is described as a tool to mitigate common challenges in the development and evaluation of institutional and social indicators. While social and institutional indicators have been used in a variety of studies, the framework offers a way to better ensure that regardless of the chosen indicators, they are developed and used in a way that is consistent with the merits of social research, notably reliability and validity.

Determination of the urbanization and changes in open-green spaces in Nevsehir city through remote sensing.

The physical texture of cities is comprised of built-up spaces, open-green spaces, and transportation arteries. Urbanization is a dynamic that compose of each of the factors above in a fair proportion to human beings and nature. On the other hand, due to the rapid increase in urban population, urbanization has become a concept that poses serious problems for cities in the last decades and this leads a pressure on open-green spaces in urban areas. Open-green spaces have a great importance in improving urban life conditions and balancing the destroyed relations between humans and environment. For this reason, the sustainability of urban open-green spaces cannot be ignored in the planning studies. In this study, the change in the urban texture in Nevsehir (Turkey) was evaluated in a 10-year period (2004-2014) through the integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). Through the use of satellite images with high ground sample distance-QuickBird (60 cm) (2004) and Worlview-2 (50 cm) (2014)-the direction of urban expansion and changes which occurred in urban open-green spaces and urban development areas were examined in detail at the whole city and district scales. Analyses consist of satellite image classification, plant index production, and GIS-based analyses methods. According to the results, it was determined that from 2004 to 2014, the 23.28% decrease in urban open-green spaces was detected in Nevsehir city. It was observed that the city expands towards the north-east, south-west, and west. It was indicated that there is a serious increase in built-up areas especially at the north-east part of the city (107.11%). Thus, a significant decrease has happened in the amount of urban open-green spaces in this area.

A robust green location-allocation-inventory problem to design an urban waste management system under uncertainty

The excessive expansion of cities and the consequent increase in urban population, especially in recent years, have led to a significant increase in consumptions and generations of different types of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this research, a robust green location-allocation-inventory problem (LAIP) is investigated to design an efficient MSW management system. Since the exact amount of MSW composition in different regions is not known and is uncertain, robust optimization technique is applied to formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. The objective is to minimize the total cost including fixed locational costs of collection and processing/disposal facilities, operational costs of facilities, transportation costs, penalty costs of non-collected waste and costs arising from pollution emissions. The validation of the proposed model is performed by different problems based on real-life data in deterministic and uncertain conditions using CPLEX solver of GAMS software. Then, the effects of greenness are evaluated by performing a sensitivity analysis on the parameter of pollution cost. Finally, the concept of robustness worthiness threshold (RWT) under budget constraint is introduced and discussed.

Underlying causes of global food price changes

There is a significant increase in food prices all over the world. Rate of annual increases in prices of all kinds of food is more than 100 percent. However, this can lead to long-term food crisis. The research aims to find out the factors that contribute to a large increase in food prices, as well as to predict the likely consequences of food price increases. Then potential solutions related to specific problems should be highlighted. In this study several factors were determined, which were contributed to central (global food price increase) and general problems. These problems were separated by cause and consequences, they were structured and ordered hierarchically. Through outline the problems it can be improved that in global market of foods both demand and supply are influenced by many factors. The most important factors affected demand are: increase of population and urban population all over the world and increase of income level and internal migration in emerging countries. Supply is influenced by the following factors: a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops, low level of productivity in agricultural sector, as well as reduction in food crops production area because of unfavourable weather and increased production of biofuels. Most of general and specific factors, which affect food price increase, are related to each other causally but there are also separate factors. The most effective solution to the problem is increasing of agricultural productivity at the same time investments into agricultural researches and rural infrastructure.

The Rural-Urban Food Systems’ Links with the Agenda 2030: From FAO Guidelines on Food Supply and Distribution Systems to a Dairy Sector Application in the Area of Bogota

What should be the policy to meet urban food needs in developing countries and those in transition? This is a key question of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which was posed into the “FAO’s methodological and operational guide to study and understand Food Supply and Distribution Systems (FSDS) to cities in developing countries and countries in transition” in order to face the current overwhelming increase of urban population and the increasing urbanization pressures on food systems. Following some previous work in the field where it was argued that clarifying the various problems and structure behind Food Supply and Distribution Systems (FSDS) in urban environments is vital to assess policies that aim at meeting urban food needs, the purpose of this paper is to show that the methodological approach known as system dynamics modeling and simulation can lead, in terms of knowledge and/or theoretical contribution, to the unfolding of complexity in this area of research as well as bring into the analysis the relationships across a few goals of the Agenda 2030. As an additional result, we show how the developed model can be applied (case of the production of milk for consumption in the city of Bogota, Colombia) to analyze the dynamics of food supply and distribution systems in urban environments.

Total retail goods consumption, industry structure, urban population growth and pollution intensity: an application of panel data analysis for China.

There has been a growing concern regarding the regulation of environmental pollution in the face of a growing population, global warming, and climate change. Governments around the world have devised various mechanisms and policy strategies to ameliorate the worsening condition of natural environment around the world. Similar to the developed world, in China, the government is also aware of deteriorating environmental conditions. Hence, the existing abatement instruments include pollution discharge fees and several other policy strategies. This research is conducted to investigate the association between pollution intensity and its determinants, i.e., pollutant discharge fees and urban population, third industry structure, and total retail goods consumption. The secondary data of 29 provinces is used for empirical analysis. The principal component analysis is used to develop a single index called pollution intensity, and panel autoregressive distributed lags model (ARDL), or pooled mean group (PMG) analysis, is employed to find long-run and short-run relationship. The empirical findings show that pollution discharge fees negatively affects pollution intensity. Total retail good consumption and urban population increase pollution intensity. However, third industry structure helps to control pollution intensity. These results suggest reforms in the existing environmental regulations policy by targeting more pollutant intensive provinces.

Contribution to sustainable development: Re-development of post-mining brownfields

Abstract The transfer of limited amounts of resources to the future generations is a paramount endeavor in the perspective of sustainable development, especially considering the problems like global-scale urban population increase, scarcity of non-renewable energy resources, and global warming. Considering all of these, a sand quarry in Adilcevaz (Bitlis/Turkey) that has ended its operations has been re-purposed by the district municipality, by installing solar panels on the site in order to turn it into a solar power plant and to produce renewable energy. The aim of this study is to inspect this particular project in detail to better emphasize the benefits of reusing brownfield areas for further sustainable development, with hopes to help in the pursuit of a solution for reducing emissions and avoiding global warming. The project involved in the study has attempted to take steps towards such a solution by re-purposing the quarry area as a solar panel farm. On-site inceptions, in-depth interviews, and literature analysis regarding the area were carried out as part of the study, and it was found out that such a repurposing and reuse as a solar power plant (SPP) has only one other example throughout the world for a mining area. The stakeholders were interviewed to reveal their thoughts regarding what their expectations and needs were, and whether they were happy with the results. Findings indicate that the project was a success in every regard, as the stakeholders were satisfied, the municipality began to sell the electricity produced, and public awareness regarding sustainable development has increased. The project presents a good and frontier example of sustainable energy development, and reflects Turkey's attention and care for the subject.