Increased Triglyceride Levels Research Articles

Effect Of Tamoxifen On Plasma Lipid Profile In Patients Of Breast Cancer.

To evaluate the effect of Tamoxifen on plasma lipid profile in breast cancer patients presenting at tertiary care hospitals. It was a longitudinal study conducted at the Department of Oncology of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center from December 2018 to November 2019. Eighty-eight females aged 26-66 years diagnosed with breast cancer were included in the study using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Detailed gynaecological and clinical investigations and detailed history were taken. The blood samples of all the patients were collected and the plasma lipid profile was measured before initiation of Tamoxifen treatment and three- and six-months post-treatment at the clinical laboratory. The plasma lipid profile includes the measurement of Total cholesterol (mg/dl), Triglyceride(mg/dl), High-density Lipoprotein (mg/dl) & Low-density Lipoprotein (mg/dl). SPSS version 23 was used to analyse data. After treatment, there was a significant reduction in serum cholesterol & Low-density Lipoprotein level by 20.54 mg/dl & 16.46 mg/dl at 3 months (p<0.05), moreover there was a significant increase in Triglyceride by 22.14 at 3 months (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in High density lipoprotein level at 3 months after using Tamoxifen. At 6 months there was a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein by 32.29mg/dl and 24.11 mg/dl at 6 months (p<0.05), moreover there was a significant increase in Triglyceride level by 42.19 mg/dl at 6 months (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in High-density lipoprotein level at 6 months after using Tamoxifen. Total cholesterol and Low-density Lipoprotein levels showed significant reduction over the period of six months from the baseline with the use of Tamoxifen. Hence Tamoxifen should be considered to have an added advantage on lipid metabolism and therefore, can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in statin-naïve rheumatoid arthritis patients: A nationwide cohort study

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between the four components of the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)) at baseline and composite major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in statin-naïve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with no previous history of cardiovascular events. MethodsThis nationwide population-based cohort study was performed on a total of 15,216 statin-naïve RA patients. The end point was a composite of clinical events, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death. We compared the incidence of and risk for clinical events according to each lipid variable. ResultsDuring follow-up (median 4.70 years), the incidence of MACE per 1000 person-years was 7.27. Among the four lipid components, only higher baseline TG levels were significantly associated with increased risk for composite MACE in RA subjects. The risk for composite MACE was significantly higher in the third (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–1.78]) and highest quartiles (adjusted HR, 1.74 [95%CI, 1.33–2.28]) of baseline TG level versus the lowest quartile. ConclusionsIn statin-naïve RA patients, increased TG level is associated with increased risk for MACE. Therefore, screening and intervention for increased TG level may be clinically beneficial in this population.

FRI104 A Case Of Nephrotic Syndrome Presenting With Hyperlipidemia

Abstract Disclosure: I.J. Romao: None. V. Taranto: None. M.H. Shanik: None. Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, stroke and thromboembolism (1). These complications can be linked to an increase in total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides levels that are seen in nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the importance of considering nephrotic syndrome in the differential diagnosis of a significantly elevated lipid profile. Case presentation: A 40-year-old woman with a history of anxiety and hypothyroidism presented for evaluation of hyperlipidemia. Blood work revealed a total cholesterol of 636 mg/dL (&amp;lt;200), LDL was 502 mg/dL (&amp;lt;130), triglycerides 325 mg/dL (&amp;lt;150) and HDL 69 mg/dL (&amp;gt;40). She was started on Atorvastatin 80 mg daily. She developed nausea and achiness and was changed to Rosuvastatin 10 mg daily. The lipid profile improved but remained elevated with a total cholesterol of 351 mg/dL and LDL of 215 mg/dL. She was also noted to have elevated blood pressure and leg edema for the past 2 months. She was treated with Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg daily that significantly helped with the leg swelling and weight loss. She was taking levothyroxine 100 mcg and her TSH was 1.95 uIU/mL (0.35-4.9). She did not have a family history of thyroid disease or hyperlipidemia. On exam her blood pressure was 136/100, pulse 108, weight 245 lbs., height 5’7”, respiratory rate 12. She had trace edema of her lower extremities. The significant elevation in cholesterol levels and her history of leg edema were suspicious for protein loss. A urine analysis showed elevated protein in the urine at 87 mg/dL (&amp;lt;15). She completed a 24-hour urine for protein that was markedly high at 16,740 mg/24 hours (&amp;lt;150) consistent with nephrotic syndrome. She was evaluated by a nephrologist who performed a renal biopsy that showed membranous glomerulonephritis and tubular atrophy. No secondary causes were found. Her diuretic was changed to Torsemide 10 mg daily and Lisinopril 10 mg daily was added. After several months her blood pressure normalized to 120/80 and her total cholesterol improved to 202 mg/dL, LDL was 98 mg/dL, triglycerides 229 mg/dL. Albumin level went from 1.8 to 3.8 g/dL (3.5-5.7). She had a marked decrease of protein in the urine from 216 to 35 mg/dL (&amp;lt;15). Conclusion: Nephrotic syndrome should be part of the differential diagnosis of any patient who has a history of significant hyperlipidemia. The abnormalities of serum lipids seen in nephrotic syndrome are largely due to the impaired clearance rather than biosynthesis and can lead to multiple complications. Making the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome is very important as it is associated with significant cardiovascular and renal disease. 1. Agrawal S, Zaritsky JJ, Fornoni A, Smoyer WE, Dyslipidemia in nephrotic syndrome: mechanism and treatment. Shipra Agrawal, et al. Nature Reviews Nephrology 2018; 14:57. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Insight into the negative effect and lipid profile alterations in liver of mice exposed to methylimidazolium ionic liquids, a novel "green" solvent.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as potential environmentally friendly solvents; however, their potential toxicity to living organisms warrants thorough investigation, particularly for novel-generation ILs in mammalian models. In this study, we examined the hepatic effects and disruption of lipid metabolism in mice exposed to 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C7[MIM]Cl), a novel ILs. After four weeks of oral administration at different dosages (2.38, 5.95, and 11.9mg/kg b.w.), we conducted clinical chemistry analysis and histopathological examination of the liver to assess biochemical and structural changes. The low-dose C7[MIM]Cl group exhibited a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated in both low-dose and high-dose groups without statistical significance. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory cell infiltration and red blood cell aggregation in the livers of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, particularly in the high-dose group. Oxidative stress levels showed moderate changes in response to C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Notably, hepatic biochemical parameters revealed a dose-dependent increase in triglycerides (TG) levels with statistically significant differences compared to the control group (P≤0.01). Targeted lipidomic analysis revealed notable alterations in liver lipids of mice exposed to C7[MIM]Cl, with lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:0), phosphatidylcholines (18:0), and phosphatidylcholines (19:0) identified as critical lipids associated with C7[MIM]Cl exposure. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analyses demonstrated significant disturbances in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the hepatic effects of C7[MIM]Cl exposure and novel perspectives on the disruption of lipid metabolism underlying ILs toxicity.

Effect of acute temperature stress on energy metabolism, immune performance and gut microbiome of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, particularly severe temperature fluctuations, have significantly impaired the growth and health of fish and resulted in detrimental impacts on aquaculture production. Despite recognition of the crucial role that temperature plays in aquaculture, there is currently inadequate research to assess the consequences of extreme temperature fluctuations on fish health. Hence, we set up acute warming (AW) and cooling groups (AC) by increasing or decreasing water temperature by 8 °C and then gradually restoring the initial temperature (22 °C), to investigate the adaptive regulation of energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The fish antioxidant system responded to assist their environmental adaptation: both groups showed activation of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) secretion, and a significant increase in serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.05). Distinct metabolic strategies were employed to cope with sudden environmental perturbations: upon experiencing a temperature decrease (AC1), largemouth bass exhibited a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) levels (P < 0.05), coupled with a reduction in blood glucose levels (P < 0.05). However, a considerable reduction in serum TG and CHOL levels was observed after acute warming stage (AW1) (P < 0.05). Following the recovery of temperature, both groups demonstrated a tendency towards normal energy metabolism (CON). Compared to the AW group, the immune function of largemouth bass in the AC group was dramatically affected: alkaline phosphatase (AKP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) increased significantly, while lysozyme (LZM) decreased significantly when the temperature dropped sharply (P < 0.05). After the temperature fluctuations, there were apparent changes in the gut morphology and microbiota of largemouth bass. Microbial functional analysis using the KEGG database revealed apparent alterations in microbial biological functions, especially during the cooling fluctuation (AC). The results indicated that dramatic weather changes, particularly extreme cold, may be detrimental to the health and welfare of largemouth bass.

Lipid profile and pregnancy associated pathologies

Throughout pregnancy, maternal lipid metabolism changes substantially, all of which can be seen by analysing the lipid profile. Determination of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may have a predictive role in the subsequent development of pregnancyspecific pathologies such as preeclampsia, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Also, disorders present in the lipid profile may influence the weight of the newborn at birth. Early dyslipidaemia during pregnancy, manifested by elevated triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels, has been associated with the development of preeclampsia. In laboratory tests, pregnant women diagnosed with intrahepatic cholestasis have significantly higher plasma triglycerides levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations compared to healthy pregnant women. In case of foetal intrauterine growth restriction in the newborn, literature data report significantly increased triglycerides levels. Women who during pregnancy developed gestational diabetes had higher plasma triglycerides levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, with no statistically significant difference between serum triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Remnant cholesterol associates with hypertension beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the general US adult population.

Previous findings have indicated that elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC) are associated with hypertension. We aim to explore whether higher RC levels may be associated with hypertension beyond LDL-C in the general US adult population. This study included 10,842 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension for LDL-C and RC. We also performed analyses examining the association between hypertension and LDL-C vs. RC concordant/discordant groups. A total of 4,963 (41.54%, weighted) individuals had hypertension. The weighted median levels were LDL-C: 118mg/dL, RC: 20mg/dL. At lower LDL-C clinical cut-point, the proportion of discordantly high RC dramatically increased. After multivariable adjustment, log RC was associated with higher prevalence of hypertension [OR 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17-2.99]. Participants with the highest tertile of RC were more likely to have hypertension (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.89-2.52) compared with those with the lowest tertile of RC. This association remained marked after including body mass index (BMI), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglycerides. The association between LDL-C and hypertension was absent after adjusting for BMI, RC or triglycerides. Compared with low LDL-C/low RC group, the discordant low LDL-C/high RC group was associated with hypertension (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.72-2.42), whereas the high LDL-C/low RC group was not, regardless of BMI, HDL-C or triglycerides. Similar results were observed when examining discordance among different clinical cut-points, except for the cut-point of LDL-C 70 mg/dL and RC 13 mg/dL. To better understand the association, we performed an additional analysis, which showed that among participants with apolipoprotein B < median (92mg/dL), those with discordant RC ≥ median (20mg/dL) had significantly higher odds of having hypertension (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.38-2.17). RC was associated with hypertension beyond LDL-C in the general US adult population. This association went beyond increased triglycerides levels, and lipoproteins other than apoB may be involved.

Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetes patients with Advanced Carotid atherosclerosis

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health issue and a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis in T2DM patients has been associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Identifying molecular features of atherosclerotic plaques in T2DM patients could provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.MethodsThe MASCADI (Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Carotid Stenosis Plaque in Diabetic Patients) study aimed to investigate the increase of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC) in carotid plaques from T2DM and control patients and to explore its association with plaque vulnerability as well as with blood and intra-plaque biomarkers altered during diabetes.ResultsIn a population of elderly, polymedicated patients with advanced stage of atherosclerosis, we found that T2DM patients had higher systemic inflammation markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IL-1β, higher levels of oxysterols, increased triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL levels as compared to control patients. Furthermore, 2-AA-LPC was significantly enriched in plaques from diabetic patients, suggesting its potential role in diabetic atherosclerosis. Interestingly, 2-AA-LPC was not associated with systemic markers related to diabetes, such as hsCRP, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol. However, it was significantly correlated with the levels of inflammatory markers within the plaques such as lysophospholipids and 25-hydroxycholesterol, strengthening the link between local inflammation, arachidonic acid metabolism and diabetes.ConclusionOur study is in line with a key role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis and highlights the involvement of 2-AA-LPC. Further research is needed to better understand the local processes involved in the alteration of plaque composition in T2DM and to identify potential therapeutic targets.Trial registrationThe MASCADI was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (clinical registration number: NCT03202823).

Frequency of hyperlipidemia in patients with ischemic stroke visiting at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi

Background and objective:&#x0D; Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. This study was designed to determine the frequency of hyperlipidemia in patients with ischemic stroke visiting at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi.&#x0D; Methods:&#x0D; This was a descriptive cross-sectional study and was done in Department of Medicine, LCMD/ Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 184 patients were studied during the study period of six months and all the consecutive patients were recruited who presented with acute stroke in the department of medicine from the duration April 1st 2022 to September 30th, 2022.Those fulfilling the inclusion criteria for this study were included for data analysis, while the patients who did not meet the said criteria were excluded. Their serum lipid levels were collected within 24 hours of admission. Hyperlipidemia was measured through fasting lipid profile and was labeled as present if any one or more of the following profile like total cholesterol &gt;200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dl, TGL &gt; 150 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl, as appropriate.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; The mean age of the patients was 65.17±12.73. Average systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 152.34±21.31 &amp; 83.35±13.71 mm Hg respectively. Mean duration of smoking and diabetes mellitus in first ever ischemic stroke patients was 9.33±4.03 &amp; 13.65±5.8 years respectively, whereas average fasting blood sugar was found 151.98±69.73mg/dl; 118 (64%) were males and 66 (36%) were females. A total of 124 (67.4%) of patients had a history of hypertension, while 94 (51.1%) were diabetic. Fifty-three (28.8%) of patients had a history of coronary artery disease while 22 (11.95%) patients had history of smoking. Increased triglycerides level was seen in 47 (25. 5%). The frequency of hyperlipidemia was 145 (79%) patients respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Frequency of hyperlipidemia was 145 (79%) in patients with ischemic stroke which is moderately high in our setup. A high prevalence of hyperlipidemia is alarming in our setup and requires attention of the physicians on modifiable risk factors.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gallstones: A Systematic Review.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is steatosis of the liver that resembles alcohol-induced liver injury but is a metabolic disorder. Most patients are obese with increased triglyceride levels due to increased intake of fatty food, which can cause excess fat to build up in the liver. At the same time, continuous ingestion of fatty foods can lead to gallstones(GS)due to the overproduction of cholesterol. NAFLD and GShave been seen to coincide, and there might be a relationship between them. This systematic review analyzes the incidence of NAFLD and GSto determine a bidirectional relationship. A comprehensive literature review was done using ProQuest, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, and included only experimental studies and meta-analyses. The search included the keywords 'gallstones and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease' and 'cholelithiasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease'. Our initial search included 10,665 articles and was narrowed down to 19 through extensive inclusion and exclusion criteria. There is a bidirectional relationship between the incidence of NAFLD and GS, where an increase in either can lead to an increase in the other. Both NAFLD and GSshare similar risk factors leading to the development of each disease. On average, there's an increase in the prevalence of gallstones in NAFLD patients, and patients with GSwere also more likely to have NAFLD. There was a prevalenceof NAFLD in those with asymptomatic gallstones as well, indicating that the risk factors are crucial in the development of both. As a result, some research is determining whether an evaluation of the liver should be routine during cholecystectomy due to the increased risk of developing NAFLD.

Cardisoma guanhumi as a Therapeutic Candidate: Assessing Hypo-lipidemic and Histological Effects in Bordetella pertussis Infected Swiss Mice

Background: Bordetella pertussis is the causative organism of an acute human respiratory tract disease known as pertussis – an endemic disease globally with reported cases in both developing and developed countries. This study evaluated the hypo-lipidaemic and histological effects of the crab specie Cardisoma guanhumi extracts on bordetela pertussis infected Swiss mice.&#x0D; Methods: One hundred and twenty-two (122) animals were divided into five groups in the study. Groups 1 and 2 were the normal and negative controls respectively, while groups 3 and 4 received (300mg/kg and 600mg/kg) of the extract and group 5 received 4000mg/70kg (57.14 mg/kg) of erythromycin. Blood and kidney samples were collected on days 0, 6, 12 and 18for lipid profile analysis and kidney histological examination.&#x0D; Results: The result shows that Animals exposed to B. pertussis inoculum dose (5.0x105cfu/ml) without treatment caused a decrease in the plasma level of high density lipo-protein cholesterol (HDL) and an increase in the plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipo-protein cholesterol (LDL). However, treatment with Cardisoma guanhumi extract reversed the observed effect thereby producing a gradual increase in HDL levels and decrease in triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL levels with no adverse effect on the kidney histology.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study reveals significant lipid profile alterations caused by B. pertussis infection in Swiss mice, highlights the potential lipid-lowering effects of Cardisoma guanhumi extract, and indicates the absence of apparent kidney damage from the infection.

Genetic association of lipids and lipid-lowering drugs with sepsis: a Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis.

The impact of lipid-lowering medications on sepsis is still not well defined. A Mendelian randomization (MR) study was carried out to probe the causal connections between genetically determined lipids, lipid-reducing drugs, and the risk of sepsis. Data on total serum cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and triglycerides (TG) were retrieved from the MR-Base platform and the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium in 2021 (GLGC2021). Our study categorized sepsis into two groups: total sepsis and 28-day mortality of sepsis patients (sepsis28). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was the primary method used in MR analysis. Cochran's Q test and the MR-Egger intercept method were used to assess the heterogeneity and pleiotropy. In the MR analysis, we found that ApoA-I played a suggestively positive role in protecting against both total sepsis (OR, 0.863 per SD increase in ApoA-I; 95% CI, 0.780-0.955; P = 0.004) and sepsis28 (OR, 0.759; 95% CI, 0.598-0.963; P = 0.023). HDL-C levels were also found to suggestively reduce the incidence of total sepsis (OR, 0.891 per SD increase in HDL-C; 95% CI, 0.802-0.990; P = 0.031). Reverse-MR showed that sepsis28 led to a decrease in HDL-C level and an increase in TG level. In drug-target MR, we found that HMGCR inhibitors positively protected against total sepsis (, 0.719 per SD reduction in LDL-C; 95% CI, 0.540-0.958; P = 0.024). LDL-C and HDL-C proxied CETP inhibitors were found to have a protective effect on total sepsis, with only LDL-C proxied CETP inhibitors showing a suggestively protective effect on sepsis28. In Mediated-MR, BMI exhibited a negative indirect effect in HMGCR inhibitors curing sepsis. The indirect impact of ApoA-I explained over 50% of the curative effects of CETP inhibitors in sepsis. Our MR study suggested that ApoA-I and HDL-C protected against sepsis, while HMGCR and CETP inhibitors showed therapeutic potential beyond lipid-lowering effects. ApoA-I explained the effects of CETP inhibitors. Our study illuminates how lipids affect sepsis patients and the effectiveness of new drugs, opening new avenues for sepsis treatment.

Increased TG Levels and HOMA-IR Score Are Associated With a High Risk of Prediabetes: A Prospective Study.

This study aimed to determine the association of blood lipid and insulin levels with the development of prediabetes. In this prospective cohort study, we collected and analyzed data related to demographic characteristics, lipid profiles, and insulin parameters at baseline (2008-2012) and at follow-up (2019-2020). A total of 1205 participants were included. The study found that maintained or elevated Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMO-IR) score and elevated triglyceride (TG) levels from baseline to follow-up were associated with an increased risk of prediabetes. However, the interaction between blood lipids and insulin had no significant effect on the risk of prediabetes. Our findings indicate that elevated TG or HOMA-IR levels are associated with an increased risk of prediabetes. These findings emphasize the need to formulate initiatives that can help reduce dyslipidemia to prevent the onset of prediabetes and diabetes.

Comparing The Effects of Plant-Based Diets and Western Diets on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Review

Introduction: Dietary interventions are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In particular, the plant-based diet (PBD), characterized by a higher intake of plant-based foods, has been associated with lower CVD risk. In contrast, the western diet (WD), containing higher intakes of processed and animal products, has been associated with increased CVD risk. This review compares the effects of PBDs and WDs on CVD risk factors including blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides. Methods: A database search was performed in PubMed and Embase (search terms: (“plant-based diet” OR “western diet”) AND “cardiovascular disease” AND (“blood pressure” OR “low-density lipoprotein”)). Articles were checked for eligibility and excluded if they did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of seven articles were included in the review. Results: Of the seven studies, four evaluated BP, five analyzed LDL, and four investigated triglyceride levels. Following a PBD, three studies reported a significant decrease in BP, while one determined no significant changes in BP. Additionally, three studies indicated decreased LDL levels. On the other hand, while following a WD, one study indicated increased BP, another showed increased triglyceride levels and two demonstrated increased LDL levels. Discussion: Three mechanism of action theories may be used to explain the lowering effect PBD have on BP, LDL levels, and triglycerides. I) The overall lower fat intake in PBDs lowers saturated and trans-fats. II) The modest presence of phytosterols in PBDs provides a cholesterol-lowering effect. III) The higher content of soluble fibres in PBDs lower BP and LDL cholesterol. In contrast, WD are high in saturated fats and trans-fats, resulting in greater LDL levels. WDs are also high in sodium, increasing water retention and thus BP. Conclusion: The review highlights the potential benefits of PBDs and the harmful effects of WDs on CVD risk factors. Findings of this review suggest a shift towards PBDs may be beneficial in interventions aimed at reducing CVD risk factors. However, studies with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are needed to fully understand the relationship between diet and CVD risk factors.

CYP2A6 Gene Polymorphism Allele *4 Study in Hypertensive Patients with a History of Smoking

Nicotine is a specific CYP2A6 substrate found in cigarettes. Nicotine levels in the blood are affected by the metabolic rate of the CYP2A6 enzyme, which is known to have a high level of polymorphism. High levels of nicotine in the blood can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease through the mechanism of increasing lipolysis and causing an increase in triglyceride levels in the blood. This study is an observational study conducted on 31 hypertensive men with a history of smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of the CYP2A6 allele *4 genes in hypertensive patients with a history of smoking. Result analysis was performed on PCR products using electrophoresis, then the frequency of each allele was determined. The results showed that there was a CYP2A6 allele *4 gene in hypertensive patients with a history of smoking in Yogyakarta with an allele frequency of 62.90%, and only 2 respondents (6.45%) had the CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype or wildtype.

Use of green microalgae Chlorella as a nutritional supplement to support oocyte and embryo production in goats

This study aimed to evaluate the use of green microalgae as a nutritional supplement for oocyte and embryo production in goats. Two experiments were performed on adult goats to obtain oocytes (EVO; n = 14) and in vivo embryos (IVD; n = 14). In both, the donors were divided into control (n = 7) and Chlorella (n = 7) groups. All goats received a base diet, and donors were orally supplemented with Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CH) in the Chlorella groups. For EVO, donors received 10 g CH for 14 days, and for IVD, 20 g CH was given for six days before embryo recovery. In EVO and IVD, food intake in the CH group was comparatively low, and it showed relatively high subcutaneous adipose deposition. In addition, the CH group exhibited an increase in triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma glucose levels. In IVD, a significant increase in peripheral glutathione peroxidase levels was noticed. In EVO, the CH group showed relatively large follicular size and an increase in intrafollicular levels of triglycerides, glucose, and glutathione peroxidase. No differences were observed in the oocyte collected, and CH oocytes showed a low intensity of MitoTracker fluorescence (MT). In IVD, the CH group had a high proportion of transferable embryos, and these structures exhibited high fluorescence intensities for MT and H2DCFDA probes. We concluded that under these conditions, CH did not enhance the quality of the recovered oocytes. However, a daily dose of 20 g CH improved the quality of embryos and stimulated their mitochondrial functionality.

The Lipid Profile and Aorta Histopathology On Hyperlipidemic Rat by Saurauia vulcani Korth. Leaves Extract

Abstract. Dyslipidemia is a pathological condition characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and decreased levels of HDL. Dyslipidemia causes cardiovascular disease risk factors by increasing cholesterol levels, increasing triglyceride levels, lowering HDL levels, and increasing LDL levels, as well as decreasing the proliferation of cardiac aortic cells in dyslipidemic rats. The pirdot plant (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) has long been known by the Simalungun, Toba and Karo communities to have the potential to treat various diseases caused by disruption of lipid processes in the body. Pirdot leaves contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins and saponins that have the potential to improve lipid profiles and prevent cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the activity of EEDP on the lipid profile of dyslipidemic rats. Pirdot leaf simplicia powder was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and the extract was used on 30 dyslipidemic rats which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (Na-CMC), group 2 (Atorvastatin), group 3, 4, 5, 6 EEDP doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg BW were administered orally for 21 days. At the end of the treatment, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and aortic cell proliferation were measured. The results showed that Saurauia vulcani Korth had water content (6.23%), water soluble extract (10.50%), simplicia content soluble in ethanol (14.77%), total ash content (7.05%) and acid insoluble ash content (0.48%). From the antidyslipidemic study it was shown that EEDP 400 mg/kg BW improved blood lipand to increase aortic cell proliferation dyslipidemic rats was 69.84±0.27. Based on the explanation above, it is concluded that EEDP has an antidyslipidemic effect.&#x0D;

Silymarin, an antioxidant flavonoid, protects the liver from the toxicity of the anticancer drug paclitaxel

One of the biggest factors that negatively affect the cancer treatment plan is the toxic effects of chemotherapeutics on non-target cells and tissues. This information prompted us to investigate the protective effects of silymarin (SL), a hepatoprotective agent, against the hepatotoxic effects of the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PAC).Four groups were formed from 28 rats as control, PAC (2 mg/kg), SL (100 mg/kg) and PAC + SL (combination of PAC with SL). After completing the experimental procedures, the tissues collected after anesthesia were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, biochemical, stereological, immunohistochemical, and histopathological techniques. Administration of PAC significantly increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Bax, cytochrome-c (cyt-c), and active caspase-3, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissue and decreased glutathione (GSH) levels compared with the control group. PAC also resulted in a significant increase in serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels compared with the control group. Pathological changes such as microvesicular steatosis, the formation of Councilman bodies, an increase in total sinusoidal volume, and a decrease in the total number of hepatocytes were observed in the liver tissue of the PAC group. Almost all analysis results in the PAC + SL group were similar to those in the control group, and no significant pathological alterations were observed in this group.The data obtained show that SL protects the liver from the harmful effects of PAC, especially thanks to its TNF-α suppressor, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. Based on this result, in cases where PAC is used in cancer treatment, it can be recommended to be used together with SL to prevent harmful effects on healthy liver tissue and to continue treatment uninterruptedly and effectively.

Metabolic dysfunctions following chronic oral corticosterone are modified by adolescence and sex in mice

Adolescence is a period of development in which shifts in responses to glucocorticoids is well-documented. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are substantial health issues whose rates continue to rise in both adult and adolescent populations. Though many interacting factors contribute to these dysfunctions, how these shifts in glucocorticoid responses may be related remain unknown. Using a model of oral corticosterone (CORT) exposure in male and female mice, we demonstrate differential responses during adolescence (30–58 days of age) or adulthood (70–98 day of age) in endpoints relevant to metabolic function. Our data indicate that CORT resulted in significant weight gain in adult- and adolescent-exposed females and adult-exposed males, but not adolescent-exposed males. Despite this difference, all animals treated with high levels of CORT showed significant increases in white adipose tissue, indicating a dissociation between weight gain and adiposity in adolescent-treated males. Similarly, all experimental groups showed significant increases in plasma insulin, leptin, and triglyceride levels, further suggesting potential disconnects between overt weight gain, and underlying metabolic dysregulation. Finally, we found age- and dose-dependent changes in the expression of hepatic genes important in glucocorticoid receptor and lipid regulation, which showed different patterns in males and females. Thus, altered transcriptional pathways in the liver might be contributing differentially to the similar metabolic phenotype observed among these experimental groups. We also show that despite little CORT-induced changes in the hypothalamic levels of orexin-A and NPY, we found that food and fluid intake were elevated in adolescent-treated males and females. These data indicate chronic exposure to elevated glucocorticoid levels results in metabolic dysfunction in both males and females, which can be further modulated by developmental stage.

Gender differences in aging rates among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective — evaluate gender differences in aging rates among patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their relationship with cardiometabolic disorders.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Examinations involved 94 patients with NAFLD with the mean age of 49.5 [41.5;57.9] years. All patients were divided into groups depending on gender: group 1 consisted of men (n=35, 37.2%), group 2 consisted of women (n=59, 62.8%). Groups 1 and 2 were comparable in age (p &gt;0.05) — 45.8 [39.4; 54.5] years versus 52.9 [43.0; 59.0] years, respectively. Anthropometric indicators, calculated indices and body composition were determined for all patients using the OMRON BF511 Body Composition Monitor. Biological age (BA), aging rates, total mortality risk over the next 10 years (MR) and level of global methylation of DNA (GMD) were determined as indicators of aging. Assessment of BA, rates of aging and MR was carried out according to the DNAm PhenoAge calculation method (M. E. Levine, 2018). The level of GMD was assessed in the DNA of blood mononuclear cells by the immunoenzymatic method.&#x0D; Results. Women had significantly higher levels of body mass index (BMI) (p=0.034), hip circumference (HC) (p=0.016), percentage of total body fat (TBF) (p=0.0001), weight‑adjusted‑waist index (WWI) (p=0.003), high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C) levels (p=0.0001) and significantly lower levels of waist‑to‑hip ratio (WtHR) (p=0.030), percent skeletal muscles (SM) (p=0.0001), creatinine (p=0.0001), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p=0.011), uric acid (p=0.001). Women were more likely to have abdominal obesity (p=0.0001), while men were more likely to have a decrease in the percentage of SM (p=0.003). A significant difference between groups was also observed in MR (p=0.045). Significant differences between the groups of men and women younger than 50 years were observed in the percentage of TBF (p=0.0001), SM (p=0.0001), HDL‑C levels (p=0.003), creatinine (p=0.0001) and uric acid (p=0.004), the same indicators differed significantly among patients of the older age category — ≥ 50 years (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.003, p=0.0001, p=0.004, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed in men a direct relationship between calendar age (CA) and the level of alanine aminotransferase, and between CA and insulin resistance, which was also directly related to BA, aging rates, MR, GMD. The vast majority of anthropometric indices in men were associated with BA, aging rates, MR and GMD. In women, only WtHR was associated with aging speed. The percentage of SM was inversely related to GMD in women. A decrease in GFR in women against the background of an increase in CA was also accompanied by an increase in MR. Among the studied patients with NAFLD, accelerated rates of aging were less often observed in men (24%) than in women (40%), although the differences were not significant. Comparing patients with normal rates of aging depending on gender, we found that women had a significantly worse percentage of TBF (p=0.0001), SM (p=0.041), WWI value (p=0.048), GFR (p=0.011), while men had worse levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p=0.026), triglycerides (TG) (p=0.049), HDL‑C (p=0.0001), uric acid (p=0.002) and higher WtHR ratio (p=0.0001). Among patients with NAFLD with normal aging rates, an increase in WC above the normal range was more common in women compared to men (80.8% vs. 47.4%, respectively, p=0.019), and a decrease in the percentage of SM was more often among men (68.4% versus 26.9%, respectively, p=0.006).&#x0D; Conclusions. Among the men with NAFLD, insulin resistance is directly related to the CA, BA, rates of aging, MR and GMD. Anthropometric indicators and body composition of men with NAFLD, especially WtHR and WWI index, may be useful for assessing changes in the course of aging processes, because these indicators are related to aging markers. In order to prevent premature aging in men, disorders of lipid profile, especially increased TG levels and decreased HDL‑C levels, liver tests, mainly ALP, and uric acid levels should be detected and corrected in time. In women, for this purpose, it is necessary to pay more attention to the correction of the composition of the body, especially the percentage of SM and TBF, as well as to timely detecting and improving the filtration capacity of the kidneys.&#x0D;