Increase In Total Leukocyte Count Research Articles

C-Reactive Protein as an Early Marker of Severity and Outcome in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract Background SARS CoV-2 infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidence of SARS CoV-2 infection is rising with millions of people getting infected daily. Mortality rate varies from a country to the other(0.3-6%), most of which are attributed to respiratory failure. Several studies have been performed to identify biomarkers for use in the early identification of patients at risk. Aim of the work This study was done to estimate and evaluate the plasma levels of CRP in patients with SARS CoV-2 and to study the association of CRP levels with severity of disease progression and prognosis of those patients. Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 100 patients admitted to El-Obour Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital for Isolation during the period between January and October 2020. Results Regarding history patients whom were old or have any of the following comorbid conditons as hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease and active cancer were statistically more prone to not surviving. Regarding complete blood picture, there was significant decrease in haemoglobin and or increase in total leukocytic count in those who did not survive. Serum Ferritin and D-Dimer were significantly high in those who did not survive. As regard CRP, it was significantly higher in the non-survivor group, Also it correlated with severity as ICU admission and need of respiratory support. Regarding the ROC curve result the best cut-off of CRP to predict mortality was >129mg/l, with Area under the curve = 0.981, Sensitivity = 90.91%, Specificity= 97.75%, positive predictive value = 83.3% and negative predictive value =98.9%. Regarding the ROC curve result the best cut-off of CRP to predict need of respiratory support was >55.3mg/L, with Area under the curve = 0.976, Sensitivity = 100%, Specificity= 86.21%, positive predictive value = 52.0% and negative predictive value =100.0%. Regarding the ROC curve result the best cut-off of CRP to predict need of ICU admission was >55.3mg/L, with Area under the curve = 0.987, Sensitivity = 100.0%, Specificity= 93.75%, positive predictive value = 80.0% and negative predictive value =100.0%. Conclusion Laboratory and clinical medicine groups should actively collaborate and optimize their individual expertise to potentially prove standardized biomarkers assays that will optimize patient care.

INDUCED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHLORPYRIFOS ON HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA DOMESTICA)

Agrochemicals are used extensively in agriculture sector across the world; however, they may be eco-toxicological hazards and disrupt the non-target living beings, including birds. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) insecticide on hematological parameters in pigeons. A total of 120 adult pigeons (Columba livia domestica) were used in the study and kept in wooden cages, and all pigeons received the same quantity of (22%) crude protein and water during trials. Pigeons were acclimatized for 15 days and divided into four equal (A, B, C and D) groups, each consisting of 30 birds. Test groups (B-D) were exposed to CPF with oral doses of “1.3 mg, 1.6 mg, and 2.1 mg/kg body weight/day” respectively for twelve successive weeks, whereas (group A) was assigned as a controlled group. At the end of the trials, blood samples from exposed and controlled group birds were obtained from brachial and collected with anticoagulant “K3-EDTA” vacutainer tubes for hematological assessments. Following the 84-day exposure period, notable statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduced levels of hemoglobin (Hb) (13.85 g/dl), (12.2 g/dl) and (10.50 g/dl) respectively, in birds of groups B, C and D and significant (p < 0.05) reduced level of total erythrocytes count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV%) was noted when compared with the control. There was a substantial significant (p < 0.05) increase in total leucocyte count (TLC) and total platelet count observed in comparison to the birds of the control group. The results of the present study revealed that alterations in hematological indices exhibited by chlorpyrifos insecticide. This research demonstrated how the indiscriminate use of pesticides damages health and developmental problems in bird ecosystems, and eventually, humans may be in danger for their health problems

CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF TREATMENT EFFICACY IN SEPSIS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective: To examine the safety and efficacy associated with various treatment approaches and to identify trends and variations in the management of severe sepsis, including the usage of antibiotics, and supportive care. To examine factors associated with improved or worsened outcomes in severe sepsis cases, such as patient demographics, comorbidities, or timing of treatment. Design: A hospital-based prospective study was done on all inpatients and outpatients in Princess DurruShehvar Childrens & General Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana for 6 months. Methods: The data collection form and patient consent form were designed for this study. It comprises information regarding the study subjects data such as demographics, medical and medication history, laboratory investigations, diagnosis, present prescribed medication, and progress chart. Investigators collected the relevant data and recorded it in data collection form. The prescription will be selected based on inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The data obtained was compiled and analysed using appropriate statistical tests. Quantitative variables were summarized using descriptive studies (percentages, mean, standard deviation, number of observations). The data was statistically analyzed using spss and pair t test, graphs, pie diagrams, and bar graphs. Results A total of 115 patients were included in this prospective study and 60% of them show culture sensitivity. Meropenem was found to be the most potent antibiotic. The analysis of the treatments impact reveals noteworthy outcomes across multiple parameters. The intervention demonstrates a significant effect in reducing systolic blood pressure, although no major influence on diastolic blood pressure is observed. Regarding erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a substantial and statistically significant decrease is indicated post-treatment. Notably, arterial blood gas (ABG) levels exhibit a considerable difference pre- and post-treatment, with a p-value below 0.05, suggesting a rejection of the null hypothesis. Additionally, the treatment is associated with a significant increase in total leukocyte counts, as evidenced by the positive mean difference and a 95% confidence interval entirely above zero. These findings underscore the diverse impacts of the treatment on various physiological markers. Conclusion Prospective sepsis treatment studies offer a nuanced grasp of real-world effectiveness, linking controlled experiments to clinical reality. Despite biases, they contribute to evidence-based strategies, acknowledging clinical complexities. This practical approach guides healthcare professionals with adaptable, patient-centered methods. Emphasis on rigorous statistical methodologies enhances comprehension. Integrating observational and experimental data enriches our understanding of sepsis management. Overall, these studies shape holistic approaches for effective treatment.

Effects of Quercetin on Aspirin-Induced Haemato-Biochemical Alterations in Wistar Rats

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Quercetin is natural flavonoid present in high concentration in herbal drugs, fruits and vegetables and demonstrating broad bio-pharmacological properties. This study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of quercetin (@ 100 & 200 mg/kg b.wt.) in aspirin (@ 100 mg/kg b.wt.) induced haemato- biochemical alterations in Wistar rats (n=36) over a period of 28 days. There was significant decrease in mean values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets and increase in total leucocyte count in aspirin treated rats (Gr. II) over the control group (Gr I) at 28th day of experiment. Similarly, in biochemical parameters also there was significant elevation in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea and creatinine and significant decrease inmean values of total protein, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol in aspirin treated rats. Administration of quercetin at higher dose rate of 200 mg/kg b.wt. for 28 days (Gr. III) along with the aspirin in Wistar rats prevented such alterations in different haemato-biochemical parameters as the values on day 28 were almost similar to those on day 0 and at par with control group. Hence, quercetin @ 200 mg/kg b.wt. along with aspirin @ 100 mg/kg b.wt. can be recommended to avoid aspirin induced health issues in high risk mammals.

Diagnosis and Management of Constipation and Obstipation in Canine: From Current Practices to Future

This study was conducted to understand the present diagnosis and management patterns of constipation and obstipation in dog and accessing about its future holds. A total of 68 dogs both healthy (n=34) and constipated (n=34) brought to a private pet hospital in Kathmandu were included in the study for two-months during Feb-April, 2019 were recorded. The protocol comprised history taking (age, sex, breed and chief complains), physical and clinical examination, hematology/Biochemistry followed by radiography in some cases. Statistical analysis was conducted using MS-Excel 2016 and SPSS v25. We found that starting from the dietary management, rehydration and medical management using laxatives, enemas, antibiotics and supporting liver medications were being followed to manage constipation and obstipation. Anorexia (82.4%) and dehydration were the most common clinical signs. Female dogs (52.9%) were found more affected than male dogs (47.1%). Large and small breed dogs (73.5%) were more prone to constipation than medium sized breeds (26.5%). Older Dogs (>60 months) (34%) were the most affected age groups. Haemato-biochemical blood findings showed significant increase in Total Leucocyte Count (Leukocytosis), Neutrophilia, ALP levels and Blood Urea Nitrogen (p ≤ 0.001) while there was also an increase in Serum bilirubin and Serum albumin levels (p ≤ 0.05) in constipated dog. This research showed increased risk of constipation in old and female dogs. Starting from high fiber diets, mild laxatives and enemas, the treatment can be proceeded to fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy and medications managing liver ailments after haemato-biochemical examination. Use of Novel prokinetic drugs practiced in humans like Cisapride and Pruracalopride, can be considered in veterinary practice. In situations of surgical management, most reliable would be the subtotal colectomy to manage idiopathic megacolon causing constipation and obstipation.

Pentoxifylline Effects on Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Cytokine Storm Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

COVID-19 is a fatal, fast-spreading pandemic, and numerous attempts are being made around the world to understand and manage the disease. COVID-19 patients may develop a cytokine-release syndrome, which causes serious respiratory diseases and, in many cases, death. The study examined the feasibility of employing legally available anti-inflammatory pentoxifylline (PTX), a low toxicity and cost medication, to mitigate the hyper-inflammation caused by COVID-19. Thirty adult patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV2 were hospitalized owing to the cytokine storm syndrome. They were given 400 mg of pentoxifylline orally TID according to the standard COVID-19 protocol of the Egyptian Ministry of Health. Besides this, a group of thirty-eight hospitalized COVID-19 patients who received the standard COVID-19 protocol was included in the study as a control group. The outcomes included laboratory test parameters, clinical improvements, and number of deaths in both groups. After receiving PTX, all patients showed a significant improvement in C reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels at p < 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively, while there was an increase in total leukocyte count (TLC) and neutrophil-to-leucocyte ratio (NLR) at p < 0.01 compared to their baseline levels. The D-dimer level showed a significant increase in the treatment group at p < 0.01, while showing no statistically significant difference in the control group. The median initial ALT (42 U/L) in the treatment group showed a decrease compared to the control group (51 U/L). No statistical significance was reported regarding clinical improvement, length of stay, and death percentages between the two groups. Our results showed no significant improvement of PTX over controls in clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, PTX displayed a positive effect on certain inflammatory biomarkers.

Serological and haemato-biochemical insights into bovine leukosis in dairy cattle in D.I. Khan, Pakistan

Bovine leukosis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, haemato-biochemical effects, and risk factors pertinent to the prevalence of bovine leukosis in Holstein–Friesian purebred dairy cattle in the D.I. Khan region of Pakistan. A total of 192 sera were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 31.3% (60/192) cattle were detected as seropositive. There was a marked increase in total leukocyte count (11.29 ± 0.48×103/μl), lymphocytes (5.73 ± 0.42%), monocytes (0.81 ± 0.06%), haemoglobin (11.09 ± 0.46 g/dl), red blood cells (7.23 ± 0.37 ×106/μl), and packed cell volume (31.75 ± 1.48%) in seropositive cattle. Serum biochemical parameters in seropositive cattle showed a marked increase in the liver enzymes, alanine transaminase (24.25 ± 1.03 U/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (49.33 ± 3.31 U/l), with a marked decrease in glutathione peroxidase (1365.63 ± 12.03 (U/l) and superoxide dismutase (2.14 ± 0.13 U/ml) activity. A significant association of age, pregnancy, breeding method, milk yield, and health status of seropositive animals with bovine leukosis was also recorded. The prevalence was higher in animals which were older, pregnant, artificially inseminated, low milk producers, and had a history of ailments. The current study found that bovine leukosis virus could cause changes in internal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and liver dysfunction, all of which should be considered during a control regimen. It was concluded that bovine leukosis was moderately prevalent in the D.I. Khan region in Pakistan.

Haemato-biochemical and trichographic studies on mucocutaneous lesions in dogs

The present study was carried out with the objective of assessment of haematobiochemical and trichographic features of mucocutaneous lesions in dogs. Dogs presented with mucocutaneous lesions associated with various dermatological conditions were included in the study. Mange, atopic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, juvenile cellulitis, pyoderma and hypothyroidism with secondary Malassezia dermatitis were presented with mucocutaneous lesions in the perioral, periorbital and in the nostrils with least involvement of anogenital region. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed anaemia, non-significant increase in total leucocyte count, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, elevated platelet count, hyperproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. Elevated serum C-reactive protein was evident in all cases. Trichographic features revealed that highest number of hairs were included in the telogen phase of hair cycle with greater number of primary hairs. Hair fractures were evident in 20.8 per cent of hairs and trichoptilosis of hair tip was observed in 50.8 per cent of hairs studied. Demodex mites could be detected by hair pluck examination in all cases of demodicosis.

Aetiopathology of canine hepatitis in Kerala

Hepatitis in dogs could be due to infectious, toxic or metabolic causes. Among infectious causes, leptospira, canine adenovirus (CAV 1) and babesia are responsible at varying levels, depending on the local geo-climatic conditions. This study, conducted on 40 dogs with clinical signs of hepatitis in Thrissur, Kerala, revealed occurrence of 2.5 per cent (1/40) for CAV 1, 20 per cent (8/40) for leptospirosis and 22.5 per cent (9/40) for babesiosis. The aetiologies were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the E3 gene for CAV 1, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for leptospirosis and peripheral blood smear examination for babesiosis. Haematological profile of CAV 1 infected animals revealed thrombocytopaenia, lymphopaenia, monocytopaenia and granulocytosis. Serum biochemical analysis divulged elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and creatinine, with decreased total protein and albumin. Significant decrease in volume of packed red cells (VPRC), haemoglobin (Hb) and total erythrocyte count (TEC), with significant increase in total leukocyte count (TLC) were evident in dogs positive for leptospirosis. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in ALP, AST and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and significant decrease in total protein. Severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia with mild leucocytosis and significant increase in ALP and total bilirubin, with hypoproteinemia were noticed in animals with babesiosis.

Beebread and Honey improves some Haematologic Parameters in Male ‎Albino Mice

The effects of honey and beebread on some haematological parameters were investigated in fifteen apparently healthy adult albino male mice. The mice were divided into three groups of five mice each after a two-week period of acclimatization. The mice in group A were given distilled water orally to serve as a control while those in groups B and C were administered honey and beebread respectively by gavages at the dose rate of 1g/kg body weight and at a concentration of 40% w/v using water as a vehicle, once daily for 70 consecutive days. Micro-haematocrit and hematocytometry were used for determination of packed cell volume and erythrocyte and differential leucocyte counts, respectively. Haemoglobin concentration was estimated by using Cyanmethemoglobin method. There were significant (p ˂0.05) increases in the red blood cells count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration in the treatment groups compared to the control group, with the most increase observed in the group treated with beebread. There was significant (p ˂ 0.05) increase in total leucocyte count in the treated groups with the highest count recorded in the honey treated group than the control. Lymphocytes and neutrophils significantly (p ˂ 0.05) increased in the treatment groups but there were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) changes in the number of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. The study demonstrates the positive haematopoietic effects of supplementation of feed with honey and beebread.&#x0D;

Toxicity assessment of beta-cyfluthrin with impact on haematology of fish, Channa punctatus

Âeta-cyfluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, is commonly used in agriculture for pest control and as household insecticide. It is relatively safe to mammals and birds but highly toxic to non-target aquatic organisms including fish. The 96- hour LC50 was determined using standard toxicity assessment tests. Alterations in haematological parameters were recorded after exposure to two sublethal concentrations of beta-cyfluthrin for a period of 15 and 30 days.The results showed a significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit percentage and increase in total leucocyte count in exposed groups.The results of present study indicate a significant toxicological impact of beta-cyfluthrinon in Channa punctatus with marked alterations in haematological parameters.

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE PULMONARY EDEMA INDUCED BY THE VENOM OF THE SCORPION TITYUS ASTHENES IN RATS

The species Tityus asthenes has been responsible for scorpion sting deaths in Panama. Pulmonary edema is one of the main causes of death registered by scorpionism. In the present work, we determined the capacity of the venom of the scorpion Tityus asthenes to induce pulmonary edema in rats. The ability of T. asthenes venom to induce acute pulmonary edema in rats was determined using four approaches: (1) the difference in wet weight using the lung index between treated and untreated lungs; (2) histological analysis; (3) changes in pulmonary vascular permeability; and (4) total leukocyte count obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage. We found that histological sections of venom-treated lungs showed moderate pulmonary edema, and an increase in total leukocyte count compared to control samples. However, the pulmonary index and the vascular permeability of venom-treated lungs were similar to those of control samples. We conclude that the venom of T. asthenes scorpions can induce moderate pulmonary edema in rats. The experimental model was validated for future studies on the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema caused by the venom of scorpions of the genus Tityus in Panama.

Haemato-biochemical changes in tuberculosis infected and healthy Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from South India

Tuberculosis is known to be a disease of elephants for the past 2000 years. The main causative agent isolated from reported tuberculosis (TB) cases were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study focuses on the haematological and serum biochemical changes in the blood of TB infected Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Twelve apparently healthy elephants and twelve TB infected elephants (confirmed by trunk wash smear positive for acid fast bacilli) were selected for the study. Neonates, pregnant elephants and elephants in musth were not included in the study. The study animals were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical evaluation. The data were analysed statistically. The results showed a significant increase in total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, thrombocyte count and ESR in TB affected animals compared with apparently healthy animals. Serum creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, globulin was significantly high in TB affected animals compared with healthy controls. Assessment of haematological and serum biochemical parameters in TB affected elephants aid in diagnosis and tracking of the infection

Serological and immuno-histopathological detection of Paramphistomum epiclitum infection in large ruminant population in Punjab, Pakistan

Recent molecular identification of Paramphistomum epiclitum in Pakistan raises concerns about its epidemiology and pathologies in infected tissues of ruminants. The present study aimed to find the seroepidemiological and histopathological record of Paramphistomum epiclitum from cattle and buffaloes. Indirect ELISA on animal sera and histology of infected rumen with hematological and biochemical analyses were performed. The overall prevalence of P. epiclitum was noted as 15.3% in the abattoir survey and 37.6% in the serological examination. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test were 100% and 83.3% respectively. The paramphistomosis was significantly (p= 0.001) higher during August (6.4%) followed by September (5.4%), whereas the lowest prevalence was recorded during April (0.4%). The hematological and biochemical variations showed significant increase in total leukocyte count (p= 0.002), alanine aminotransferase (p= 0.05), glucose (p= 0.01) and cholesterol (p = 0.024) levels. However, significant decrease in the level of erythrocyte (p= 0.019), hemoglobin (p= 0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (p= 0.05), mean corpuscular volume (p= 0.038) and platelets count (p= 0.048) was observed. The histopathology of rumen tissue showed haemorrhages, atrophy of ruminal papillae, sloughed mucosa, cellular vacuolation, and infiltration of lymphocytes inflammatory cells. The present study provides the prevalence and histopathological record of P. epiclitum in Pakistan for the first time in order to take control measures in the country.

Associations of Baseline and Changes in Leukocyte Counts with Incident Cardiovascular Events: The Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of baseline and longitudinal changes in leukocyte counts with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: We conducted a prospective study to investigate the associations of baseline and 5-year changes in leukocyte counts with incident CVD and its subtypes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. We estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD using the Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: In the analyses of baseline total leukocyte count of 26,655 participants, compared with the lowest quartile (＜4.71×109/L), participants in the fourth quartile (＞6.70×109/L) had 11% higher risk for CVD. Consistent with total leukocyte count, neutrophil count also exhibited a significant positive association with the risk of CVD. In the analyses of 5-year changes in total leukocyte count of 11,594 participants, the changes in leukocyte count were categorized into three groups, i.e., the decreased group (＜25%), stable group (25%–75%), and increased group (＞75%). Compared with participants in the stable group (−1.18 to 0.44×109/L), participants in the increased group (＞0.44×109/L) had 14% higher risk for CVD. We also observed significant positive associations of the changes in neutrophil and monocyte counts with the risk of CVD. Furthermore, the total leukocyte count in the second or third tertile at the first follow-up with a 5-year increase was related to higher CVD risk. Conclusion: High baseline total leukocyte count and a 5-year increase in total leukocyte count were related to higher CVD risk.

Clinical and Laboratory Studies of Dermatophytosis Affected Dogs in Correlation to Oxidative Stress

Skin diseases are one of the most common health problems in dogs. This study aimed to record the clinical and laboratory findings of dermatophytosis on dogs, with its effect on blood plasma as well as its correlation to oxidative stress.The clinical study was conducted on two groups of dogs. The first group consisted of fourteen dogs that were clinically healthy and used as a control one.The second group consisted of sixteen dogs at different ages affected and suffering from dermatophytosis.All dogs were subjected to clinical examination followed by a special dermatological examination. Skin scrapings were examined under a light microscope for the detection of fungal spores. Blood samples were taken for hematological analysis and plasma samples for biochemical analysis.Dermatophytosis affected dogs showed a highly significant decrease of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV values, and a significant decrease in RBCs count and MCHC as well as a highly significant increase in total leukocyte counts of diseased dogs when compared to control onesSignificant differences in hematological parameters were observed in dermatophytosis-affected dogs. Furthermore, Oxidative stress markers such as catalase, SOD, GPx, and MDA revealed significant variations in the diseased group when compared to healthy ones. A correlation between analyzed data revealed positive correlation between plasma zinc and copper levels and antioxidant enzymes as SOD, GPx in diseased dogs.

Clinicopathological and Reproductive Studies on The Use of Ivermectin in Ewes

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ivermectin (IVM) on the reproductive hormones and hemato-biochemical parameters of twenty apparently healthy ewes weighing 30-40 kg and 2-3 years old. Ewes were randomly divided into two groups (ten for each). The first group was left without treatment (control group), and the second was treated with the recommended therapeutic dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, S/C) one day after parturition (treated group). The study continued for three months. Blood samples were collected from the two groups at the 1st, 30th, 60th, and 90th days after IVM treatment. The current study revealed that IVM injection delayed estrous for up to 3 months (absence of estrous signs and no ovarian structures were observed by sonar examination). There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) count, andpacked cell volume (PCV), with a significant increase in total leukocytic count (TLC) at 30th and 60th days post-treatment (p.t.). In addition to a significant decreased at (P<0.05) in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and concentrations of total antioxidants (TAC), copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), estradiol, triiodothyronine(T3), and tetraiodothyronine (T4) for up to 3 months. In contrast, a significant increase in concentrations of calcium (Ca), progesterone and cortisol, and activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were recorded at 30th and 60th days p.t. It has been concluded that IVM delayed estrous in ewes for three months via disturbing the female reproductive hormones and the hemato-biochemical parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that IVM not be injected at least three months before the reproductive season.

Effect of Cadmium and Spirulina platensis Administration on Hematological Parameters in Chickensa

One hundred chickens of one day of age were divided randomly into five groups of 20 birds each. After two weeks of adaptation, group I was kept in control, group II was fed with 0.2% Spirulina platensis powder till 90th day post treatment (DPT). Group III was administered 1.6 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride monohydrate (CdCl2.H2O) in triple glass distilled water. Groups IV and V were administered 1.61 ppm cadmium in triple glass distilled water along with Spirulina platensis powder orally in standard recommended feed at the rate of 0.2% concentration. However, in Group V Spirulina platensis powder was given from 60th DPT till 90th DPT. For hematological studies, blood samples were collected from each group at 0, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th and 90th DPT. There was a significant treatment dependent decrease in values of hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), whereas a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in cadmium treated groups III and V as compared to group I. In groups III and V, significant increase in total leukocyte count (TLC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and absolute heterophil count (AHC) were recorded. In group IV, significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes and significant increase in TLC, MCV, heterophils was observed as compared to groups III and V. It was concluded from the present study that cadmium fed at NOEL (1.61 ppm) levels for 90 days is toxic. Spirulina platensis fed concurrently with cadmium at NOAEL dose nullified the toxic effects of cadmium. However, Spirulina fed after accumulation of cadmium at NOEL dose is not able to reverse the adverse effects.

Clinical and laboratory investigations on Cystitis in Dogs

Cystitis is a common problem in companion animal practice, and common cause of morbidity in dog population. The present work was conducted to evaluate Clinical, haematological and biochemical analysis in dogs suffered from cystitis. The study was carried out in small animal internal medicine teaching hospital, faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. About 56 dogs of different ages, sex, and breeds were enrolled in this study. Fourteen (14) of dogs used as control group and 42 cases dogs suffered from cystitis (acute and chronic), All dogs were subjected for through clinical (case history, physical examination, ultrasonography, urinalysis and urine culture), hematological and biochemical investigation. Clinical examination reveal red discoloration of urine ,dysuria with painful attempt to micturate, pollakuria, stranguria, periuria ,painful belly palpation with distended urinary bladder , significant increase in pulse rate, and non significant increase in temperature and respiratory rate. Hematological analysis revealed significant decrease in Hb, RBCs and MCHC, significant increase in total leukocytic count (TLC) with significant decrease in segmented neutrophils. Biochemical analysis revealed no change in urea, creatinine and uric acid. Macroscopic Urinalysis showed blood, leucocytes, protein, while increased numbers of WBCs, RBCs, bacteria and crystals of uric acid and triple phosphate were detected in microscopical examination. Urine culture revealed isolates of E-coli, Proteus and Staphylococcus. Ultrasonography of urinary bladder of dogs suffered from cystitis show thickening in the wall of the bladder with hyper echoic layers. So we conclude that alteration in clinical (physical examination, Ultrasonography and urinalysis) and hematological result may be indicative for the diagnosis of cystitis in dogs, but biochemical result reveal non significant change.

Heavy metal pollution and risk assessment by the battery of toxicity tests

The current study was carried out on dominant fish Oreochromis niloticus and water collected from the polluted Yamuna River, Agra, India. The heavy metals in water, recorded as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd and all were found to be above the prescribed limits. According to metal pollution index, exposed muscle (49.86), kidney (47.68) and liver (45.26) have been recorded to have higher bioaccumulation. The blood biochemical analysis of exposed O. niloticus indicated significant increase in activities of aspartate aminotransferase (+ 343.5%), alkaline phosphatase (+ 673.6%), alanine aminotransferase (+ 309.1%), and creatinine (+ 494.3%) over the reference. However, a significant decrease in albumin (A): globulins (G) ratio (− 87.86%) was observed. Similarly, the exposed fish also showed significant increase in total leucocyte count (+ 121%), differential leucocyte count, respiratory burst (+ 1175%), and nitric oxide synthase (+ 420%). The histological examination of liver and kidney showed tissue injury. Moreover, micronuclei (0.95%), kidney shaped nuclei (1.2%), and lobed nuclei (0.6%) along with DNA damage in the form of mean tail length in the liver (20.7 µm) and kidney (16.5 µm) was observed in the exposed O. niloticus. Potential health risk assessments based on estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, hazard index, and target cancer risk indicated health risks associated with the consumption of these contaminated fishes. In conclusion, the present study showed that exposure to heavy metals contaminated water can alter immunological response; induce histopathological alterations and DNA damage in the studied fish. The consumption of this contaminated water or fish could have serious impact on human health.