Increase In Surface Temperature Research Articles

Evolution of Industrial Quality Parameters of Wheat during Storage in White and Colored Silo Bags: A Field-Scale Study

Over the past two decades, the silo bag system has gained popularity for storing grains and by-products under hermetic conditions. However, the impact of higher temperatures in the outer grain layer on key industrial parameters, such as wheat baking quality, remains insufficiently understood. Traditional silo bags are black on the inside and white on the outside to reflect sunlight, but colored bags, recently introduced to the market, absorb more heat, potentially warming the grain and causing damage. This study aimed to assess the effect of grain strata and bag color on grain temperature and quality under field conditions. Results showed a significant surface temperature increase in colored bags compared to white ones, approximately 3 °C, which affected the temperature of the peripheral grain layer. Moisture content slightly increased (0.2 percentage points) in the outer grain layer. However, many industrial quality parameters (protein content, P/L, W, and loaf volume) and the germination test for wheat, showed no significant differences between colored and white bags or between different strata after 120 days of storage, although the falling number increased and wet gluten decreased. These findings suggest that, despite surface temperature differences, the overall industrial quality of wheat remains unaffected by external bag coloration. The influence of ambient temperature on the peripheral layer was estimated to affect approximately 5–10% of the grain mass, indicating that adverse impacts on grain quality may go unnoticed without implementing stratified sampling techniques.

The Application of Infrared Thermography in the Assessment of BEMER Physical Vascular Therapy on Body Surface Temperature in Racing Thoroughbreds: A Preliminary Study

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of BEMER (Physical Vascular Therapy) on body surface temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in the distal parts of the forelimbs in Thoroughbreds. The study tested the hypothesis that BEMER therapy leads to an increase in body surface temperature and blood vessel diameter in the distal parts of the forelimbs. The study involved 16 horses, split into 2 groups: active BEMER (n = 8) and sham (n = 8). The active BEMER group had BEMER boots applied to the distal parts of the forelimbs, whereas the sham group had BEMER boots applied without activation of the device. Both groups underwent IRT examination to detect changes in body surface temperature, followed by ultrasonographic examination to assess changes in vein and artery diameter before (BT) and just after (JAT) therapy. The IRT examination was repeated 15 min after BEMER therapy (15AT). There were no significant body surface temperature differences between BT and JAT in any regions of interest (ROIs) in either group. In the active BEMER group, the ROIs did not change significantly at 15AT, compared to the temperatures measured at BT (except for the hooves). At 15AT the temperature of all the ROIs (except the fetlock bone) dropped significantly in the sham group. In the ultrasonographic examination, there was a significant increase in vein and artery diameter in the study group JAT, whereas the sham group had a significant increase only in artery diameter JAT. These results suggest an effect of BEMER on stimulating blood circulation in the distal parts of the forelimbs in clinically healthy horses. IRT did not identify changes in skin surface temperature after BEMER therapy at the distal parts of the forelimbs.

Vegetation Changes and Dynamics of the Climate Variables in Southern Thailand over the Past 1500 Years

The Indo-Pacific, a vast biogeographic of Earth, is influenced by both the Indian and East Asian monsoons. Despite its geographical importance, this region has been less studied compared to East Asia and India. Here, we present speleothem records from southern Thailand that cover the last 1500 years, including a hiatus during the Little Ice Age, providing insights into the interactions among climate dynamics, human influences, and ecological responses to climate change. Notably, our records lack the characteristic cold and warm periods observed in other regions, such as the Dark Ages Cold Period and Medieval Warm Period, which may reflect the complexity of the tropical climate system or the region’s unique topography. The analysis reveals a link between ENSO multi-decadal variability and hydroclimate conditions in southern Thailand, as evidenced by speleothem δ18O. Furthermore, a comparison between speleothem δ13C and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) indicates significant vegetation changes in the last three decades, corresponding with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and expansion of agricultural land due to human activities during the Current Warm Period. Additionally, our study suggests that an abrupt increase in sea surface temperatures may enhance vegetation growth in the Indo-Pacific by influencing atmospheric circulation and increasing precipitation.

Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on the Tomato, Its Innate Responses, and Potential Preventive Strategies in the Realm of Emerging Technologies.

The tomato is a fruit vegetable rich in nutritional and medicinal value grown in greenhouses and fields worldwide. It is severely sensitive to heat stress, which frequently occurs with rising global warming. Predictions indicate a 0.2 °C increase in average surface temperatures per decade for the next three decades, which underlines the threat of austere heat stress in the future. Previous studies have reported that heat stress adversely affects tomato growth, limits nutrient availability, hammers photosynthesis, disrupts reproduction, denatures proteins, upsets signaling pathways, and damages cell membranes. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species in response to heat stress is toxic to tomato plants. The negative consequences of heat stress on the tomato have been the focus of much investigation, resulting in the emergence of several therapeutic interventions. However, a considerable distance remains to be covered to develop tomato varieties that are tolerant to current heat stress and durable in the perspective of increasing global warming. This current review provides a critical analysis of the heat stress consequences on the tomato in the context of global warming, its innate response to heat stress, and the elucidation of domains characterized by a scarcity of knowledge, along with potential avenues for enhancing sustainable tolerance against heat stress through the involvement of diverse advanced technologies. The particular mechanism underlying thermotolerance remains indeterminate and requires further elucidatory investigation. The precise roles and interplay of signaling pathways in response to heat stress remain unresolved. The etiology of tomato plants' physiological and molecular responses against heat stress remains unexplained. Utilizing modern functional genomics techniques, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can assist in identifying potential candidate proteins, metabolites, genes, gene networks, and signaling pathways contributing to tomato stress tolerance. Improving tomato tolerance against heat stress urges a comprehensive and combined strategy including modern techniques, the latest apparatuses, speedy breeding, physiology, and molecular markers to regulate their physiological, molecular, and biochemical reactions.

Land surface temperature and transboundary air pollution: a case of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

In a rapidly urbanizing world, heavy air pollution and increasing surface temperature pose significant threats to human health and lives, especially in densely populated cities. In this study, we took an information theory perspective to investigate the causal relationship between diel land surface temperature (LST) and transboundary air pollution (TAP) from 2003 to 2020 in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), which includes Bangkok Metropolis and its five adjacent provinces. We found an overall increasing trend of LST over the study region, with the mean daytime LST rising faster than nighttime LST. Evident seasonal variations showed high aerosol optical depth (AOD) loadings during the dry period and low loadings at the beginning of the rainy season. Our study revealed that TAP affected diel surface temperature in Bangkok Metropolis significantly. Causality tests show that air pollutants of two adjacent provinces west of Bangkok, i.e., Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon, have a greater influence on the LST of Bangkok than other provinces. Also, the bidirectional relationship indicates that air pollution has a greater impact on daytime LST than nighttime LST. While LST has an insignificant influence on AOD during the daytime, it influences AOD significantly at night. Our study offers a new approach to understanding the causal impact of TAP and can help policymakers to identify the most relevant locations that cause pollution, leading to appropriate planning and management.

Dynamics of Per-Urban Land Alteration in and Around Siliguri City, India: A Geo-Spatial Study

Urban studies in more detailed form have emphasized zonal development and spatio-temporal transformation of cities. With the progress of time, the city expands outward, which gives birth to new urban areas. While areas within the administrative boundary of a city often goes through the process of planning, those, outside the administrative jurisdiction of the city often lack proper management and organization of land. This often results in haphazard urban growth and proliferation of semi-formal settlements within the peri-urban setting of developing nations. The present study was conducted for exploring the dynamics of peripheral urban land alterations in and around Siliguri city. For in-depth research, three buffer zones were delineated and supervised classification-based satellite images were incorporated to visualize the usage and coverage of land (LULC) based transformations of over the years. In addition, NDVI and LST were used to trace the changes in vegetation quality and surface temperature at the buffer zone level. The findings show a deterioration in vegetation health and an increase in surface temperature of the land in newly developed built-up and desolate regions. All three buffer zones showed a negative association the temperature of the land surface and the health of the vegetation. Furthermore, spatial extent of built-up land determined by remote sensing data was compared to population growth rates to calculate the Land Conversion Rate-Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR). The study emphasizes that peri-urbanization has accelerated the spread of built-up areas across the three zones, reflecting population constraints on land and yielding an overall LCRPGR value of 3.22. Importantly, the study demonstrated how the change-induced evidence of peri-urban dynamics has led to land transformation in the study area. Importantly, the study highlights how evidence of peri-urban dynamics reveals land changes in the studied area. It demonstrates how the rapid rise of people and development, along with limited available land space, drives the rapid alteration of peri-urban areas inside urban cityscape.

Experimental Study on the Hot Surface Ignition Characteristics and a Predictive Model of Marine Diesel in a Ship Engine Room

Experimental Study on the Hot Surface Ignition Characteristics and a Predictive Model of Marine Diesel in a Ship Engine Room

Characterizing Land Surface Temperature (LST) through Remote Sensing Data for Small-Scale Urban Development Projects in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

Characterizing Land Surface Temperature (LST) through Remote Sensing Data for Small-Scale Urban Development Projects in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

Frosting characteristics of microchannel heat exchangers: Parametric studies and correlation development

Recently, microchannel heat exchangers (MCHX) have been widely used in heat pump systems due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and high efficiency of heat transfer. However, when the MCHX operates in frosting conditions, its performance is adversely affected. To study the frost formation and distribution characteristics of MCHX, a comprehensive parametric study was performed for the MCHX with a larger fin pitch. The effects of fin geometries and environmental parameters on the frosting characteristics of MCHX were studied. Fin height (Fh) can effectively inhibit frost formation, which is due to the increase of surface temperature with the increase of Fh. When Fh increased from 6.0 mm to 11.8 mm, the frost time increased by 30.5 %. However, the increase in Fh also brings the penalty of reduced heat transfer rate. The effect of fin depth (Fd) on frost formation performance is small because the frost is mainly deposited in the front part, resulting in the rear fin cannot work efficiently. Fin pitch (Fp) is the most significant structural parameter affecting frosting performance. When Fp increases from 1.6 mm to 4 mm, the frosting time increases by 4 times and frost mass increased by 2.2 times. This is because with the increase of Fp, the frost blocking in the front part can be effectively delayed, and the distribution uniformity of the frost layer is improved. Lower surface temperature and higher humidity ratio significantly promote frost formation and reduce the uniformity of frost distribution. When the inlet temperature is reduced from −5 °C to −8 °C, the frosting time is shortened by 2.15 times, and the frost mass is reduced by 55.7 %. When the relative humidity increases from 76 % to 92 %, the frosting time is shortened by 2.15 times, and the frost mass is reduced by 42.5 %. The air velocity has a minor impact on the growth rate of frost in the front part. However, as the air velocity increases, the uniformity of frost distribution is significantly improved. When the air velocity increased from 1.1 m s−1 to 2.2 m s−1, the mass of accumulated frost increased by 29.5 %. Furthermore, frost thickness and air-side heat transfer coefficient correlations were developed by testing 12 samples. The developed heat transfer coefficient correlation can accurately capture the changing trend of the j-factor. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the frosting characteristics of MCHX and can effectively guide the louvered fin optimization.

The law of infrared radiation generation and evolution of coal-rock fracture under load

In order to study the formation mechanism and evolution law of infrared radiation (IR) of coal-rock. A mathematical model of pressure-IR for coal-rock under loading conditions was developed based on theories such as frictional heat generation and heat conduction. The results indicate that: (1) IR and stress exhibit a one-dimensional quartic function relationship, which is consistent with the strong correlation shown by the experimental data curve. As the loading stress increases, the infrared radiation temperature of the coal-rock surface increases. (2) From the simulation results, it can be seen that the increase in surface temperature of coal-rock is essentially influenced by the heat transfer of internal heat sources. The trend of temperature fluctuations is similar for both, with both increasing with ambient temperature and loading rate. And this characteristic change is independent of external loading factors. (3) The IR temperature varies in stages under different loading conditions. In addition, the surface temperature of the coal-rock before fracturing is affected by the frictional heat generation between cracks, resulting in an overall upward trend. When it is about to break, a precursor to the fracture appears. The final IR on the surface of coal-rock increased by 0.04–0.13 °C, which is consistent with the simulation results. It is consistent with the simulation results and reveals the evolution law of IR. The results of this work provide theoretical evidence for the prediction of dynamical disasters in coal and rocks.

The effect of synthetic grass sports surfaces on the thermal environment: A systematic review.

There are concerns regarding high surface temperatures on synthetic grass sports surfaces influencing the surrounding thermal environment, potentially increasing heat stress and impacting athlete safety. As such, studies have investigated changes to the thermal environment surrounding synthetic grass surfaces in comparison to both natural grass, and synthetic surfaces with different features, but this body of research has not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to (i) determine if there are differences in the thermal environment surrounding synthetic grass surfaces compared with natural grass surfaces, and (ii) determine if there are differences in the thermal environment between different types of synthetic grass surfaces. A systematic review adhering to the PRISMA guidelines was performed. The eligibility criteria required investigations to report at least one of the following environmental parameters on or directly above both a synthetic surface and a comparator group of either natural grass or an alternative synthetic grass surface used in sport: Air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, wind velocity, unified heat stress indices (i.e. wet-bulb-globe temperature and heat index) and/or surface temperature. Twenty-three studies were identified. The only parameters that were consistently higher on synthetic grass compared to natural grass were the air temperature (range: 0.5-1.2 °C) and surface temperature (range: 9.4-33.7 °C), while the mean radiant temperature, humidity, wind velocity and wet-bulb-globe temperature remained similar or required more data to determine if any differences exist. Synthetic grass surfaces consisting of styrene butadiene rubber infill or a shock pad had increased surface temperatures, whereas surfaces with thermoplastic elastomer infill, Cool climate turf fibres or HydroChill had lower surface temperatures. This systematic review has demonstrated that air and surface temperatures can be increased on synthetic sports surfaces, compared to natural grass surfaces. However, it is uncertain whether the differences are enough to increase an individual's heat stress risk and cause concern for athlete safety. While modifications to the turf infill or fibres can reduce synthetic surface temperatures, the effect of these features on the thermal environment as a whole is unclear. This review was prospectively registered with the Open Science Framework (Open Science Framework registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BTKGE ).

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION USING MODIS NDVI AND LST TIMESERIES DATA IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

This study assessed the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation using MODIS NDVI and LST timeseries data in Kaduna Metropolis. MOD13Q1 and MOD11A2 datasets were accessed using Google Earth Engine. Mann-Kendall trend test was used to analyse the trends in LST and NDVI. Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regression were used to examine the relationship between LST and NDVI. Mann-Kendall trend test revealed monotonic downward trend in NDVI with a Z-statistics of -1.2758, but upward trend in daytime and nighttime LST, with a Z-statistics of 0.567 and 2.107 respectively. For the relationship, vegetation showed strong negative relationship with daytime LST with -0.704. Vegetation also showed weak positive relationship with nighttime LST. The linear regression analysis revealed that vegetation was able to predict 49.5% of LST in Kaduna Metropolis, with R2 value of 0.495 and a standard error of estimate is 2.459. The study concluded that loss of vegetation is responsible for the increase in land surface temperature. The study therefore recommended regulatory agencies should ensure that trees are planted whenever they are removed due to infrastructural development in order to prevent UHI phenomenon and planting of trees should be encouraged in order to regulate the urban climate.

The Influence of Cropping Systems and Tillage Intensity on Soil CO2 Exchange Rate

In order to control the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, it is necessary to select the appropriate crop rotation and tillage intensity depending on the soil type and climatic conditions. However, their implementation in agricultural management methods has been insufficient until now. The main objective of this study was to investigate the changes and dependences in soil net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) and main physico-chemical parameters under different tillage (conventional (CT) and no tillage (NT)) and crop rotation systems. Cropping systems significantly affected the amount of nutrients, but did not affect pH and organic carbon; otherwise, tillage vs. cropping systems had no significant effects on the soil chemical parameters analyzed. The data revealed that in NT treatments, the NCER was 28% higher than in CT. Different crop rotations also revealed a significant effect on NCER from the soil. Carbon dioxide fluxes increased in cropping systems where a higher share of catch crops were included. In NT systems, a comparatively higher soil moisture content was registered. In addition, the rotations with catch crops produced a higher (by 1–3%) soil moisture content. The temperature of the soil surface was not significantly affected by tillage or cropping systems; nevertheless, a trend towards higher soil surface temperatures in CT was determined, which might be affected by enhanced air circulation in the pores. Soil NCER increase correlated negatively with higher soil surface moisture content, while its relationship was positive with soil surface temperature increase. In general, soil surface temperature and moisture were the most significant factors in explaining the fluctuation in NCER from Cambisols in Lithuania under moderate climatic conditions.

Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Probe Surface-Localized Nonthermal Plasma Activation.

Low-temperature, nonthermal plasmas generate a complex environment even when operated in nonreactive gases. Plasma-produced species impinge on exposed surfaces, and their thermalization is highly localized at the surface. Here we present a Raman thermometry approach to quantifying the resulting degree of surface heating. A nanostructured silver substrate is used to enhance the Raman signal and make it easily distinguishable from the background radiation from the plasma. Phenyl phosphonic acid is used as a molecular probe. Even under moderate plasma power and density, we measure a significant degree of vibrational excitation for the phenyl group, corresponding to an increase in surface temperature of ∼80 °C at a plasma density of 2 × 1010 cm-3. This work confirms that surface-localized thermal effects can be quantified in low-temperature plasma processes. Their characterization is needed to improve our understanding of the plasma-induced activation of surface reactions, which is highly relevant for a broad range of plasma-driven processes.

Assessment of Frost Depth and Frost Heave in Romania

The investigation of extreme weather and climate events has gained momentum in the last few decades, spurred in part by political involvement. However, not enough attention has been paid to the historical recorded data of climate monitoring. An accurate estimate of maximum soil frost depth is an important factor in determining construction costs and structures’ foundations, and designers also need reliable information about local meteorological parameters. In this study, the calculations of the parameters for the city of Arad are presented as an example. An updated Romanian frost depth map and a new Romanian freeze–thaw cycle (FTC) map are needed since recent climate studies have documented an increase in global and regional surface temperatures, with the greatest shift in warming occurring over the last three decades. This trend is particularly pronounced when comparing the 1990–2020 period with earlier periods, which could be indicative of broader climate change trends. It is important to note that these conclusions are based solely on the provided statistical parameters and do not take into account other potential factors influencing temperature trends in the region. The results from this investigation could be used to achieve a reduction in frost disasters and the formulation of policies and measures for the adaptation of geotechnical/structural design for Romanian territory. They may also support the development of maps that help to visualize and understand the evolving climate patterns in the region, including changes in frost depth and the frequency of freeze–thaw cycles, which are important for various sectors such as agriculture, construction, and infrastructural planning. Given the documented increase in global and regional surface temperatures, updating such maps will also provide valuable information for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders on how to adapt to ongoing climate change and its impacts on the Romanian region.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Gulf of California under a changing environment

The mitochondrial diversity of the sperm whale in the Gulf of California (GC) from 2004 to 2017 was analyzed using the control region from 95 samples and compared with two preceding studies. This study examined the relationship between the mitochondrial genetic diversity of sperm whales, and the abundance of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the GC, as indicated by squid catches. Furthermore, the influence of climate regimes on this relationship was also assessed. Of the total 16 haplotypes registered for the GC, eight haplotypes, representing 50%, were identified in this study. One of these haplotypes was only recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, and another is newly documented. Haplotype diversity (h = 0.640 ± 0.051) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00158 ± 0.00019) showed lower values than those previously reported for the GC. The genetic differentiation index among three periods analyzed was significant (Fst = 0.27, p < 0.01), with a greater variability observed within periods (72.19%) compared to between periods (27.81%). This suggests either a differential influx of haplotypes or a preference of matrilines for specific areas within the GC. The sex ratio of 3.5:1 females to males was consistent with previously reported data for the GC and other regions. A temporal decrease in the number of haplotypes in the GC coincided with an increase in Sea Surface Temperature (SST), a decrease in chlorophyll values (Chl-a), and a reduction of giant squid catches. These trends suggest that shifts in the GC climate regime could exert selective pressure, favoring certain matrilineal lineages.

On the probable distribution of stock-recruitment resilience of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Abstract Determining how resilient a stock-recruitment relationship is to environmental variation is crucial for fisheries management. Steepness is a key factor characterizing the resilience of a fish stock and, hence, for establishing management reference points. This study estimates the distribution of steepness for Pacific saury using a simulation approach based on evolutionary ecology and reproductive biology, and how it changes in response to environmental change. The median estimated steepness is 0.82 (80% probable range 0.59, 0.93) based on the best available biological information, which suggests that Pacific saury can produce a relatively high proportion of unfished recruitment when depleted to 20% of unfished spawning biomass. Elasticity analysis indicates that steepness for Pacific saury is most sensitive to the survival rate of early life stages, mean body weight, growth, and length-at-maturity. Environmental change could substantially impact steepness, with unfavorable conditions related to survival rates, length-at-maturity, mean body weight, and growth potentially leading to a reduction in resilience. Understanding these impacts is crucial for the assessment and management of Pacific saury. Our numerical simulation approach provides an analytical tool applicable for calculating the steepness distribution in other small pelagic fish influenced by increases in sea surface temperature due to global warming.

Magnetic williamson hybrid nanofluid flow around an inclined stretching cylinder with joule heating in a porous medium

The study of an inclined stretching cylinder in a porous medium holds significant implications for understanding complex fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena, mainly when influenced by a hybrid nanofluid containing Cu and Al2O3, Joule heating, and a magnetic field in the presence of Williamson fluid. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations are derived by applying pertinent similarity transformations to partial differential equations. Subsequently, these non-dimensional ordinary differential equations are transformed into a system of first-order ODEs and numerically solved using Maplesoft's symbolic computation software MAPLE 2023. The influence of governing parameters on dimensionless velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, heat, and mass transfer rates is investigated. This investigation is crucial for various practical applications, including geothermal reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery, and environmental processes involving porous media. It is demonstrated that Biot and Eckert numbers and nanofluid parameters contribute to increased surface temperature, while the Lewis number leads to a decrease in dimensionless concentration. Moreover, the curvature parameter is associated with an increase in dimensionless concentration, and skin friction demonstrates a direct relationship with the magnetic parameter while inversely correlating with the cylinder's curvature.These results contribute to the scientific understanding of these complex interactions and provide valuable insights for engineering applications, such as designing efficient heat exchangers, optimizing cooling systems, and advancing technologies involving fluid flow and magnetic fields.

A Comparison between the Only Two Documented Tornado Outbreak Events in China: Tropical Cyclone versus Extratropical Cyclone Environments

Abstract This study documents the features of tornadoes, their parent storms, and the environments of the only two documented tornado outbreak events in China. The two events were associated with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Yagi on 12 August 2018 with 11 tornadoes and with an extratropical cyclone (EC) on 11 July 2021 (EC 711) with 13 tornadoes. Most tornadoes in TC Yagi were spawned from discrete minisupercells, while a majority of tornadoes in EC 711 were produced from supercells imbedded in QLCSs or cloud clusters. In both events, the high-tornado-density area was better collocated with the K index rather than MLCAPE, and with entraining rather than non-entraining parameters possibly due to their sensitivity to midlevel moisture. EC 711 had a larger displacement between maximum entraining CAPE and vertical wind shear than TC Yagi, with the maximum entraining CAPE better collocated with the high-tornado-density area than vertical wind shear. Relative to TC Yagi, EC 711 had stronger entraining CAPE, 0–1-km storm relative helicity, 0–6-km vertical wind shear, and composite parameters such as an entraining significant tornado parameter, which caused its generally stronger tornado vortex signatures (TVSs) and mesocyclones with a larger diameter and longer life span. No significant differences were found in the composite parameter of these two events from U.S. statistics. Although obvious dry air intrusions were observed in both events, no apparent impact was observed on the potential of tornado outbreak in EC 711. In TC Yagi, however, the dry air intrusion may have helped tornado outbreak due to cloudiness erosion and thus the increase in surface temperature and low-level lapse rate.

Non‐Linear Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields May Mislead Stakeholders

AbstractWe utilize a global warming level (GWL) lens to evaluate global and regional patterns of agricultural impacts as global surface temperature increases, providing a unique perspective on the experience of stakeholders with continued warming in the 21st century. We analyze crop productivity outputs from 11 crop models simulating 5 climate models under 3 emissions scenarios across 4 crops within the AgMIP/ISIMIP Phase 3 ensemble. We categorize regional productivity changes (without adaptation) into 9 characteristic climate change response patterns, identifying consistent increases and decreases as well as non‐linear (peak or dip) responses indicative of inflection points reversing trends as GWLs increase. Many maize regions and pockets of wheat, rice and soybean show peak decrease patterns where initial increases may lull stakeholders into complacency or maladaptation before productivity shifts to losses at higher GWLs. Although the GWL perspective has proven useful in connecting diverse climate models and emissions scenarios, we identify multiple pitfalls that recommend proceeding with caution when applying this approach to climate impacts. Chief among these is that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at any GWL depend on a climate model's transient climate response (TCR). Higher CO2 concentrations generally benefit crop productivity, so this leads to more pessimistic agricultural projections for so‐called “hot” models and can skew multi‐model ensemble results as models with high TCR are disproportionately likely to reach higher GWLs. While there are strong connections between many climatic impact‐drivers and GWLs, vulnerability and exposure components of food system risk are strongly dependent on development pathways.