Increase In Sodium Concentration Research Articles

The Sodium Concentration of Enteral Diets Does Not Influence Absorption of Nutrients but Induces Intestinal Secretion of Water in Miniature Pigs

Contradictory opinions exist as to whether the sodium concentration of enteral diets influences absorption of macronutrients and transepithelial movement of sodium and water. Therefore, we investigated the effects of various sodium concentrations of enteral diets on absorption of macronutrients and on net fluxes of sodium and water. In unanesthetized miniature pigs, a 150-cm jejunal segment was perfused with an oligopeptide (Peptisorb), an oligomeric and a polymeric diet. The polymeric diet was supplemented with pancreatic enzymes. The sodium concentrations varied between 30 and 150 mmol/L. The energy density was 3.4 MJ/L. The sodium concentration of the diets did not influence absorption of macronutrients and of total energy. However, increasing sodium concentrations of the diets were associated with increasing osmolality of the solutions, resulting in a linear increase in net secretion of water and flow rate of chyme. With all diets and sodium concentrations net secretion of sodium occurred. The sodium secretion was independent of the initial sodium concentration of the diets. It was linearly correlated with net flux of water and was largest in miniature pigs infused with the oligomeric diet. The sodium concentration of the jejunal effluent did not correspond to the initial sodium concentration of the diets. The present results indicate that enteral feeding of diets with high energy density inevitably increases net secretion of water and sodium as sodium concentration increases. Therefore, the sodium concentration of diets should be as low as possible to meet only the minimal daily requirement of sodium. Low sodium concentrations of diets have no negative effects on absorption of macronutrients.

The influence of biologically active additives of natural origin on mineral composition of edible body parts of broiler chickens

The studies were carried out on broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross. The content of nutrients and trace elements in the basic diet of the examined birds was within the requirements of broiler chickens during the corresponding growing periods. Experimental scheme: control group - basic diet (BD); I experiemental group (BD + quercetin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg f.w./day); II experimental group (BD + quercetin (2.5 mg/kg b.m./day) + 7-hydroxycoumarin (0.1 mg/kg b.w./day)); III experimental groip (BD + 7-hydroxycoumarin (0.3 mg/kg f.m./day) + vanillin (0.3 mg/kg f.m./day)); IV experimental (BD + vanillin (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day)). It was established that the introduction of the studied plant additives into the diet of the experimental bird was accompanied by a decrease in the concentrations of Ca, Na, Co, Mn, Se, Al, As, Hg, Pb, Sr in the pectoral muscles. The addition of 7-hydroxycoumarin in combination with vanillin to the basic diet of broiler chickens was accompanied by an increase in sodium concentration by 19.5% (PЈ0.05), while the inclusion of the quercetin + 7-hydroxycoumarin complex increased the level of selenium in the thigh muscles by 108% (PЈ0.001). At the same time, vanillin was characterized by the greatest influence on the elemental composition of the femoral muscle. The established trend of an increase in the concentration of lead in liver together with a decrease in the content of lead in the pectoral muscles, indicates an increase in the intensity of the detoxification process of the body. It makes it possible to recommend using quercetin supplements to reduce the level of lead in the meat of broiler chickens.

Impact of Dapagliflozin Treatment on Serum Sodium Concentrations in Acute Heart Failure

Introduction: The dynamics of serum sodium are important in acute heart failure (AHF), and hyponatremia is associated with a poor prognosis. The effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on serum sodium concentrations in AHF is unknown. Methods: In a single-centre, controlled, randomized study, patients were prescribed dapagliflozin in addition to standard treatment during the first 24 h of hospitalization versus standard treatments. The pre-specified outcome was an absolute change in plasma sodium concentrations between randomization (first 24 h after admission) and discharge. The secondary outcomes were an absolute change in serum sodium concentrations within 48 h of randomization and the persistence of hyponatremia. Results: The sample comprised 285 patients (53% males; average age 73.26 ± 13 years); 140 of these were randomized to the dapagliflozin group. The average ejection fraction was 46 ± 14%; 155 patients (54%) had ischaemic heart failure; and 35% had diabetes mellitus. Median N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide was 4,225 [2,120; 9,105] pg/mL. The average estimated glomerular filtration rate was 53.9 ± 17.2 mL/min. Hospital mortality was 6.7%. At randomization, serum sodium concentrations were 139.8 ± 4.32 mmol/L in the dapagliflozin group versus 140.85 ± 4.04 mmol/L in the control group; p = 0.048. 48 h later, there was an increase in serum sodium in the dapagliflozin group (2 [−2; 4] mmol/L), as compared to the control group (−1 [−3.75; 2]); p < 0.001. This was accompanied by equilibration of the sodium levels between the groups (141.08 ± 4.08 mmol/L in the dapagliflozin group vs. 140.05 ± 4.82 mmol/L in the control group; p = 0.096). At the time of discharge, there was no difference in serum sodium concentrations (140.98 ± 4.77 mmol/L vs. 139.86 ± 4.45 mmol/L; p = 0.082). The increase in serum sodium concentrations during the period of observation [randomization; discharge] was small but statistically significant in the dapagliflozin group (1 [−3; 3.75] mmol/L vs. −2 [−4.5; 2] mmol/L; p = 0.015). Of 36 patients (21 in the dapagliflozin group and 15 in the control group) with baseline hyponatraemia, this persisted in 6 (16.6%) in the dapagliflozin group and in 11 (73.3%) in the control group (p = 0.008). Conclusion: The use of dapagliflozin in AHF is associated with a tendency to the increase in serum sodium concentrations and lesser persistence of hyponatremia. This effect occurred within the first 48 h and persisted until discharge. The impact of dapagliflozin on serum sodium was more pronounced in patients with hyponatremia at randomization.

Tolvaptan for the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD).

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD), the commonest cause of hyponatraemia, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, leads through aquaresis to an increase in serum sodium concentration and is the only medication licenced in Europe for the treatment of euvolaemic hyponatraemia. Randomised controlled trials have shown that tolvaptan is highly efficacious in correcting SIAD-related hyponatraemia. Real-world data have confirmed the marked efficacy of tolvaptan, but they have also reported a high risk of overly rapid sodium increase in patients with a very low baseline serum sodium. The lower the baseline serum sodium, the higher the tolvaptan-induced correction rate occurs. Therefore, a lower starting tolvaptan dose of 7.5 mg has been evaluated in small cohort studies, demonstrating its efficacy, but it still remains unclear as to whether it can reduce the risk of overcorrection. Most international guidelines, except for the European ones, recommend tolvaptan as second-line treatment for SIAD after fluid restriction. However, the risk of unduly rapid sodium correction in combination with its high cost have limited its routine use. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to evaluate whether tolvaptan-related sodium increase can improve patient-related clinical outcomes, such as mortality and length of hospital stay in the acute setting or neurocognitive symptoms and quality of life in the chronic setting. In addition, the potential role of a low tolvaptan starting dose needs to be further explored. Until then, tolvaptan should mainly be used as second-line treatment for SIAD, especially when there is a clinical need for prompt restoration of normonatraemia. Tolvaptan should be used with specialist input according to a structured clinical pathway, including rigorous monitoring of electrolyte and fluid balance and, if needed, implementation of appropriate measures to prevent, or when necessary reverse, overly rapid hyponatraemia correction.

Poređenje efekta manitola i 3% hipertoničnog rastvora natrijum hlodira na intrakranijalnu relaksaciju tokom elektivne supratentorijalne kraniotomije - neurohirurška anestezija

Introduction: Brain relaxation is essential in anesthesia for intracranial surgery; it has been considered a neuroprotective measure as it can reduce surgical compression, local hypoperfusion, cerebral ischemia, and blood loss. To ease surgical tumor removal, measures are taken to reduce brain swelling, often referred to as brain relaxation. In the present study, we aimed to compare the effects of 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline (HS) on brain relaxation during supratentorial craniotomy. Fluid input, urine output, arterial blood gases and serum sodium concentration were also measured. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double blind controlled trial. Sixty patients, ages 18 to 50, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status (II-IV), posted for craniotomy were divided into two equal groups in a double-blinded selection by using computer-generated random numbers (Thirty patients in each group). The surgeon and anesthesiologist were unaware of the identity of the study agents. Each patient was administered 150 ml of either 20% mannitol (Group M) or 3% HTS over 20 minutes (min) (Group H) after skin incision. The neurosurgeon assessed the brain conditions on a four-point scale as "Perfectly relaxed," "Satisfactory relaxed," "Firm brain," or "Bulging brain," immediately after opening the dura mater. Results: Intraoperative brain relaxation was comparable between the two groups. Brain relaxation observed in Group M (perfectly relaxed/satisfactory relaxed/firm brain/bulging brain, n = 8/13/5/4) was similar to that observed in Group H (perfectly relaxed/satisfactory relaxed/firm brain/bulging brain, n = 7/13/8/2; P= 0.77). Urine output was significantly higher in the mannitol group (P &lt;0.05). Administration of HTS was associated with a transient increase in serum sodium concentrations, which was statistically significant but returned to normal within 48 h (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in fluid input and arterial blood pressure during surgery in between two groups. Conclusion: Our results suggested that hypertonic saline and mannitol both had a similar effect on brain relaxation during elective supratentorial craniotomy.

Relationship between high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum sodium: NHANES 2003–2006

BackgroundConsumption of high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks and diet soft drinks has increased in the United States. However, the relationship between the intake of high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks and diet soft drinks, and serum sodium has been scarcely studied. Our objective is to evaluate the relation between intake of high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks and diet soft drinks, and serum sodium, and explore the possible effect modifiers in a nationally representative sample of adults from the United States.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. The study participants included 6989 adults aged ≥18 years. Using survey-weighted generalized linear regression analyses, we investigated the relationship between high fructose corn syrup sweetened drink, diet soft drink consumption, and serum sodium. Consumption of high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks and diet soft drinks was evaluated through a food-frequency questionnaire.ResultsSerum sodium levels increased as high fructose corn syrup sweetened drink intake increased. Serum sodium levels were higher in participants in the highest high fructose corn syrup sweetened drink consumption quantile, compared with those in the lowest high fructose corn syrup sweetened drink intake quantile (p = 0.020). The multivariate betas for serum sodium, according to the corresponding high fructose corn syrup sweetened drink intake quantiles, were 0.16, 0.19, and 0.21, respectively (P for trend = 0.051). We found no relationship between diet soft drink consumption and serum sodium after adjustment of confounding. (multivariate P > 0.05).ConclusionThere was a a step-wise increase in serum sodium concentration with increasing consumption of HFCS sweetened beverages. Even moderate HFCS sweetened soft drink intake was associated with an elevated serum sodium level - a risk factor for hypertension.

Muscle sodium content in patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

BackgroundMuscle fatigue and pain are key symptoms of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Although the pathophysiology is not yet fully understood, there is ample evidence for hypoperfusion which may result in electrolyte imbalance and sodium overload in muscles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess levels of sodium content in muscles of patients with ME/CFS and to compare these to healthy controls.MethodsSix female patients with ME/CFS and six age, BMI and sex matched controls underwent 23Na-MRI of the left lower leg using a clinical 3T MR scanner before and after 3 min of plantar flexion exercise. Sodium reference phantoms with solutions of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mmol/L NaCl were used for quantification. Muscle sodium content over 40 min was measured using a dedicated plugin in the open-source DICOM viewer Horos. Handgrip strength was measured and correlated with sodium content.ResultsBaseline tissue sodium content was higher in all 5 lower leg muscle compartments in ME/CFS compared to controls. Within the anterior extensor muscle compartment, the highest difference in baseline muscle sodium content between ME/CFS and controls was found (mean ± SD; 12.20 ± 1.66 mM in ME/CFS versus 9.38 ± 0.71 mM in controls, p = 0.0034). Directly after exercise, tissue sodium content increased in gastrocnemius and triceps surae muscles with + 30% in ME/CFS (p = 0.0005) and + 24% in controls (p = 0.0007) in the medial gastrocnemius muscle but not in the extensor muscles which were not exercised. Compared to baseline, the increase of sodium content in medial gastrocnemius muscle was stronger in ME/CFS than in controls with + 30% versus + 17% to baseline at 12 min (p = 0.0326) and + 29% versus + 16% to baseline at 15 min (p = 0.0265). Patients had reduced average handgrip strength which was associated with increased average muscle tissue sodium content (p = 0.0319, R2 = 0.3832).ConclusionMuscle sodium content before and after exercise was higher in ME/CFS than in healthy controls. Furthermore, our findings indicate an inverse correlation between muscle sodium content and handgrip strength. These findings provide evidence that sodium overload may play a role in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS and may allow for potential therapeutic targeting.

Sorption of Protactinium, Thorium, and Other Actinides from the LiF–NaF–KF Melt by Activated Carbon

The sorption of uranium and thorium fluorides by activated carbon from the eutectic was studied. The sorption isotherms of both fluorides at a temperature of 650°C have a pronounced convex character and are described by the Langmuir equation. Experiments were carried out on the sorption of protactinium by activated carbon AG-3 at 650°С from a melt of alkali metal fluorides LiF–NaF–KF containing thorium and neodymium fluorides. It was found that with an increase in the concentrations of neodymium or thorium fluorides, the value of protactinium sorption diminishes, and in the case of thorium fluoride, the decrease occurs to a greater extent. When protactinium is sorbed by activated carbon with metallic sodium, the sorption enhances by a factor of 20 at the 30% sodium content in the carbon. The separation factors of protactinium from other actinides rise with increasing sodium content in the carbon.

Production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on sawdust supplemented with anaerobic digestate

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste results in production of biogas and a nutrient-rich digestate that has an established use as fertilizer in plant production. This study evaluated use of anaerobic digestate based on a high concentration of organic household waste as a fertilizer in sawdust-based production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Inclusion of 0.5 L of anaerobic digestate (AD) per kg sawdust gave similar productivity in terms of biological efficiency (79.5 ± 5.4 %), and protein concentration (24.7 ± 2.4 % of dry weight (dw)) as standard mushroom substrate (78.1 ± 5.3 %, and 21.9 ± 3.0 % of dw, respectively). However, mushroom growth was impaired at the highest concentration of anaerobic digestate tested, 1 L digestate per kg dw sawdust. Comparison of the AD-fertilized substrate with a mushroom substrate with standard components (sawdust, wheat bran, calcium sulfate) and with similar C/N-ratio revealed some differences in elemental composition of the fruiting bodies, with an major increase in sodium concentration for the AD-fertilized substrate compared with the standard substrate (413.3 ± 28.9 and 226.7 ± 30.6 mg kg−1 dw, respectively). This difference can be explained by high sodium concentration in the anaerobic digestate, most likely due to inclusion of food scraps from households and restaurants in the biodigester feedstock. Screening of both substrates for a total of 133 micropollutants revealed that total sum of micropollutants was significantly higher in the AD-fertilized substrate (258 ± 12 ng/g dw substrate) than in the standard substrate (191 ± 35 ng/g dw substrate). Nitrogen losses during preparation of the AD-fertilized substrate were negligible.

A randomized, cross-over trial assessing effects of beverage sodium concentration on plasma sodium concentration and plasma volume during prolonged exercise in the heat

PurposeThis study assessed whether increasing sodium in a sports drink above that typical (~ 20 mmol L−1) affects plasma sodium and volume responses during prolonged exercise in the heat.MethodsEndurance trained males (N = 11, 36 ± 14 y, 75.36 ± 5.30 kg, {dot{text{V}}}O2max 60 ± 3 mL min−1 kg−1) fulfilled requirements of the study including one 1-h exercise pre-trial, to estimate fluid losses (to prescribe fluid intake), and two, experimental trials (3-h or until tolerance), in random order, cycling (55% {dot{text{V}}}O2max, 34 °C, 65% RH). Beverages contained 6% carbohydrate and either 21 mmol L−1 (Low Na+) or 60 mmol L−1 sodium (High Na+). Analyses included linear mixed models and t-tests.ResultsCycling time was similar 176 ± 9 min (Low Na+); 176 ± 7 min (High Na+). Fluid intake was 1.12 ± 0.19 L h−1; 1.14 ± 0.21 L h−1, resp. Body mass change was − 0.53 ± 0.40%; − 0.30 ± 0.45%, resp. Sodium intake was 69 ± 12 mmol; 201 ± 40 mmol, resp. Plasma sodium concentration was greater in High Na+ than Low Na+ (p < 0.001); decreasing in Low Na+ (− 1.5 ± 2.2 mmol L−1), increasing in High Na+ (0.8 ± 2.4 mmol L−1) (p = 0.048, 95% CI [− 4.52, − 0.02], d = 0.99). Plasma volume decreased in Low Na+ (− 2 ± 2%) but remained unchanged in High Na+ (0 ± 3%) (p = 0.01, 95% CI [− 3.2, − 0.5], d = 0.80).ConclusionsWhen conducting prolonged exercise in the heat, those who fully hydrate would benefit by increased sodium content of the beverage by improved plasma volume and sodium maintenance.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000239460) 22/02/16.

Evaluation of diuretic activity of root extract of Mangifera indica in albino rats

Background: Diuretics increase urine flow and sodium excretion are used to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids in a variety of clinical situations Objectives: To evaluate the diuretic activity of alcoholic (AERMI) extract of roots of Mangifera indica in albino rats. Methods: 5 groups of Albino rats were used to evaluate the diuretic activity by using metabolic cages. The group I serves as normal control received vehicle, the group II received Furosemide (10 mg/Kg, p.o) ; other groups III, IV, V were treated with low, medium, and high doses of AERMI and immediately after extract treatment all the rats were hydrated with saline (15 ml/kg) and placed in metabolic cages. Total volume of urine collected was measured at the end of 5 h. Concentration of Sodium, Potassium, Chloride in the urine were estimated. Results: Compared to control group the AERMI at different dose levels (100,200 and 400 mg/kg) has significantly increased the urine volume and also enhanced the elimination of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride. Conclusion: Single dose of AERMI as 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg and Frusemide have increased the urine output along with an increase in concentration of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride.

Nephroprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Thymelaea microphylla Coss. et Dur Aerial Part

Thymelaea microphylla Coss. et Dur (T. microphylla), a medicinal herb that grows in arid and desert pastures, has been traditionally utilized by Moroccans to treat many diseases, including kidney failure. This study aims to evaluate the nephroprotective effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (GM), and thus the antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract rich in flavonoids from the aerial part of T. microphylla (APTM). The antioxidant activity of APTM was assessed using the 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging test and the β-carotene bleaching assay. The nephroprotective effect of this extract was evaluated in two doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg in GM-exposed male rats. Acute toxicity of the APTM was tested out on Swiss albino mice using 2000 mg/kg as the dose limit. The findings showed that the aqueous extract of APTM is abundant in total polyphenols and flavonoids and has significant antioxidant properties against DPPH radicals and β-carotene oxidation. According to the acute toxicity research findings, the administered doses of the APTM extract do not cause toxicity and death. A significant increase in the serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, chloride, calcium, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), and alkaline phosphatase, as well as an increase in urinary volume, water consumption, and relative kidney weight, were all caused by the administration of GM to rats. In addition, a significant reduction in urinary concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, urea, and albumin, and thus the clearance of creatinine and weight gain were observed in rats injected with GM. Also, the administration of GM dramatically raised the malondialdehyde level in the kidneys. Likewise, rats that had been poisoned with GM had histological kidney abnormalities. However, the daily treatment of APTM aqueous extract to rats given GM injections dramatically improved the biochemical and histological parameters affected by GM administration in rats. Finally, APTM extract enhanced GM’s biochemical and histological indicators of nephrotoxicity, supporting its use as an ethnomedicinal.

Transient alterations in plasma sodium concentrations with NER1006 bowel preparation: an analysis of three phase III, randomized clinical trials

BackgroundThis analysis characterized changes in sodium levels in patients receiving the 1 L polyethylene glycol-based preparation NER1006.MethodsData were pooled from three phase III, randomized clinical trials. A post hoc subanalysis included adults who received a 2-day split-dose (evening/morning) NER1006 regimen, a 1-day split-dose (morning only) regimen, or evening-before regimen and had an increase in sodium concentrations from normal to above the upper limit of normal (143–148 mmol/L) at ≥ 1 of three post-treatment visits. Blood samples were collected at baseline, day of colonoscopy (visit 2), 2 ± 1 days post-colonoscopy (visit 3), and 7 ± 1 days post-colonoscopy (visit 4).ResultsA total of 214 of 1028 patients were included. Of the 214 patients, sodium concentration increased from a mean baseline value of 141.8 mmol/L to a mean of 147.1 mmol/L (median increase from baseline of approximately 5 mmol/L). The mean sodium concentration was within normal range at visit 3 (142.3 mmol/L) and visit 4 (142.4 mmol/L), as was the median sodium concentration. Overall, ~ 90% of patients had a normal serum concentration at visits 3 and 4. Based on day of colonoscopy test results, there were four adverse events involving hypernatremia (0.4% of 1028), which were mild and did not require medical intervention; sodium levels returned to normal range by visit 3.ConclusionNER1006 was associated with small, transient increases in sodium levels that were not considered clinically significant.Trial registration NOCT (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02254486 [registered October 2, 2014]), MORA (ClinTrials.gov: NCT02273167 [registered October 23, 2014]; EudraCT number: 2014-002185-78 [registered August 13, 2014]), DAYB (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02273141 [registered October 23, 2014]; EudraCT Number: 2014-002186-30 [registered August 12, 2014])

Incidence and risk factors of overcorrection in patients presenting with severe hyponatremia to the emergency department.

Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities. Overcorrection of severe hyponatremia can result in serious neurological complications such as osmotic demyelination syndrome, but the incidence and risk factors of overcorrection and osmotic demyelination have not been thoroughly investigated. This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of 50 patients admitted through the emergency department with initial serum sodium (serum Na) < 125mEq/L between January 2015 and December 2017. Incidence and risk factors of overcorrection and osmotic demyelination were examined. Overcorrection was defined as an increase in serum sodium concentration > 10mEq/L at 24h and/or > 18mEq/L at 48h, respectively. Six patients (12%) and one patient (2%) had overcorrection at 24h and 48h, respectively. A total of 5 (10%) patients had a brain MRI completed after overcorrection, and no patient showed radiologic evidence of osmotic demyelination. Symptomatic hyponatremia at presentation and 3% saline use were associated with the risk of overcorrection in univariable analysis (p < 0.001; p = 0.006, respectively). Among patients admitted with severe hyponatremia, overcorrection occurred in 14%. Symptomatic hyponatremia at presentation and 3% saline use were associated with the risk of overcorrection.

Use of Typical Wastes as Biochars in Removing Diethyl Phthalate (Det) from Water

Diethyl phthalate (DEP), one of the six typical PAEs priority pollutants declared by the US EPA, has attracted tremendous attention due to its widespread pollution and was selected as the adsorbate in this study. Properties of biochar samples obtained from three different feedstocks, i.e., sawdust (SDBC), rice straw (RSBC), and giant reed (GRBC), pyrolyzed at 400 °C as well as their ability to adsorb DEP from an aqueous solution were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 &gt; 0.99) and the intraparticle diffusion model (R2 &gt; 0.98). The maximal adsorption capacity of the DEP by the prepared biochar was in an order of GRBC (46.04 mg g−1) &gt; RSBC (31.54 mg g−1) &gt; and SDBC (18.39 mg g−1). The higher adsorption capacity of DEP by GRBC is mainly attributed to the higher surface area. The reduction in adsorption capacity of the biochar against DEP with an increase in the solution pH (from 2.5 to 10.0) was possibly due to promoting the electrostatic repulsion between the DEP and the surface of the biochar. However, the increasing sodium ionic strength promoted the adsorption of the biochar, which could be interpreted by the reduced solubility of the DEP due to enhancing “salting out” effects as increasing sodium concentration. In addition, it was favorable for the adsorption of DEP onto the biochars at a lower temperature (15 °C) and the calculated ∆G0 was less than zero, indicating that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. These experiments designate that these derived biochars can be used as an inexpensive adsorbent for the purification of PAEs contaminated water.

Changes in Serum Electrolytes, Urea and Creatinine in Nicotiana tabacum-treated Rats

Tobacco, which is a product of Nicotiana tabacum, has nicotine as its principal phytochemical. Nicotine has been reported to be an addictive drug and the leading cause of tobacco addiction worldwide with consequent renal implications. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Nicotiana. tabacum on serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels as indices of renal function in male rats. A total of 18 male wistar rats weighing 140-230g were used for this study. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C), containing 6 rats each. Group A served as control while Group B and C were orally administered sublethal doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight of the Nicotiana. tabacum extract respectively once per day for three weeks. At the end of the experimental period, all the animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assay.The results showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in the serum concentration of sodium, potassium and urea levels of rats treated with the extract when compared with the control. However, serum concentrations of chloride, bicarbonate and creatinine showed no significant appreciable differences between the treated groups and the control group (p&lt;0.05).In conclusion, the study showed that aqueous extract of Nicotiana tabacum is associated with renal dysfunction with consequent hypernatremia and hyperkalemia, and may also suggest impaired urea clearance by the kidneys in male wistar rats.

Ultrasonic studies of alkali-rich hydrous silicate glasses: Elasticity, density, and implications for water dissolution mechanisms

AbstractThe acoustic velocities of three series of alkali-rich hydrous silicate glasses were determined at ambient conditions using ultrasonic interferometry. The sound velocities and calculated elastic properties are nearly linear functions of dissolved water content. The water content derivatives of both compressional [d(VP)/d(XH2O)] and shear wave velocity [d(VS)/d(XH2O)] decrease with increasing Na2O content, which suggests that increasing sodium content might weaken the effect of water on acoustic velocities. For each glass series, the shear modulus decreases with increasing water content, whereas the adiabatic bulk modulus (KS) varies little with water content. By comparing our results of KS to previously published data on hydrous alkalic (rhyolite, phonolite, and trachyte) glasses, we speculate that H2O may have a negligible effect on the compressibility of alkalic glasses/melts. The measured densities of each series of glasses were converted to molar volumes and extrapolated to the hypothetical pure water component to derive the partial molar volume of water (VH2O). The resulting VH2O at room pressure and temperature was found to be independent of composition for the three series of glasses, with a value of 10.4 ± 0.5 cm3/mol, whereas the partial molar bulk modulus (KS) of water is composition-dependent, suggesting that VH2O may depend on composition at elevated pressures. Furthermore, the Poisson’s ratio (ν) increases linearly with increasing water content for all three composition series. Therefore, the similar behavior of Al-free and Al-bearing glasses implies that water depolymerizes melts in both systems. The decrease of water content derivative of the Poisson’s ratio [d(ν)/d(XH2O)] with increasing Al/(Al+Si) indicates that water interaction with Al-O bonds to produce Al-OH depolymerizes peralkaline silicate melts less effectively than with Si-O bonds to form Si-OH. Hence, we speculate that water prefers to interact with Si-O bonds rather than Al-O bonds in peralkaline silicate systems. The dissolution mechanisms of water between peraluminous and peralkaline melts might be different, which merits further research.

Effect of untreated or reclaimed wastewater drip-irrigation for lettuces and leeks on yield, soil and fecal indicators

Sanitary and environmental impacts, as well as effects on agricultural yields constitute important parameters to be taken into account in wastewater reuse projects, and depend on the treatment applied to the wastewater. Extensive treatments or irrigation with untreated wastewater are rarely studied, although they represent a significant share of unplanned or indirect wastewater reuse in the world. The aim of this study was to contribute to the evaluation of chemical properties of soil, crop yields, and the fate of fecal indicators in soil and plants when vegetable crops (lettuces and leeks) are irrigated by drip-irrigation using untreated wastewater (UW), water reuse or treated wastewater by stabilization ponds (TW) and fresh water (FW). Over two years (2018 and 2019), three lettuces ( Lactuca sativa ) and two leeks ( Allium porrum ) growth cycles were performed in a greenhouse, and soil analyses show increases in electrical conductivity (EC), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na) and nitrate nitrogen concentrations (NO 3 ) when TW and UW irrigation methods were compared to FW. As a result, FW irrigation and conventional fertilization lead to lower lettuce yields compared to TW (between 43 to 85% lower yields depending on the cultivation period) ( p -value < 0.05). However, trends are not clear for UW. Leeks irrigated with FW have also a smaller fresh mass compared to TW and UW (around 35 % and 45 % differences in the median for UW and TW, respectively, p -value < 0.05), which shows a possible positive effect of continuous nutrient supply against the risks associated with higher water conductivity. In addition, in the soil, the irrigation with TW and with UW increases some concentrations, especially EC, mainly due to Cl and Na values. Fecal indicators increased from 1 to 2 log with the used of UW but the decay of fecal indicators in topsoils was slow (less than 1 log for enterococcus load after 6h), as shown by culture-based and molecular techniques (qPCR, droplet digital PCR). Fecal indicators were found in plants irrigated with untreated wastewater. • Untreated and treated wastewater irrigation reuse were evaluated for lettuce and leek crops. • Fresh water irrigation produced lower yields compared to treated wastewater. • Untreated wastewater irrigation may negatively affect some soil properties. • Die-off rate of fecal bacteria was slow in topsoils irrigated by untreated wastewater. • Contamination by fecal indicators of crop roots irrigated by untreated wastewater.

Comparison of intermittent versus continuous infusion of 3% hypertonic saline on intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury using ultrasound assessment of optic nerve sheath

ABSTRACT Background The employment of hypertonic saline (HTS) in intracranial hypertension treatment has been effective when administered as a continuous infusion or bolus. However, the best route and concentration are undecided because of insufficient randomized controlled trials. This study aims to function the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) ultrasonographic measurements to compare the effectiveness of 3% HTS continuous infusion and intermittent boluses in reducing elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Methods This randomized study comprised 50 patients with TBI. In all patients examined by ultrasound, we employed a cutoff value of 5.5 mm for the ONSD to predict an increase in ICP of >20 mmHg. Patients with elevated ICP were divided into two groups: group A received continuous 3% HTS infusion (0.5 mL/kg/h), and group B received intermittent 3% HTS boluses (3 mL/kg). The primary endpoint was the ONSD at 48 h. The secondary outcomes included serum Na and serum K at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Results The ONSDs in the continuous HTS infusion and intermittent bolus groups decreased significantly and steadily, with no significant variance between the two groups at 48 h (P = 0.449). However, 3% HTS intermittent boluses caused a faster growth in sodium concentration at 6 and 12 h with noteworthy differences compared with continuous infusion (P = 0.013 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusions There were no differences in ONSD ultrasonographic values 48 h after treatment. Moreover, 3% HTS intermittent boluses caused an increase in sodium concentration at 6 and 12 h.

Release of Matrix-Bound Growth Factors; the role of increase in Sodium Concentration with Cartilage Compression.

Release of Matrix-Bound Growth Factors; the role of increase in Sodium Concentration with Cartilage Compression.