Increase In Salivary Concentration Research Articles

A comparative assessment of microbiocenosis of saliva and oropharynx in patients with migraine

To identify changes in the microbiome of saliva and to compare it with the microbiome of the oropharynx of patients with migraine. Sixty patients with migraine (21-56 years old), were examined using a headache diary, MIDAS and VAS. A microbiological examination of saliva and smear from the mucosa of the posterior wall of the oropharynx with evaluation by the method of mass spectrometry of microbial markers (MSMM) with the determination of 57 microorganisms was performed. All patients had comorbid chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract (URT), according to anamnestic data and examination by specialists. A significant increase in the content of markers of resident (conditionally pathogenic) microorganisms characteristic of chronic diseases of URT (strepto- and staphylococci); markers of transient microorganisms characteristic of intestinal microflora (clostridia, gram-negative rods, anaerobes) that are normally absent; viral markers of cytomegaloviruses and herpes groups; a decrease in the content of fungi were identified in saliva. A comparative analysis of the microbiome of saliva and oropharynx showed: 1) a significant decrease in the concentration of coccal flora Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobic bacteria Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in saliva; enterobacteria Helicobacter pylori; gram-negative rods Kingella spp., fungi and Epstein-Barr virus; 2) an increase in salivary concentrations of Staphylococcus epidermidis, anaerobic Clostridium ramosum and Fusobacterium spp./Haemophilus spp. and gram-negative bacilli Porphyromonas spp. A comparative assessment of the microbiota of a smear from the posterior wall of the oropharynx and saliva using MMSM showed the presence of dysbiosis both in the oropharynx and in the saliva of patients with migraine. However, there were fewer deviations from the norm in saliva, therefore, for diagnostic purposes, a smear from the posterior wall of the oropharynx is more significant as a biomarker for patients with migraine.

Salivary biomarkers and burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

Introduction: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is defined by a burning sensation or intraoral dysesthesia without obvious causal lesion. Despite the development of research, diagnostic aids for this syndrome are non-existent and treatments are partially ineffective. Some studies have shown changes in salivary composition, viscosity or flow in patients with BMS. The evaluation of the salivary biochemical characteristics of patients with BMS could then help to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease. The objective of this meta-analysis is to perform a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the literature concerning the salivary biomarkers present in patients with BMS in comparison to healthy subjects. Materials and methods: The PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched to identify articles corresponding to the defined inclusion criteria. Review Manager 5.4.1 software was used to perform the quantitative analysis. Results: The quantitative analysis included 15 articles and found a significant increase in salivary concentrations of cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA) with a standardized mean difference SMD = 0.53 and a 95% confidence interval CI [0.33 to 0.74] and SMD = 0.32 to 95% CI [0.10 to 0.55] respectively. For calcium and copper, the analysis found no significant difference in patients with BMS with SMD = 0.06 at 95% CI [–0.19 to 0.32] and SMD = -0.19 at 95% CI [–0.44 to 0.06]. Finally, for magnesium, the analysis found a probable decrease with SMD = -0.29 at 95% CI [–0.52 to -0.06]. Four other biomarkers (potassium, alpha amylase, zinc and total protein) showed too high levels of heterogeneity (I² > 44%) to be able to interpret the results with confidence. Discussion: This strong heterogeneity can be explained by different saliva sampling methods or biomarker measurement techniques that are not strictly identical between the studies. In addition, some saliva samples may have undergone blood contamination which may bias the results. Conclusion: This meta-analysis nevertheless confirms all the interest of focusing on salivary biomarkers in BMS patients; the measurement of cortisol and/or salivary IgA could be a line of research for the establishment of a standardized biological assessment. Nevertheless, the number of available studies being low and of variable methodological quality with a limited number of patients, additional studies are necessary to give a firm and definitive conclusion.

Evaluation of Proinflammatory, NF-kappaB Dependent Cytokines: IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Tissue Specimens and Saliva of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a life-threatening disease. It could be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). It was confirmed that chronic inflammation can promote carcinogenesis. Cytokines play a crucial role in this process. The aim of the study was to evaluate interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in tissue specimens and saliva of patients with OSCC and OPMDs. Methods: Cytokines were evaluated in 60 tissue specimens of pathological lesions (OSCCs or OPMDs) and in 7 controls (normal oral mucosa, NOM) by immunohistochemistry and in saliva of 45 patients with OSCC or OPMDs and 9 controls (healthy volunteers) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression of IL-8 in OSCC specimens and TNF-α in OSCCs and OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to NOM. Moreover, expression of TNF-α was significantly higher in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus without dysplasia, whereas expression of IL-8 only in oral leukoplakia without dysplasia in comparison with NOM. Salivary concentrations of all evaluated cytokines were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in controls. Moreover, levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in saliva of patients with OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to controls and in OSCC patients as compared to patients with dysplastic lesions. There was also significant increase in salivary concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in patients with OSCC as compared to patients with OPMDs without dysplasia. Conclusion: The study confirmed that proinflammatory, NF-kappaB dependent cytokines are involved in pathogenesis of OPMDs and OSCC. The most important biomarker of malignant transformation process within oral mucosa among all assessed cytokines seems to be IL-8. Further studies on a larger sample size are needed to corroborate these results.

Chemosensate-Induced Modulation of the Salivary Proteome and Metabolome Alters the Sensory Perception of Salt Taste and Odor-Active Thiols.

Oral stimulation with chemosensates was found to trigger changes in the composition of the salivary proteome and metabolome, which translate into a functional modulation of odor and taste perception. Orosensory intervention with 6-gingerol induced a significant increase in the abundance of salivary sulfhydryl oxidase 1, which was found to catalyze the oxidative decline of odor-active 2-furfurylthiol, thus resulting in a decrease in the odorant levels in exhaled breath, as shown by PTR-MS, and a reduction of the perceived sulfury after-smell. Therefore, sulfhydryl oxidase 1 may be considered as a component of a molecular network triggering oral cleansing mechanisms after food ingestion. Moreover, oral stimulation with citric acid, followed by targeted metabolomics, was found to induce a strong increase in salivary concentrations of minerals and, in particular, sodium ions, whereas the other metabolites were rather unaffected. Because of the elevated basal levels of salivary sodium after citric acid stimulation, NaCl test stimuli were perceived as significantly less salty, most likely due to the decreased sensory contrast. This indicates the modulation of the salivary proteome and metabolome to be a major perireceptor event in fine-tuning odor and taste sensitivity.

Effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary osteoprotegerin, RANKL and melatonin levels in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease

This cross-section study was designed to assess the effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary RANKL, osteoprotegrin (OPG) and melatonin levels as well as plasma melatonin in 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease and in a control group of 30 healthy subjects. Salivary RANKL and OPG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and salivary and plasma melatonin by radioimmunoassay using commercial kits. Periodontograms were performed using the Florida Probe(®). Diabetic patients were treated with topical application of melatonin (1% orabase cream formula) once daily for 20 days. Patients with diabetes showed significantly higher mean levels of salivary RANKL than healthy subjects as well as significantly lower values of salivary OPG and salivary and plasma melatonin. After treatment with melatonin, there was a statistically significant decrease of the gingival index, pocket depth and salivary levels of RANKL, and a significant rise in salivary values of OPG. Changes of salivary OPG levels before and after topical melatonin treatment correlated significantly with changes in the gingival index and pocket depth. Treatment with topical melatonin was associated with an improvement in the gingival index and pocket depth, a reduction in salivary concentrations of RANKL and increase in salivary concentrations of OPG, which indicates that melatonin has a favorable effect in slowing osteoclastogenesis, improving the quality of alveolar bone and preventing the progression of periodontal disease.

Salivary and serum analysis in children diagnosed with pneumonia

The aim of the current study was to evaluate specific markers for pneumonia by using a non-invasive assessment of inflammatory/oxidative biomarkers in saliva accompanying a routine serum analysis. No study evaluating saliva of children with pneumonia has been published previously. Salivary analysis was performed in 15 children diagnosed with lobar pneumonia and in a parallel group of 16 children matching in age and gender in whom there was no respiratory illness, and compared to the serum analysis obtained routinely in both groups of children. Salivary flow rate was lower in the patients' group as was uric acid concentration (by 60%). Increase in salivary concentrations of almost all parameters analyzed was found: Ca, P, and Mg concentrations were higher in the patients' group by 23%, 55%, and 33%, respectively, while LDH, total protein amylase and albumin concentrations were higher by 275%, 79%, and 42%, respectively. In the serum, white cell counts and neutrophils were significantly higher, and sodium level significantly lower in the patients' group. Compositional changes were in the range of 3-80% while the saliva alterations were more profound, in the range of 42-275%. The results demonstrated in the current study indicate salivary analysis as a potentially novel tool for children with pneumonia. Human salivary collection and analysis is a non-invasive tool that could provide additional information for diagnosis and follow-up of pneumonia, especially in children. This is especially beneficial for pediatric patients, as salivary collection is simple, non-invasive, and patient-friendly.

Salivary secretion during selective beta-adrenoreceptor stimulation and blockade in the parotid gland of red kangaroos, Macropus rufus.

Intracarotid infusions of noradrenaline (0.3 nmol.kg(-1) x min(-1)) stimulated salivary fluid secretion and caused increases in salivary concentrations of protein, potassium. magnesium. chloride and phosphate, and decreases in bicarbonate. These effects of intracarotid noradrenaline were not reduced by simultaneous intracarotid infusion of phentolamine (3.0 nmol.kg(-1) x min(-1)) but were significantly greater than the responses accompanying intravenous noradrenaline infusion. Concomitant administration of the beta-antagonist, CGP20712A, were much more effective in blocking the noradrenaline-induced changes in salivary composition than equimolar infusions of the beta2-antagonist, ICI118551, thereby confirming the presence of beta1-adrenoreceptors. Intracarotid infusion of salbutamol at 0.6 nmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) and 6.0 nmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) caused increasing but qualitatively similar changes in salivary composition to intracarotid noradrenaline but was less effective than noradrenaline in augmenting salivary protein release. Equimolar intravenous infusions of salbutamol and noradrenaline were equally potent in altering salivary electrolyte concentrations but salbutamol by this route had less effect on protein release and fluid secretion. Concurrent intravenous and intracarotid infusions of beta1-(CGP) and beta2-(ICI) antagonists with intracarotid salbutamol showed that the beta2-antagonist was more potent than the beta1-antagonist by the intracarotid route thereby demonstrating the presence of glandular beta2-receptors and eliminating the possibility that the response to salbutamol was due totally by reflex increases in general sympathetic tone triggered by lowered blood pressure. It was concluded that the kangaroo parotid has functional beta1- and beta2-adrenoreceptor subtypes in endpieces whereas the data provide little support for either adrenoreceptor subtype being present in the excurrent duct system.

The chronically reserpinized rat as a model for cystic fibrosis: alterations in the mucus-secreting sublingual gland.

Summary: The chronic administration of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg body weight, daily for 7 days) increases the density of adrenergic receptors in the sublingual gland of the rat. The Bmax values (in pmole/g tissue) were 5.8 ± 0.9 for [3H]-prazosin, 22 ± 4 for [3H]-clonidine and 11.9 ± 1.7 for [3H]-dihydroalpranolol. These radioligands are used, respectively, for the study of α1, α2 and β-adrenergic receptors and the Bmax values indicated are 181, 226, and 331%, respectively, of the corresponding values in control sublingual glands. The increase in the density of α1-adrenregic receptors was accompanied by the development of a clear secretory response to norepinephrine and phenylephrine, as judged by the ability to release K+ in vitro. This response, which was not observed in control sublingual glands, amounted to 21.9 ± 2.5 and 16.8 ± 3.1% of the tissue content of K+, respectively, for the two agonists. Neither the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (Bmax = 106% of control value) nor the extent of K+ release elicited by carbamylcholine was modified by the drug treatment, when compared to those observed in control glands. In vivo, the volume of sublingual saliva secreted in response to i.v. infusions of acetylcholine was significantly reduced in the treated animals to 45% of that secreted by control rats. This was accompanied by increases in salivary concentrations of protein-bound carbohydrates, with no change in the individual carbohydrate ratios. No significant changes in salivary electrolyte concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca++) were observed in sublingual saliva of reserpine-treated rats. In summary, reserpine administration alters adrenergic receptor density and sensitivity in the rat sublingual gland and modifies its secretory responses both in vitro and in vivo. The chronic administration of reserpine to rats causes widespread exocrine gland disturbances resembling those of cystic fibrosis. The results of this study show that the drug treatment also affects a mucus-secreting salivary gland and support the view that the reserpine-treated rat is a useful experimental model of the human disease.