Increasing Reduction Temperature Research Articles

Iron Ore Reduction by Hydrogen Using a Laboratory Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor: Kinetic Investigation\u2014Experimental Setup and Method for Determination

The reduction kinetics of hematite iron ore fines to metallic iron by hydrogen using a laboratory fluidized bed reactor were investigated in a temperature range between 873 K and 1073 K, by measuring the weight change of the sample portion during reduction. The fluidization conditions were checked regarding plausibility within the Grace diagram and the measured pressure drop across the material during experiments. The apparent activation energy of the reduction was determined against the degree of reduction and varied along an estimated two-peak curve between 11 and 55 kJ mol−1. Conventional kinetic analysis for the reduction of FeO to metallic iron, using typical models to describe gas–solid reactions, does not show results with high accuracy. Multistep kinetic analysis, using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model, shows that the initial stage of reduction from Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, and partly to FeO, is controlled by diffusion and chemical reaction, depending on the temperature. Further reduction can be described by a combination of nucleation and chemical reaction, whereby the influence of nucleation increases with an increasing reduction temperature. The results of the kinetical analysis were linked to the shape of the curve from apparent activation energy against the degree of reduction.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THERMAL REDUCTION TEMPERATURE ON THE STRUCTURE AND ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE FILMS

Introduction. An incomplete list of graphene properties includes high electric conductivity, thermal conductivity, strength, large surface area, high light transmittance. Graphene is a very promising material from the point of view of its application in micro- and nanoelectronics. In addition, graphene advantage is a possibility of its obtaining by various ways. It allows creating materials with desired physicochemical properties by using appropriate technological methods. Objective. The investigation of a thermal reduction temperature influence on physicochemical properties of graphene oxide (GO) films. Materials and methods. In the present work, GO films are obtained on a slide surface by its immersing and removing from a graphene oxide water dispersion (dip coating). Obtained samples are studied by methods of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and elemental CHN analysis. A sheet resistance is measured by a four-point probes method. Results. A content difference of elements (C, H, N) in studied samples, and both graphene structure defectiveness and sheet resistance decrease, are found to be proportional to a reduction temperature increase. A GO films thickness decrease during a heat treatment is also observed, which is presumably associated with a functional GO groups loss while thermal reduction. Conclusion. Research results demonstrate a possibility of a carbon films with desired physicochemical properties obtaining from a reduced graphene oxide (RGO), which can be used in thin-film technologies. Presented materials can also be useful in issues related to GO and RGO obtaining and applying.

Thermodynamic studies on gas-based reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite pellets

Numerous studies have focused on the reduction thermodynamics of ordinary iron ore; by contrast, the literature contains few thermodynamic studies on the gas-based reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM) in mixed atmospheres of H2, CO, H2O, CO2, and N2. In this paper, thermodynamic studies on the reduction of oxidized VTM pellets were systematically conducted in an atmosphere of a C–H–O system as a reducing agent. The results indicate that VTM of an equivalent valence state is more difficult to reduce than ordinary iron ore. A reduction equilibrium diagram using the C–H–O system as a reducing agent was obtained; it clearly describes the reduction process. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the reduction temperature, the gas composition, and two types of iron ores on the reduction of oxidized VTM pellets. The results show that the final reduction degree increases with increasing reduction temperature, increasing molar ratio of H2/(H2 + CO), and decreasing H2O, CO2, and N2 contents. In addition, the reduction processes under various conditions are discussed. All of the results of the reduction experiments are consistent with those of theoretical thermodynamic analysis. This study is expected to provide valuable thermodynamic theory on the industrial applications of VTM.

Photothermal hydrocarbon synthesis using alumina-supported cobalt metal nanoparticle catalysts derived from layered-double-hydroxide nanosheets

The photothermal conversion of syngas (CO and H2) offers a relatively straightforward method for the production of solar fuels with high solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of a series of novel Co-based catalysts via hydrogen reduction of CoAl layered-double-hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets at temperatures(x) in the range 300–700 °C. With increasing reduction temperature, the selectivity of the Co-x catalysts for photothermal CO hydrogenation under UV-vis irradiation shifted progressively from CH4 to high-value hydrocarbons, with the Co-700 catalyst affording a remarkable C2+ selectivity of 65% (∼36.3% C2-4 vs ∼28.7% C5+) at a CO conversion of 35.4%. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Co K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses revealed the Co-700 catalyst contained metallic Co nanoparticles supported by amorphous alumina, whilst density functional theory calculations revealed that metallic Co nanoparticle formation improved the C-C coupling ability of the LDH-derived catalysts, thus enhancing the selectivity to higher hydrocarbons. This study further highlights the great promise of photothermal catalytic systems for CO conversion to fuels and other valuable chemicals feedstocks.

Challenge to the synthesis of α′′-(Fe, Co)16N2 nanoparticles obtained by hydrogen reduction and subsequent nitrogenation starting from α-(Fe, Co)OOH

The α′′-Fe16N2 has attracted much interest as a candidate for semi-hard magnetic materials. As reported coercivity of α′′-Fe16N2 nanoparticles so far were not high, it is necessary to improve magnetocrystalline anisotropy of α′′-phase to be used practically. Since theoretical calculation suggests a possibility of the improvement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy by substituting of Fe with Co, we challenged to make α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 nanoparticles by hydrogen reduction of α-(Fe1-xCox)OOH as a starting material changing X from 0 to 0.1. We were able to produce α-(Fe1-xCox) nanoparticles through (Fe0.98Co0.02)OOH, and (Fe0.95Co0.05)OOH and (Fe0.95Co0.05)2O3. Sintering occurred during reduction and crystallite diameter D increased with increasing reduction temperature. α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 phase containing α-(Fe,Co) nanoparticles were obtained only at reduction of 340 °C for 4 h and nitridation of 170 °C for 5 h for X = 0.02. It has been revealed that α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 or α′′-Fe16N2 could be formed below D = 50 nm of α-(Fe,Co) or α-Fe. And containing Co make it more difficult to produce α′′-phase. It can be said that the formation of α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 is subject to a limit of D and Co content. Long time nitridation is only way to increase the formation yield of α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N. High Hc = 2000 Oe was obtained for α′′-(Fe0.98Co0.02)16N2 by changing nitridation time 10 hours from 5 hours. Further long nitradation is expected to increase in Hc of α′′-(Fe0.98Co0.02)16N2.

Identification of Surface Structures in Pt3Cr Intermetallic Nanocatalysts

A precise understanding of the catalytic surface of nanoparticles is critical for relating their structure to activity. For silica-supported Pt–Cr bimetallic catalysts containing nominal Cr/Pt molar ratios of 0, 1.9, and 5.6, a fundamental difference in selectivity was observed as a function of composition for propane dehydrogenation, suggesting different surface structures. The formation of bimetallic catalysts and the phases present were confirmed by synchrotron in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the nanoparticle as a function of reduction temperature. With the increasing reduction temperature, there is a systematic increase in the Pt LIII edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) energy, which is consistent with the incorporation of more metallic Cr into the nanoparticles. Pt LIII edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) shows that the nanoparticles are Pt rich regardless of the reduction temperature, and XRD shows the presence of both Pt and Pt3Cr phases at temperatures below about 700 °C. For the latter, a full Pt3Cr intermetallic alloy forms after reduction at 800 °C. This work also presents a method for the characterization of the catalytic surface by the analysis of XAS difference spectra and XRD difference patterns of the (reduced and oxidized) catalysts. The surface analysis suggests that Pt3Cr formation begins at the surface, and at low reduction temperatures, a core–shell morphology is formed containing a Pt core with a Pt3Cr surface. By combining the XAS and XRD analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) particle sizes, the thickness of the shell can be approximated. All evidence indicates that the shell thickness increases with the increasing reduction temperature until a full alloy is formed after reduction at about 800 °C but only if there is enough Cr2O3 available near Pt nanoparticles to form Pt3Cr. Catalysts containing a full monolayer coverage of Pt3Cr have higher olefin selectivity (>97%) compared with partially covered Pt surfaces (88%).

Effect Evaluation of Chiller-side Strategies in Demand Response of Chinese Commercial Buildings

Air-conditioning systems in commercial buildings play a vital role in the demand respond (DR) of cities. At present, many researches are focused on zone temperature reset strategies which are used frequently in the commercial buildings of the United States. However, this strategy requires the support of the energy management and control system (EMCS), which is not suitable for most commercial buildings in China. This paper focuses on the DR effect of the chiller-side control strategies in Chinese commercial buildings. Taking an office building as the research object, the coupling thermal inertial model of the building and the air conditioning system was built; based on the coupling model, the demand reduction effects of the typical chiller-side DR control strategies, including intermittent shutdown, chiller quantity reduction and chilled water temperature increase, were simulated; and the characteristics and applicability of these strategies were pointed out.

A study of direct reduction characteristics of Bayer process red mud-coal composite pellets

The effects of reduction temperature, particle size, pellet diameter, and the ratio on the reduction rate in red mud-coal composite pellets were studied. The iron phase change of the reduction under different temperatures was analyzed applying X-ray diffraction technique. The microstructure of reduction was investigated using scanning electron microscope. The conclusion of the study is that the reduction reaction rate increased rapidly with the increase of reduction temperature. The reduction of Fe2O3 forming Fe3O4 started under 700?. At 1100?, the red mud-coal composite pellets with carbon and oxygen mole ratio 1:1 obtained a good reduction result. The appearance of metal iron and the clear porous structure indicated that the reduction had developed to a high degree.

Carbothermic Reduction of Iron Oxide Waste Generated During the Processing of Ilmenite

In India, ilmenite is considered as a major mineral reserve for the extraction of titanium. During the processing of ilmenite to produce titanium dioxide, huge amount of iron oxide is generated and dumped as waste. According to an approximation, 0.7 ton of iron oxide waste is generated for one ton of synthetic rutile production. This waste iron oxide has great potential to be utilized as resource of iron. Therefore, the present work deals with the carbothermic reduction studies of iron oxide waste generated during the ilmenite processing. The spent graphite electrode of electric arc furnace was used as reductant for the reduction studies. Different parameters such as reduction temperature, residence time and weight ratio of iron oxide/reductant were investigated. Reduction studies were carried out by varying the residence time at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. With an increase in reduction temperature and residence time, percent reduction was found to be increased. Maximum reduction value of 95% was obtained at optimized reduction condition. After reduction, fine powder of metallic iron was obtained, which was characterized by XRD and particle size analyzer. The generated fine powder of metallic iron had direct application and high market value.

Kinetics of the Volume Shrinkage of a Magnetite/Carbon Composite Pellet during Solid-State Carbothermic Reduction

The volume shrinkage evolution of a magnetite iron ore/carbon composite pellet during solid-state isothermal reduction was investigated. For the shrinkage, the apparent activation energy and mechanism were obtained based on the experimental results. It was found that the volume shrinkage highly depended on the reduction temperature and on dwell time. The volume shrinkage of the pellet increased with the increasing reduction temperature, and the rate of increment was fast during the first 20 min of reduction. The shrinkage of the composite pellet was mainly due to the weight loss of carbon and oxygen, the sintering growth of gangue oxides and metallic iron particles, and the partial melting of the gangue phase at high temperature. The shrinkage apparent activation energy was different depending on the time range. During the first 20 min, the shrinkage apparent activation energy was 51,313 J/mol. After the first 20 min, the apparent activation energy for the volume shrinkage was only 19,697 J/mol. The change of the reduction rate-controlling step and the automatic sintering and reconstruction of the metallic iron particles and gangue oxides in the later reduction stage were the main reasons for the aforementioned time-dependent phenomena. The present work could provide a unique scientific index for the illustration of iron ore/carbon composite pellet behavior during solid-state carbothermic reduction.

Reduction of chromium ore by recycled silicon cutting sludge waste with carbon addition

A basic study on the feasibility of producing ferrochrome (silicon) alloys using Si sludge waste collected from the silicon ingot cutting process was carried out, and the effects of the addition of carbon components, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the silicothermic reduction of chromium ore by Si sludge were studied. The cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18) phase was generated in the slag, and the Fe–Cr(–Si)–C alloy was formed by the silicothermic reduction. Moreover, the addition of carbon powder lowered the reduction initiating temperature, and the reduction ratio based on the oxygen content was evaluated at around 68–88% at 1573 K, which increased with an increase in carbon. However, it was difficult to find a significant difference in the reduction behavior in response to increasing the holding time. The reduced ferrochrome (Fe–Cr) metal alloy droplets coalesced more intensively with an increase in reduction temperature, and for manufacturing the Fe–Cr alloy, it is estimated that a temperature of 1773 K or higher is required for good separation of the slag and the metal. Furthermore, the metallization ratio was defined, and higher values are evaluated for Fe than for Cr.

Effect of reduction treatments (H2 vs. CO) on the NO adsorption ability and the physicochemical properties of Pd/SSZ-13 passive NOx adsorber for cold start application

Pd/SSZ-13, which has ability to adsorb NO at low temperature, is potentially used as a passive NOx adsorber for cold start application. We investigate the changes in the physicochemical properties and low temperature NO adsorption ability of Pd/SSZ-13 resulting from the reduction treatments with H2 or CO at various temperatures. Treatment with H2 at 500 °C does not give rise to the decrease in NO adsorption ability. However, the ability begins to decrease gradually with the increasing reduction temperature from 600 to 900 °C. On the other hand, CO treatment at 500 °C induces a significant decrease in NO adsorption ability. Combined EXAFS, HAADF-STEM and H2-TPR results clearly demonstrate that CO treatment induced more severe sintering of Pd species than H2 one at the same reduction temperature. After re-oxidation at 500 °C, H2-treated sample generated Pd ion species, which are the active site for NO adsorption at low temperature, more abundantly than CO-treated one, well corresponding to the higher NO adsorption ability over the former sample. Such phenomenon is attributed to the facile sintering behavior due to the high mobility of Pd-carbonyl complex upon the treatment with CO. It can be concluded that the reduction treatments with H2 and CO have different effect on Pd sintering, which is regarded as the main deactivation mechanism of Pd/SSZ-13 passive NOx adsorber.

Effect of Strong Metal‐Support Interaction of Pt/TiO2 on Hydrodeoxygenation of m‐Cresol

AbstractHydrodeoxygenation of m‐cresol was investigated at 350 °C and atmospheric pressure over Pt/TiO2 reduced at different temperatures. Increasing reduction temperature results in an increased degree of strong metal‐support interactions (SMSI). Consequently, both the number of the perimeter sites at the Pt‐TiO2 interface and the oxygen vacancy sites in close proximity to Pt are increased. Increasing reduction temperature from 350 to 550 °C leads to the turnover frequency of toluene formation to increase by more than 3 times. These results indicate that the perimeter sites at the Pt‐TiO2 interface with oxygen vacancy are the more active sites for deoxygenation than the bare Pt sites. The results also suggest that balancing the SMSI effect and the number of exposed Pt sites is essential for an efficient catalyst for deoxygenation of phenolics to aromatics.

Effect of karrooite on the gaseous reduction of pseudobrookite-karrooite powder under a CO-Ar atmosphere

The effect of karrooite contents on the isothermal reduction kinetics of pseudobrookite-karrooite(Fe2TiO5-MgTi2O5) powder was investigated under a 30% CO/70% Ar atmosphere at 1123, 1173, and 1223 K. The reduction rate decreased with increasing karrooite contents and increased with increasing reduction temperatures. The reaction mechanism with different stages were studied. The average apparent activation energies were 38.34, 39.60, 41.92, and 89.56 kJ/mol for contents of 0%, 9.93%, 19.86%, and 39.72% karrooite, respectively. The mechanism of karrooite in blocking the reduction of pseudobrookite was clarified. The morphology of the reduced sample with different amounts of karrooite were also examined.

The Reduction Temperature Effect of Fe–Co/MgO Catalyst on Characteristics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Diameters and crystallinity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dependent on reduction temperature of the Fe–Co/MgO catalyst were investigated. MWCNTs were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor depositing and the Fe–Co/MgO catalyst was fabricated by using a sol-gel method. According to Raman analysis, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, the diameter distribution of MWCNTs was broadened with increasing reduction temperature of the Fe–Co/MgO catalyst and crystallinity was improved. The above results are attributed to an increased size and enhanced crystallinity of metal catalyst particles by increasing reduction temperature.

Response of Soil Water and Wheat Yield to Rainfall and Temperature Change on the Loess Plateau, China

Understanding the influences of rainfall and temperature on soil water and the grain production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is of great importance to ensure the sustainability of food production on the Loess Plateau of China. Based on calibration and evaluation, the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was employed to determine the response of soil water and winter wheat to rainfall and temperature changing over the last 30 years in different regions. Results showed that (1) the EPIC model simulated soil water content well in 0–2 m soil, with a relative root mean square error (RRMSE) value of 6.0~14.0%, and the mean value of R2 was 0.824, which was similar to the value of ME (0.815); (2) rainfall decreased 13.6–24.9% more from 2001 to 2010 than it did during 1961–2000, while its minimum and maximum temperature increased 1.00–1.55 °C and 0.30–0.84 °C respectively, in comparison with 1961–2000; (3) both the increase of maximum temperature and the decrease of rainfall were harmful to the production of winter wheat. Contrarily, the increase of minimum temperature was beneficial to the production of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China. Furthermore, due to rainfall decreasing, the winter wheat yield of Luochuan, Changwu, Yuncheng, and Yan’an decreased by 8.5%, 7.6%, 11.7%, and 12.3%, respectively. Because of the rising of the maximum temperature, winter wheat yield decreased 6.4%, 6.8%, 7.2%, and −3.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the increase of the minimum temperature raised the winter wheat yield of 8.8%, 10.2%, 1.5%, and 12.0%, respectively. Climate change, either precipitation reduction or temperature increase, decreased soil water in the dry land winter wheat field. Therefore, more water-saving technologies are needed to adapt to climate change, to store and use water sources more effectively in semi-arid regions. Though precipitation reduction and maximum temperature increase produced negative impacts on winter wheat yield, the uptrend in minimum temperature is better for increasing the winter wheat yield, which can be used by farmers and governments to adapt to climate change, by adjusting planting time properly.

Warming and oligotrophication cause shifts in freshwater phytoplankton communities.

While there is a lot of data on interactive effects of eutrophication and warming, to date, we lack data to generate reliable predictions concerning possible effects of nutrient decrease and temperature increase on community composition and functional responses. In recent years, a wide-ranging trend of nutrient decrease (re-oligotrophication) was reported for freshwater systems. Small lakes and ponds, in particular, show rapid responses to anthropogenic pressures and became model systems to investigate single as well as synergistic effects of warming and fertilization in situ and in experiments. Therefore, we set up an experiment to investigate the single as well as the interactive effects of nutrient reduction and gradual temperature increase on a natural freshwater phytoplankton community, using an experimental indoor mesocosm setup. Biomass production initially increased with warming but decreased with nutrient depletion. If nutrient supply was constant, biomass increased further, especially under warming conditions. Under low nutrient supply, we found a sharp transition from initially positive effects of warming to negative effects when resources became scarce. Warming reduced phytoplankton richness and evenness, whereas nutrient reduction at ambient temperature had positive effects on diversity. Our results indicate that temperature effects on freshwater systems will be altered by nutrient availability. These interactive effects of energy increase and resource decrease have major impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function and thus need to be considered in environmental management plans.

On the Surface Nature of Bimetallic PdZn Particles Supported on a ZnO–CeO2 Nanocomposite for the Methanol Steam Reforming Reaction

CO adsorption—as a molecular probe—was studied by transmission IR spectroscopy on pre-reduced Pd and bimetallic PdZn nanoparticles. Palladium was supported (2 wt% Pd) on pure CeO2, ZnO and a ZnO–CeO2 composite (atomic ratio Zn:Ce = 1:2). The Pd 3d5/2 binding energy shift, together with the formation of metallic zinc were consistent with the development of a PdZn alloy over the zinc-containing supports at increasing reduction temperature, as revealed by XPS. Following H2 reduction at 623 K the bimetallic particles showed only linear CO adsorption (COL) at initial contact time (10 Torr CO, 298 K), giving rise to a convoluted IR band ascribed to different Pd sites, where it was assumed that the Pd–Pd distances were larger than for pure Pd crystallites, indicating the presence of a PdZn alloyed surface. However, for longer exposure time to CO and/or higher superimposed pressure, the appearance of bridge and hollow coordinated CO (COB and COH, respectively) on the Pd sites suggested the degradation of the PdZn surface alloy, most likely due to the segregation of Pd surface patches. The temperature-programmed, dynamic isobaric adsorption of CO (TPA-CO), under flowing CO(1%)/He on the catalysts pre-reduced at 623 K (that is, for similar conditions to those found in the methanol steam reforming—MSR-process) showed faster desorption of COL as compared to COB + COH species for supported Pd/CeO2, as expected. However, the TPA-CO results on Pd/ZnO–CeO2 were atypical: even under the superimposed, low CO partial pressure, and for a temperature range similar to those found at high methanol conversion in the MSR reaction, the PdZn bimetallic surface nature was recovered, which could be an explanation of the good selectivity to CO2 of Pd/ZnO-based catalysts and—in particular—of the catalytically stable Pd/ZnO–CeO2 materials.

Effect of the nanostructure and the surface composition of bimetallic Ni-Ru nanoparticles on the performance of CO methanation

The Ni/SiO2 catalysts with trace Ru promoter were prepared by either polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted or PEG-free impregnation method and were used in CO methanation reaction. The presence of PEG molecules was beneficial to form bimetallic Ni-Ru particles with smaller size, better anti-sintering property and low-temperature reducibility on SiO2 support than the conventional PEG-free derived NiRu/SiO2 catalyst. Moreover, it was found that the low-temperature reduction at 573 K was favorable to form bimetallic Ni-Ru particles with more surface Ru atoms. This nanostructure not only allowed the electron transfer happening from Ru0 to Ni0 which led to its higher electron cloud density, but also could reduce the deposition of less reactive carbon on the catalyst. Therefore, the low-temperature reduction enhanced the reaction stability of NiRu/SiO2 catalyst. The increase of reduction temperature from 573 K to 693 K did not change the size of metallic particles, but decreased the amount of surface Ru atoms. It deactivated the catalyst due to the deposition of more less reactive carbon. Although the higher reduction temperature (e.g. 693 and 793 K) was unfavorable to the reaction stability, it created more surface defects. The amount of defects showed a volcano-shaped correlation with the reduction temperature which was consistent with the variation tendency of turnover frequency of CO conversion. Consequently, it evidenced that the amount of surface Ru atoms and defects on the bimetallic Ni-Ru particle played the critical roles on the stability and the intrinsic activity of methanation, respectively.

Carbon and Mo transformations during the synthesis of mesoporous Mo2C/carbon catalysts by carbothermal hydrogen reduction

The synthesis of mesoporous Mo2C/carbon catalysts by carbothermal hydrogen reduction is reported. Petroleum coke (petcoke) was activated with KOH at 800°C to obtain high surface area microporous activated petcoke (APC; ~ 2000m2/g). The APC was wet impregnated with ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM: 10wt% Mo), dried and reduced in H2 at temperatures from 400 to 800°C, to yield Mo2C/APC catalysts. Increased reduction temperature increased the Mo2C yield and the mesoporous volume of the Mo2C/APC. At a reduction temperature of 750°C the mesopore volume of the catalyst doubled compared to the APC support and accounted for 37% of the total pore volume. Maintaining the final CHR temperature for 90min further increased the Mo2C yield and mesoporosity of the catalyst. The role of Mo2C in the catalytic hydrogenation of the APC and mesopore generation is demonstrated. The activity of the Mo2C/carbon catalysts in the hydrodeoxygenation of 4-methyl phenol increased with increased CHR temperature and catalyst mesoporosity.