Increased Participation Of Women Research Articles

Recommendations Emerging from Carbon Emissions Estimations of the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting.

The annual Society for Neuroscience (SfN) meeting yields significant, measurable impacts that conflict with the environmental commitment of the Society and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations to address the climate emergency (IPCC, 2018). We used 12,761 presenters' origins, two online carbon calculators, and benchmark values to estimate 2018 meeting-related travel, event venue operations, and hotel accommodation emissions. Presenters' conference travel resulted in between 17,298 and 8690 tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide (t CO2), with or without radiative forcing index factors. Over 92% of authors traveled by air and were responsible for >99% of total travel-related emissions. Extrapolations based on 28,691 registrants yielded between 69,592.60 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (t CO2e) and 38,010.85 t CO2 from travel. Comparatively, authors' and registrants' hotel accommodation emissions equaled 429 and 965 t CO2e, whereas operation of the San Diego Convention Center equaled ∼107 t CO2e. We relate SfN meeting-related emissions to potential September Arctic Sea ice loss, labor productivity loss in lower-income equatorial countries, and future temperature-related deaths. We estimate emissions reductions of between 23% and 78% by incentivizing between 10% and 50% of the most distant registrants to attend virtually or connecting between two and seven in-person hubs virtually. Completely virtual meetings may yield a reduction of >99% relative to centralized in-person meetings and increase participation of women, queer and transgender scientists, and scientists from low- and middle-income countries. We strongly recommend adopting alternative meeting modes such as four or more in-person global hubs connected virtually by 2030 and fully virtual by 2050.

Vodafone Ghana – being good by doing good under Patricia Obo-Nai’s leadership

Social implications Case explains how female leaders are more concerned about social issues the industry in which they operate could resolve. Obo-Nia, CEO of Vodafone Ghana, showed concern for resolving the digital divide in Africa and offered a collaborative solution. The case also suggests how female CEOs invest in strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) that could create a competitive advantage for firms. The case also discusses gender diversity issues in the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) field and how Vodafone Ghana’s CEO tried to enhance gender diversity in the telecommunication sector and Vodafone. Obo-Nai did not emphasize gender diversity from a CSR perspective but believed in a business case for gender diversity, as an increase in participation of women in the STEM workforce could help the telecommunication sector innovate faster and resolve the digital divide challenge while also empowering women working from the informal sector. Learning outcomes What is the significance of a digital divide and the societal role of the telecommunication sector; Why female CEOs are more concerned about CSR and how CSR makes not charity but business case; Why female CEOs are more inclined toward collaborative strategies and how stakeholders are involved in collaborative strategies for reducing the digital divide; Exploring various strategies for enhancing gender diversity in the STEM field and the significance of gender diversity in the STEM field. Case overview/synopsis The case is about the challenges faced by Patricia Obo-Nai, the first female CEO of Vodafone Ghana, to bridge the digital divide in Africa while doing so in a profitable manner. Obo-Nai was an engineer by profession and won several awards as she rose to the post of CEO in Vodafone Ghana in 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she took several corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, such as making internet service freely available in certain schools and universities so that education could continue. Obo-Nai also emphasized gender diversity within Vodafone and urged other telecommunication players to focus on gender diversity from a social responsibility perspective because it was essential for innovation. Under Obo-Nai’s leadership, Vodafone itself launched several new products. She called for a multistakeholder collaborative approach to bridge the digital divide and to make 4G internet affordable in Africa. Obo-Nai collaborated with competitors like MTN Ghana to enhance Vodafone Ghana’s roaming services. Complexity academic level This case is intended for undergraduate or graduate-level business and management courses, especially international business and society, CSR and leadership courses. Graduate students in public policy may also find the case compelling. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject codes CCS5: International Business; CCS10: Public Sector Management

Factors impeding the participation of women in the Seventh Day Adventist church hierarchy in Laikipia–Samburu station, Kenya

This study aimed at investigating factors impeding the participation of women in SDA hierarchy in Laikipia–Samburu Station, Kenya. The study explored patriarchal theory using qualitative descriptive survey design, targeting 1,080 pastors, church elders and departmental heads, lay members of SDA church in Laikipia-Samburu Station. The study employed proportionate purposive sampling procedure with sample size of 278 respondents. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and document analysis. The study established that gender representation in church hierarchy in practice is not balanced. The study also established that SDA has no written church policy prohibiting ordination of women but after completion of theological training women are commissioned while their male counterparts are ordained and licensed. The study recommends that the SDA General Conference Sessions should revise Church Policies and alter Church Manual to allow women ordination which is a New Light in SDA church. This is because women ordination is not against the scriptures but the SDA church practice which can be revised to increase women participation in the leadership of church hierarchy. The results of the study might have implication to SDA church in addressing challenges facing women in its hierarchy and also contribute useful insights to the religious scholars. Government and other ministries might also use the recommendations of these results to formulate policies towards uplifting women in general areas of leadership and in achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

Gender equality: caught between policy reforms and manager beliefs

Sustainable development has gender equality as one of its primary objectives. Although many countries have implemented policy changes aimed at addressing gender inequality, the issue of limited access to employment opportunities for women remains prevalent. This study investigates (1) the underlying beliefs held by hotel managers regarding the hiring of women, (2) the role of different pressures in increasing women participation, and (3) potential conflicts between policy reforms and manager beliefs. Three studies on the hospitality sector in Egypt were conducted using a mixed-methods approach. The first study involves interviews with 32 managers, the second is a quantitative analysis of data from 200 managers, and the third consists of in-depth interviews with 20 experts. Our findings demonstrate: (1) thirteen key female-hiring beliefs, which inform hotel managers’ hiring decisions; (2) perceived policy pressures play a significant role in the hiring of more women, but managers’ attitudes remain the most important determinant; and (3) four conflicts between policy-level reforms and managerial beliefs may arise, attenuating female hiring. This research creates a scenario-based model and proposes potential remedies.

“Supporting our Lost Boys”: A Research on Gender-based Science Education’s Hidden Curriculum in Malaysia

Malaysia has had tremendous success in increasing women participation in science-related fields by diffusing empowering values into the formal school curricula. A subliminal effect of these female empowerment campaigns, however, is that male students are beginning to lag behind in science education, giving rise to the phenomenon known as "The Lost Boys." In light of the potential for a hidden curriculum to support gender-sensitive or gender-responsive science education, this research was aimed at exploring the hidden curriculum in science education and its impact on boys in science education. This research used the classical Delphi method involving 84 experts, whereby two rounds of questionnaires and one round of qualitative commentaries were used to gather information from a group of experts. Gender-biased notions were found in science education’s hidden curriculum, including the proliferation of feminist messages through outside classroom activities, the lack of gender awareness in teaching and training, and the centering of female mentoring in the field. This research further recommends strategies to explicitly address gender-biased issues in science education’s hidden curriculum to benefit both female and male students’ participation in science. It is hoped that this research serves as a guide for policy makers, school leaders and teachers to achieve gender equity in science education.

Gender Stereotypes and Women Participation in STEM Fields in the Western Balkans: A Scoping Review

The prevalence of gender stereotypes in STEM fields is evidenced by a large body of literature across the world, however, this area of research is still understudied in the Western Balkan region. To get a better knowledge of the extent of studies addressing this topic, we conducted a scoping review investigating existing gender stereotypes and educational choices in STEM in that region. As expected, the number of studies discovered was very limited, despite our generous inclusion criteria. In these limited studies, however, we found ample evidence of existing gender stereotypes in STEM and their impact on career aspirations. As this scoping review focused only on high-school university students, we conclude the paper with thoughts on future work ideas to expand the target group as well as to use systems thinking as an overarching perspective to conduct a holistic examination. This could be achieved by including relevant actors within and outside the immediate context, such as parents, schools, policymakers, businesses, and organizations. Finally, the paper also discusses the impact and opportunities that come with digitalization efforts, which could be leveraged to increase women participation in STEM.
 
 Received: 11 December 2022 / Accepted: 17 February 2023 / Published: 5 March 2023

S1492 Women's Participation and Representation at the ACG Meetings: An In-Depth Analysis of Trends

Introduction: Gender gap in medicine is real. Top male dominated specialties include orthopedic and neurological surgeries, but gastroenterology (GI) does not lag far behind. According to an article published by the American Medical Association (AMA): 82.4% of all gastroenterologists are men, and only 25% to 30% of trainees in the field are women. This study aims to describe women participation and representation at national ACG meetings. Methods: Data from the ACG database and conference materials was gathered for analysis in the different categories. These categories included presidents of the ACG for the years (2000-2021), masters of the ACG and featured faculty awards over the years, first authors and faculty speakers including post-graduate course faculty and featured lectures over the past 5 years (2017-2021). Statistical analyses on first authors and faculty speakers data were conducted with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. A P-value of < 0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. Results: In the 21-year period, ACG had 18 men (86%) and 3 women (14%) serve as Presidents. Eight percent of all Masters of the ACG were women. Proportions of women receiving ACG featured awards over the years are shown in (Figure 1A). Looking at trends from 2017-2021, the proportion of women serving as faculty speakers increased from 16.7% to 35.6% with statistically significant results (z = 4.28; P < 0.0001), detailed percentages and trend are shown in (Figure 1B). There was a noted increase in participation of women as abstract first authors between (2017-2021), the percentage has increased from 34.1% to 39.9%, also with statistically significant results (z = 5.51, P < 0.0001), detailed percentages and trend are shown in (Figure 1C). Conclusion: Overall, there has been an increase in representation and potentially subsequent encouragement of participation of women at the ACG meetings in the past years, especially when comparing proportions of women participants from different levels of training and practice to percentages of practicing women gastroenterologists in the field.Figure 1.: (A) Percentages of women recipients of featured ACG awards over the years. (B) Percentages of women serving as faculty speakers between (2017-2021). (C) Percentages of women participating as abstract first authors between (2017-2021).

IMPLEMENTASI PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN MELALUI PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PERANAN WANITA MENUJU KELUARGA SEHAT SEJAHTERA DI KELURAHAN KEPUH

efforts to empower women to gain access and control over resources, economy, politics, social, culture, so that women can self-regulate and increase self-confidence to be able to play a role and participate actively in solving problems, so as to be able to build abilities and self-concept, namely through empowering women. Empowerment needs to be realized in the form of empowerment programs that are able to empower all the potential that exists in the community through programs to increase the role of women towards healthy and prosperous families. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the implementation of Women's Empowerment through the Program for Increasing the Role of Women Towards a Healthy and Prosperous Family (P2WKSS) in Cikendat Village, Kepuh Village, Ciwandan, Cilegon. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods, in data collection is done by observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of women's empowerment in the P2WKSS program was through women's training. There are four trainings, namely beauty/makeup, cooking/cooking, handicrafts, and sewing. And increase women's participation and awareness in the P2WKSS Program and the impact of social changes felt due to the P2WKSS program. The benefits of implementing the P2WKSS Program are (1) Improving social conditions seen from the enthusiasm of women's participation. (2) increase women's awareness through four P2WKSS training programs (3) Increase women's independence.

Culture and the gender gap in choice of major: An analysis using sibling comparisons

We study if there is an association between culture on gender roles and the gender gap in choice of major. For this purpose, we use the epidemiological approach and sibling comparisons. We find that the gender gap in STEM is smaller for individuals who originate in countries where women are more likely, relative to men, to major in STEM. We observe a similar pattern when we study the probability to major in a male- or female-dominated field. We present suggestive evidence that cultural beliefs explain our results. Thus, to limit gender segregation in education this study points to the importance of changing gendered beliefs about educational choices. However, the results indicate that the gender convergence in STEM and male-dominated fields is driven by the fact that men, not women, choose less gender-typical majors. This suggests that to increase women's participation in STEM and male-dominated fields, policies in other areas, e.g., directed towards changing workplace characteristics, may also be necessary.

Demografische Alterung f\xfchrt zu einem stark sinkenden Erwerbspersonenpotenzial

The demographic development in Germany will lead to a declining number of people of working age and thus potentially in the labour force. The age structure is shifting towards older cohorts. The labour force will decline by 16 million workers between 2020 and 2060. However, an increase in the labour force participation of women and elderly people combined with immigration will mitigate the demographic effect. An average net migration of 100,000 persons per year would result in a projected decline in the labour force of 9 million by 2060. An extremely high migration of at least 400,000 persons would allow the potential labour force to remain roughly constant. A sensitivity analysis also looks at the effects that may arise if the participation rates increased even further.

“Doing Gender”: Women Labor Migration and Households Transition in Nepal

The increasing trend of women migration in transnational space doesn’t open a new discourse in global labor market but also assists in social construction of gender. Though government of Nepal doesn’t have any objection over men migration but it dispirited female labor migration due to various reasons. The growing incidents of physical assault in foreign land and patriarchal ideology such as: prevalence of male breadwinners, female homemaker, managing work within the domestic space and cultural restrictions restricts on women to participate in public spaces. This paper examines the reconstruction of households structure and the changing roles, with a focus on gendered power relation in the slum community of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. Particular, attention is paid to the transformation of breadwinner power of men to women and increasing women participation in decision making process. The evidences presented here use data from both secondary literature and primary sources. The data have been purposively selected from the 199 households of the women migrants families who have been migrated at least three years before the study conducted in between March and July 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were chosen for the data collection and analysis. The results explain changing scenario of gender role and households transition due to access of social, cultural and economic capital accumulated by migrants. Once women depart for labor migration, the family left behind especially mother and husband are more responsible to carry both inside as well as outside activities along with childcare. In joint family, mother/mother-in-laws were replacing the role of migrant and doing migrants tasks; whereas in nuclear family husbands is more responsible for all conducts performed by their wives and acts as like that. The study also provides a more nuanced understanding of the involvement of migrants women in decision-making power in household’s domain and the way of dealing with upcoming socio-cultural obstacles that hinder their participation in public sphere.

Gender representation cues labels of hard and soft sciences

While women's representation in STEM fields has increased over the past several decades, some fields have seen a greater increase women's participation than others. In the present research, we explore how women's participation in STEM disciplines influences labeling of those disciplines as hard vs. soft sciences. Study 1 found that increasing perceived participation of women in a STEM discipline increased the likelihood that participants would label it a soft science. Study 2 found that among people who did not work in science, this tendency to associate women's participation with soft science was correlated with endorsement of stereotypes about women's STEM competency. And Studies 3A and 3B showed that labeling disciplines as soft sciences led to the fields being devalued, deemed less rigorous, and less worthy of federal funding. These studies show that stereotypes about women's STEM competency can impact perceptions of fields in which women participate, with consequences for how scientific disciplines are perceived.

Farmers’ adaptation strategies to combat climate change in drought prone areas in Bangladesh

Drought introduces a different set of risks and adaptation strategies as compared to flood, river erosion and other natural hazards. This paper attempts to investigate farmers' adaptation strategies to combat climate change in drought prone areas and identify their determinants based on a survey of 480 farmers from northwestern Bangladesh. Farmers commonly practicing six technology-based strategies and one labour/family-based strategy with 80% adapting two or more adaptation strategies. Although synergy exists between selected strategies, competition also exist between rice- and non-rice based strategies. The likelihood of undertaking climate change adaptation strategies are significantly and positively influenced by education, subsistence pressure, income from livestock and poultry, extension services, involvement in organizations and the use of ICT in farming. Adaptation probability inversely related with increasing women participation in agricultural labour force. Recommendations include strengthening extension services and promoting use of ICT in farming, incorporation of climatic information in education, easing and facilitating farmers’ access to institutions and promotion of livestock rearing to combat climate change induced challenges on farming in drought prone areas.

Effects of the Mining Legal Framework on Women Participation in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining: Lessons from Taita Taveta County (Kenya)

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is increasingly the focus of the national efforts to effectively regulate the sector as an initiative to ameliorate national benefits by increasing women participation in the sector while seeking to address challenges that they face. Despite women’s participation in the ASM sector being estimated at nearly 50% in the mining areas, their significant participation has largely been overlooked. The study investigated the effect of legal framework on women participation in ASM. To achieve this, the study used data from a cross-sectional survey of 146 women working at different nodes of the ASM sector in Taita Taveta County. Descriptive statistics and linear regression was employed to analyse data. The results show that the requirements for mining permits have a positive effect on women participation in ASM while the process of obtaining a mining license had a negative influence. We recommend policy frameworks that facilitate easy access to mining licenses by women in the ASM sector. Specifically, there is a need to establish a field office for offering the ASM mining licenses and reduce bureaucracies associated with obtaining mining permits.

The Effects of Women Empowerment on Indonesia’s Regional Economic Growth

In the development, women should be in the same rate as men to participate, have an equal chance in decision making, and reach the development needed to maximize their potential. Despite this, women often got a difficulty to participate in the economy. Women often do unpaid work or work in the informal sector. The higher portion of women to men employed in the informal sector represent women difficulty to access the employment, because of higher rates of illiteracy, lower jobs skills, lower level of education, and social-cultural barrier that prevent women to work in the formal sectors. This paper wants to analyze how the increase of women participation in the economy can increase the Indonesia’s economic growth. Using data from 34 province in Indonesia between 2014-2018, the result of the panel data regression found that the number of women’s empowerment positively affect gross regional domestic product. Women’s life expectancy positively affects gross regional domestic product. Women’s population percentage positively affects gross regional domestic product. From the three independent variables used as a predictor in this model, all variable is significantly affects Indonesia’s gross regional domestic product.

ЯНГИЛАНАЁТГАН ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА ГЕНДЕР ИСЛОҲОТЛАРИ

This article analyzes the issues of social protection of women in renewing Uzbekistan, reforms to ensure their gender and their prospects,adopted normative legal acts and their significance, increasingparticipation of women in governance, poverty reduction, support entrepreneurial initiative, the creation of suitable working conditions, coverage ofyoung people, in particular women with higher education, proposalsput forwardto improve the legal framework for gender equality and the solution to the problems that are waiting for their solutions

Implementation and Performance of MGNREGA in Jammu and Kashmir A Decadal Study

Background: The MGNREGA was notified by Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India in September, 2005. The Act provides legal guarantee of at least one hundred days of wage-employment to a rural household, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work in a financial year. The Act encompasses all areas concerning registration, plan formulation, implementation, timely payment of wages, grievance redressal mechanism, right to information, rendering of accounts, periodical meetings for fulfilling statutory requirement of providing 100 days guaranteed employment to rural households who volunteer to do unskilled manual labour. Methods: The present research is based on the secondary sources of data and empirical analysis of the data is conducted by using some basic statistical tools like percentage and graphs analysis of various variables in the study.Result: Since the implementation of MGNREGA, the number of households issued job cards increased from 4.97 lakh in 2008-09 to 12.53 lakh in 2017-18, thus showing a significant increase. The number of households who demanded employment and the level of employment in the State has also shown an upward trend and the number of person days of employment generated has increased from 32.3 to 84.61 lakhs and the total person days of employment provided the share of SCs STs and others has also been increased from 1.7, 7.5 and 23.05 to 4.09, 17.27 and 63.25 lakhs respectively. Although the share of employment of SCs, STs and women in the total employment has shown an increasing trend through-out the reference period but there is a large number of SCs and STs who have not yet got registered under MGNREGA and the increase in women participation is still far below the 33% share as enshrined in the guidelines of the Act.

The female Klebun of Madura within the power constellation of the patriarchy: A post-colonial feminism perspective

During the Indonesian reformation era, Madurese politics began to see a notable increase in women participation. One indicator is the increasing number of female village chiefs, locally referred to as Klebun, who occupies the highest leadership position within Madurese villages. An in-depth interview with two female Klebuns and three informants revealed that female Klebun in Madura represents women and extended kinship interests in continuing dynastic politics. The female Klebun experienced a subaltern form of relationship with the largely patriarchal system they find themselves in, marked by coercion, threats, pressure and lack of freedom in their candidacy and village leadership. The lack of any communicated objections from the female population over these repressive actions is due to the strong dominance of patriarchal culture in Madurese society. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The primary data used are the results of interviews with five informants. Secondary data used consist of relevant scientific journals, articles, and books. This research is conducted under the framework of postcolonial feminism.

Challenges of Kosovo Micro Businesses

The challenges that micro-businesses face during the lending process are numerous. Loans are with high-interest rates. There is a lack of loans with low-interest rates that would stimulate the growth of local businesses. On the one hand, the local business faces various trade barriers such as export in the regional market and EU countries, although Kosovo is a signatory to the CEFTA agreement. On the other hand, there is a lack of institutional support, which not only does not support the stimulation of exports but also within Kosovo makes the local business non-competitive about importers of goods. Interest rates are reduced to 2-3% on an annual basis. Increase the repayment period of loans (long-term loans) for capital investments. Allow the grace period at the beginning of the investment as well as have variable payments based on business income. Reduce bureaucracies when taking loans, reduce the demand for collateral by banks when taking loans. Reduce the business tax rate. Reduce unloyal competition and the informal economy that hurts local business. To stimulate start-up businesses, to support projects especially in the field of informatics. Start-up businesses are not so much supported by banks in Kosovo. Increase women's participation in business, through support, because they make up about 13% of businesses operating in Kosovo. It is intended that the participation of women in business will reach 50%. Make greater support of micro-businesses because these businesses can grow and develop and employ a large number of employees. Microbusinesses in Kosovo make up about 98% of enterprises in Kosovo. Establish a development bank that would support local business and create better facilities and conditions for foreign investors.

A Study on the Barriers faced by Women Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Insurance in India &amp; Policy Recommendations

A woman’s ownership in farming is ordinarily guided by either the absence of a male lead member in the family due to death, disease or migration, or endemic social norms and practices governing her interaction pattern. Women farmers often end up being in a vicious cycle of low investment, low access to institutional credit and insurance, low return, low expansion, and growth. The paper is conceptualized to understand ways to enhance women’s participation in the present crop insurance scheme (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) by analyzing the possible barriers faced by women farmers in accessing the scheme in the states of Odisha and Maharashtra. Prior to engaging with the current PMFBY scheme, an analysis of previous schemes was done to understand the rationale behind their conceptualization, their limitations, and the improvement that PMFBY proposes. Unfortunately, the increasing women participation in the agricultural sector has not translated to women empowerment as feminization has its roots in unprofitable crop production and patriarchal social norms, causing women to take a back seat in engaging with the scheme despite being the primary beneficiaries. The study thus tries to interlink the policy’s intent for inclusion, operational procedures, and social perceptions of different stakeholders across the scheme lifecycle to assess the root causes of women’s participation or lack thereof, in the crop insurance scheme.