Increasing Degree Of Oxidation Research Articles

The effect of oxidized fish oil on lipid metabolism in Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski

Fish oil can not only provide energy for the growth and development of fish, but also constitute a variety of tissue and cellular structural components of fish. However, fish oil is easily oxidized in the process of feed processing, treatment and storage, which reduces the feed quality and threatens the health of fish. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different degrees of oxidation of fish oil in feed on fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism in hepatopancreas of Rhynchocypris lagowski Dybowski. Five diets containing five oxidation levels (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 meq/kg) of fish oil were formulated and fed to 525 healthy R. lagowski (4.48 ± 0.14 g) that were randomly divided into 15 glass aquariums. After 8 weeks, hepatopancreas samples were taken for fatty acid composition, and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the content of Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in muscle of R. lagowski increased significantly with the increase of oxidation degree of fish oil (P < 0.05), but there were no changes in Saturated fatty acid (SFA), Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), EPA (C20:5n3), and ∑n-6 (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of SFA, MUFA and EPA in hepatopancreas were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while DHA (C22:6n3), ∑n-3, ∑n-6, and PUFA were decreased (P < 0.05). Feeding with OFO increased hepatopancreas total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), HDL/LDL ratio, FAS, and ACCα that involved in lipid synthesis enzymes (P < 0.05), while reduced liver esterase (HL), fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) and hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase α (HSLα) enzyme activity and gene expression that associated with lipid decomposition (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the adverse effects of dietary oxidized oil may be achieved by promoting fatty acid synthesis, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, increasing fatty acid uptake by hepatopancreas and reducing the ability of TG to transport from hepatopancreas to extrahepatic tissues, thus inducing fat accumulation in hepatopancreatic cells and further affecting lipid metabolism in hepatopancreas.

Mechanism of the effect of 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride simulated lipid oxidation on the IgG/IgE binding ability of ovalbumin

In this work, the mechanism of the effect of lipid oxidation on the IgG/IgE binding ability of ovalbumin (OVA) was investigated via the peroxyl radicals produced by 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride to simulate lipid oxidation. Results showed that the structure of OVA unfolded partially with an increase in oxidation degree, leading to the exposure of the allergenic epitopes and increasing the IgG/IgE binding ability of OVA. Nine oxidation sites were found on the α-helix, and these sites may unwind the α-helix and expose the allergenic epitopes on the OVA surface, leading to antibody recognition and combination. Consequently, the IgG/IgE binding ability of OVA was increased. In conclusion, the allergenic capacity of OVA can be promoted by modifying peroxyl radical oxidation in processing egg products.

Effect of Peroxyl‐Radicals‐Induced Oxidative Modification in the Physicochemical and Emulsifying Properties of Walnut Protein

AbstractIn this paper, the effects of peroxyl radical oxidation on the physicochemical and functional properties of walnut protein were investigated. Walnut protein isolate (WPI) containing 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was oxidatively stressed under aerobic conditions in peroxyl radical‐generating media. Incubation of walnut protein with increasing concentration of AAPH resulted in gradual carbonyl generation and free sulfhydryl group degradation. The results of surface hydrophobicity implied that oxidation leads to protein aggregation thus decreasing protein solubility in an AAPH concentration‐dependent manner (P &lt; 0.05). Emulsifying properties exhibited a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) at AAPH concentrations up to 0.2 mM and higher AAPH concentrations reduced the emulsifying capacity of WPI. These results indicate that appropriate oxidation is helpful to improve the emulsifying properties of protein, and with an increase of oxidation degree, emulsifying functional will damage.

Influence of Oxidation Degree on the Physicochemical Properties of Oxidized Inulin.

This paper reports the oxidation of inulin using varying ratios of sodium periodate and the characterization of the inulin polyaldehyde. The physicochemical properties of the inulin polyaldehyde (oxidized inulin) were characterized using different techniques including 1D NMR spectroscopy, 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aldehyde peak was not very visible in the FTIR, because the aldehyde functional group exists in a masked form (hemiacetal). The thermal stability of the oxidized inulin decreased with the increasing oxidation degree. The smooth spherical shape of raw inulin was destructed due to the oxidation, as confirmed by the SEM result. The 1HNMR results show some new peaks from 4.8 to 5.0 as well as around 5.63 ppm. However, no aldehyde peak was found around 9.7 ppm. This can be attributed to the hemiacetal. The reaction of oxidized inulin with tert-butyl carbazate produced a carbazone conjugate. There was clear evidence of decreased peak intensity for the proton belonging to the hemiacetal group. This clearly shows that not all of the hemiacetal group can be reverted by carbazate. In conclusion, this work provides vital information as regards changes in the physicochemical properties of the oxidized inulin, which has direct implications when considering the further utilization of this biomaterial.

Effect of oxidation degree of GO nanosheets on microstructure and performance of polysulfone-GO mixed matrix membranes

Graphene oxide with increasing degree of oxidation (GO-x) were incorporated in polysulfone (PSF) mixed-matrix ultrafiltration membranes. Synthesized GO-x were characterized for average particle size by AFM and DLS method; oxygen functionalities and nanostructure properties by XPS, FT-IR, XRD, Raman analysis, TEM, and elemental analysis; surface charge by zeta potential. Increasing oxidation degree, increased the proportion of carbonyl functional groups, exfoliation, lowered zeta potential and particle size in GO. GO-x with higher oxidation degree showed significantly improved dispersibility in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and polysulfone matrix. Blending hydrophilic GO-x, enhanced phase-separation kinetics improving porosity, tensile strength, permeability, protein rejection, and fouling resistance of membranes. With the increase in the oxidation degree of the matrix, contact angle and surface charge on the membranes decreased. 2%-GO-7/P membrane showed permeate flux of 352 kg m−2 h−1 bar−1 while, 1%-GO-7/P membranes acquired permanent negative charge and displayed permeability of 250 kg m−2 h−1 bar−1 with BSA rejection of about 97%, compared to control membrane permeability of 102 kg m−2 h−1 bar−1 with BSA rejection of about 91%. Thus, the membrane flux-rejection trade-off is overcome. 1%-GO-7/P membrane displayed exceptional flux recovery of over 99% on simple DI water flushing. The superior performance of GO-x/P membranes is attributed to faster diffusion rate of water across GO matrix over that through the polymer solution, which increased the number of thermodynamic instabilities giving higher rate of phase inversion resulting in narrow pore size distribution and higher pore density, demonstrating simple approach for enhancing performance of UF membranes.

Aqueous-Phase Production of Secondary Organic Aerosols from Oxidation of Dibenzothiophene (DBT)

Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) have been recognized as an important contributor to the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation via gas-phase reactions. However, it is unclear whether or not IVOCs-SOA can be produced in the aqueous phase. This work investigated aqueous oxidation of one model compound of IVOCs, dibenzothiophene (DBT). Results show that DBT can be degraded by both hydroxyl radical and the triplet excited states of organic light chromophores (3C*). Aqueous dark oxidation of DBT was also possible. SOA yields of 32% and 15% were found for hydroxyl radical (OH)-mediated photo-oxidation and dark oxidation, respectively. A continuous and significant increase of oxidation degree of SOA was observed during OH photo-oxidation, but not during the dark oxidation. Factor analyses revealed that there was a persistent production of highly oxygenated compounds from the less oxygenated species. OH-initiated photochemical reactions can also produce species with a relatively large light-absorbing ability, while such photo-enhancement due to direct light irradiation and 3C*-initiated oxidation could occur, but is much less important. In the future, studies on the second-order rate constants, molecular characterization of the oxidation products from this and other IVOCs precursors are needed to better understand the role of this reaction pathway in SOA budget, air quality and climate change.

The interphase and thermal conductivity of graphene oxide/butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine rubber composites: A combined molecular simulation and experimental study

In this study, how the oxidation degree of graphene oxide (GO) affects the dispersion of GO and the interfacial adhesion in butadiene–styrene–vinyl pyridine rubber (VPR)/GO composites, as well as the interfacial thermal transport were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Subsequently, the composites containing different oxidation degrees of GO were prepared by the chemical reduction GO in situ to verify the theoretical predictions and explore the relationship between the microstructures and macroscopic performance. The results showed that with the increase of oxidation degree of GO, the compatibility between GO and VPR improved first and then reduced, while the interface interaction enhanced gradually. The best oxidation degree of GO was acquired at about 15%, for which case the optimal dispersion of GO, the best mechanical properties and highest thermal conductivity of the composites are achieved. Although increasing the oxidation degree of GO can reduce the interfacial thermal resistance, the decreased intrinsic thermal conductivity and re-aggregation of GO with high oxidation degree would limit the increase in thermal conductivity of the composites. This study may provide a valuable guidance for chemical modifying graphene surface to optimize the GO/rubber composite properties.

Effect of Electric Field on the Lubricating Performance of Ga‐Based Liquid Metal

AbstractGa‐based liquid metal (GLM) can be used as a current‐carrying lubricant, due to its combination of excellent electrical conductivity and good lubricity. However, the influence of electric field parameters on the lubrication mechanism of GLM is still unclear. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of current magnitude, voltage magnitude, current direction, and load on the lubrication behaviors of GLM at atmosphere and room temperature (≈26 °C). It is found that the interface action mechanism induced by an electric field is mainly reflected in four aspects, namely, Joule heating effect, electric field force, electrochemical effect, and electromigration effect. These interfacial physical and chemical effects are governed by the current magnitude, voltage magnitude, current direction, and load, bringing about distinct frictional products and thereby influencing the lubrication behaviors. Briefly, FeGa3 can only be formed when the current reaches 6 A and the load is above 40 N, and it has obvious friction‐reducing properties, but increases the wear due to its low content. When the frictional product is just the Ga‐rich film, the increase of oxidation degree is detrimental to the wear resistance.

Effects of using whey and maltodextrin in white cheese powder production on free fatty acid content, nonenzymatic browning and oxidation degree during storage

Use of maltodextrin and whey improves the physical properties of spray-dried cheese powder and, as cheese replacers, they decrease the raw material costs. However, it is necessary to evaluate their effects on the chemical quality and sensory properties of the product. Three powders, control (CON), whey-added cheese powder (WACP), and maltodextrin-added cheese powder (MACP) were produced to determine free fatty acid (FFA) content, degree of nonenzymatic browning, oxidation, and sensory (flavour) changes during 12 months' storage. In the emulsion preparation and drying process, total volatile FFAs decreased up to 9% and 53.5%, respectively, with higher decrease in CON than in WACP or MACP. Although whey increased oxidation degree of powder, oxidised flavour could not be perceived until the ninth month of storage. Maltodextrin slightly decreased cheese flavour and overall impression scores. There was no difference detected in the powders for scorched flavour.

Effects of oxidation degree on photo-transformation and the resulting toxicity of graphene oxide in aqueous environment

Graphene oxide (GO) has been demonstrated to be key component for diverse applications. However, their potential environmental reactivity, fate and risk have not been fully evaluated to date. In this study, we investigated the photochemical reactivity of four types of GO with different oxidation degrees in aqueous environment, and their related toxicity to two bacterial models Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was further compared. After UV-irradiation, a large amount of oxygen functional groups on GO were reduced and the electronic conjugations within GO were restored as indicated by UV–visible absorption spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, the higher the oxidation degree of the pristine GO was, the more obvious of the photo-transformation changes were. In order to further reveal the photochemical reactivity mechanisms, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of GO was monitored. The quantity of ROS including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anions (O2·-), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) increased with increasing oxidation degree of GO, which was in accordance with the previous characterization results. Scanning electron microscopy and cell growth analyses of E. coli and S. aureus showed that the photochemical transformation enhanced the toxicity of GO, which might be due to an increase in functional group density. The higher conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was responsible for its stronger toxicity than GO through membrane damage and oxidative stress to bacteria. This study revealed that the oxidation degrees play important roles in photochemical transformation and the resulting toxicity of GO, which is helpful for understanding the environmental behaviors and risks of GO in aquatic environments.

Salt separation from water using graphene oxide nanochannels: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Recently, water transport through graphene oxide (GO) nanochannels has gained much attention because of its potential applications in desalination and water filtration. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to elucidate the filtration efficiency and water structure in GO nanochannels of varying oxidation degree (from 0% to 40%) and interlayer spacing (from 0.6 nm to 1.0 nm). The results from these simulations show that ion permeation is observed in 1.0 nm channels, but ion rejection is close to complete for the narrower channels, irrespective of the degree of oxidation. Furthermore, water permeation increases with increasing interlayer separation and decreases with increasing oxidation degree. In general, water molecules prefer flowing through unoxidized regions of the narrower channels, but show no preferential path when flowing through the wider ones. Moreover, the analysis of the interaction between water molecules and the hydroxyl groups inside the GO channel shows that OH groups play a vital role disrupting the solvation sphere of the salt ions. However, with increasing oxidation of the GO wall, the formation of intra-layer hydrogen bonds becomes relevant, decreasing the overall number of hydrogen bonds involving water molecules, and thus preventing further decrease of the water permeance. To sum up, our results indicate that the best GO channel for the desalination is the one with interlayer spacing 0.8 nm and oxidation degree of 10% or lower.

Tribological behaviour of low-pressure plasma sprayed WC-Co coatings at elevated temperatures

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the effect of coating microstructure, mechanical and oxidation property on the tribological behaviour of low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) tungsten carbide/cobalt (WC-Co) coatings.Design/methodology/approachWC-12Co and WC-17Co coatings were deposited via the LPPS spraying method. Tribological tests on the coatings were performed using a high-temperature ball-on-disc tribometer at temperatures from room temperature (RT, approximately 25 °C) up to 800 °C in ambient air.FindingsWC-12Co coating contained brittle phases, pores and microcracks, which led to the low hardness, and finally promoted the splat delamination and the carbide debonding during wear. WC-17Co coating had higher cobalt content which benefited the coating to contain more WC particles, less brittle phases, pores and nearly no microcracks, and resulted in the high hardness and better wear resistance. Higher cobalt content also decelerated the oxidation rate of the coating and promoted the formation of cobalt oxides and CoWO4, which were able to maintain the load-bearing capacity and improve the tribological behaviour of the coating below 650°C. Above 650°C, the increase of oxidation degree and the decrease of mechanical property deteriorated the wear resistance of coatings.Originality/valueThe LPPS WC-Co coating with higher cobalt content had better tribological properties at different temperatures. The LPPS WC-Co coatings should not be used as wear-resistant coatings above 650 °C.

Fabrication of complex shaped ceramic parts with surface-oxidized Si3N4 powder via digital light processing based stereolithography method

Si3N4 ceramic is difficultly fabricated by digital light processing (DLP) based stereolithography method, due to a large refractive index difference between Si3N4 powder and resin. In this paper, a surface oxidation approach of Si3N4 powder for improving cure depth is proposed. The results showed that, the amorphous SiO2 layer was uniformly attached onto the surface of Si3N4 powder by surface oxidation, and the absorbance of Si3N4 powder decreased as increasing oxidation degree. Moreover, the cure depth of the suspension significantly increased because of a smaller absorbance and a refractive index difference at the interface between oxidized Si3N4 powder and resin. At the exposure energy of 500 mJ/cm2, the cure depth of the raw Si3N4 powder was 34 µm. After oxidizing at 1150 °C and 1200 °C for 1 h, the cure depth effectively increased to 42 µm and 51 µm, respectively. Finally, the complex-shaped Si3N4 parts were successfully fabricated using surface-oxidized Si3N4 powder via DLP method.

The effect of fuel oxidation on electron swarm properties and nanosecond discharge characteristics in combustible mixtures

The results of the calculations of electron transport and rate coefficients in oxidized methane:O2, propane:O2 and H2:O2 mixtures were presented for different temperatures and reduced electric fields E/N from 1 to 3 × 103 Td. The calculations were made for various oxidized fuel fractions. It was shown that fuel oxidation led to a drastic decrease in the average electron energy, electron drift velocity and attachment coefficient for E/N < 60 Td. At higher reduced electric fields, the effect of fuel oxidation on the average electron energy and electron drift velocity was small, whereas the attachment coefficient increased with increasing oxidation degree. In addition, in the hydrocarbon-containing mixtures for E/N ∼ 30 Td, the electron drift velocity varied nonmonotonously with the oxidation degree increase. The critical reduced electric field at which the average rate of electron production in the mixture was equal to the average attachment rate increased with fuel oxidation due to the increased attachment rate and decreased detachment rate. The effect of intermediate species on the electron transport and rate properties in partially oxidized mixtures was small. The calculated results were used to self-consistently simulate fuel oxidation and plasma characteristics for high-voltage nanosecond repetitive discharges in combustible mixtures. Zero-dimensional simulation in a H2:O2 mixture showed that the reduced electric field at the instant when the deposited energy peaked was close to the critical values of E/N and increased with increasing oxidized fuel fraction.

Role of Degree of Oxidation of Graphene Oxide on Biginelli Reaction Kinetics

AbstractThe effect of varying degree of oxidation of graphene oxide on its catalytic activity for synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones via Biginelli reaction is investigated. Graphene oxide with varying degree of oxidation (GO‐x) was synthesized, and characterized to confirm the change in functional groups on GO surface with different amount of oxidizing agent used during synthesis. An increase in amount of oxidant, increases the percentage of oxygen in GO‐x, increasing the d‐spacing and thus enhancing the exfoliation of GO‐x. The carboxylic acid groups increase with increasing oxidation degree, while the proportion of hydroxyl groups is almost the same. GO‐x shows excellent activity towards catalysing Biginelli reaction. An increase in oxygen content in GO‐x improves its catalytic activity, which is attributed to the increased acidity in GO‐x. Reaction kinetics imply a second order reaction. GO‐x shows excellent recyclability with only marginal loss in activity on recycle.

The effect of fuel oxidation on plasma decay in combustible mixtures excited by high-voltage nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge

The results of the experimental study of high-voltage nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge afterglow in propane:O2, ethane:O2 and H2:O2 mixtures were presented for room temperature and pressures from 2 to 6 Torr. Time-resolved electron density during the plasma decay was measured using a microwave interferometer for initial electron densities in the range between 3 × 1011 and 3 × 1012 cm−3 and the effective recombination coefficients were obtained. In hydrocarbon-containing mixtures, the rate of plasma decay varied nonmonotonously with the oxidation degree increase. The effective recombination coefficient (i) peaked when the amount of intermediate species was expected to be high and (ii) was independent of the number of voltage pulses (the effect of saturation) when oxidation was complete. In H2:O2 mixtures, the rate of plasma decay and the effective recombination coefficient increased monotonously with increasing oxidation degree. It was shown that plasma decay in completely oxidized fuel:O2 mixtures is close to that in water vapor. It was suggested that the nonmonotonous behavior of the effective recombination coefficient during plasma decay in hydrocarbon:O2 mixtures is explained by the production of some hydrocarbon intermediates in the oxidation processes that can favor plasma decay. The possible mechanisms of plasma decay acceleration in the oxidized mixtures were discussed.

Highly Efficient Metal‐Free Visible Light Driven Photocatalyst: Graphene Oxide/Polythiophene Composite

AbstractGraphene oxide/polythiophene (GO/PTh) composites were synthesized by in‐situ polymerization of thiophene (Th) monomers on GO surfaces. Remarkable performance of GO/PTh composites for methylene blue (MB) photo‐degradation under visible light has been achieved by tuning GO/Th ratio and graphene oxidation degrees. 100 % MB degradation was achieved by the composite within 30 min under visible light, its catalytic activity (0.1149 min−1) is 382 and 41 times higher than that of PTh (0.0003 min−1) and GO (0.0028 min−1), respectively. The results of MB adsorption experiment, ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra show that combination of GO and PTh increases MB adsorption, decreases the band gap and enhances photo‐electron transfer. The composite with 36 % PTh (at the fed GO/Th weight ratio of 1:2) shows the highest catalytic activity where MB adsorption ability by GO and photo‐electron producing ability by PTh in the composite is well matched. The catalytic activity can be further enhanced by changing graphene oxidation degree by controlling graphite/KMnO4 ratio and post‐reaction time during GO preparation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray photo‐electron (XPS) spectroscopy analyses have shown that increasing oxidation degree of GO leads to a stronger π‐π interaction between GO and PTh and a more electron‐rich PTh, resulting in higher catalytic activity.

Enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend by the usage of graphene oxide with diverse oxidation degrees

Graphene oxide (GO) with various oxidation degrees were prepared through a modified Hummer’s method by varying the dosage of oxidizing agent. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR)/GO nanocomposites were fabricated by aqueous-phase mixing of GO colloidal dispersion with SBR latex and a small loading of XNBR latex, followed by co-coagulation. Effects of GO oxidation degree on the morphology, structure, mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated. The results showed that the mechanical strength of nanocomposites were enhanced with the increase of oxidation degree of GO. Especially, when the weight ratio of KMnO4 to graphite was 15/5, the tensile strength, tear strength and thermal conductivity of SBR/XNBR/GO filled with 3 phr (parts per hundred rubber) GO increased by 255.3%, 141.5% and 22.8%, respectively, compared to those of neat SBR/XNBR blend. In addition, the thermal stability and the solvent resistance of the nanocomposites were also improved significantly. This work suggested that GO with higher oxidation degree could effectively improve the properties of SBR/XNBR blend.

Concentration of Nitric Acid Strongly Influences Chemical Composition of Graphite Oxide.

Graphite oxide is the most widely used precursor for the synthesis of graphene through top-down methods. We demonstrate a significant influence of nitric acid concentration on the structure and composition of the graphite oxide prepared by graphite oxidation. In general, two main chlorate-based oxidation methods are currently used for graphite oxide synthesis: the Staudenmaier method using 98 wt % nitric acid, and the Hofmann method with 68 wt % nitric acid. However, a gradual change in nitric acid concentration allows a continuous change in the graphite oxide composition. The prepared samples are thoroughly characterised by microscopic techniques as well as various spectroscopic and analytical methods. Lowering the nitric acid concentration leads to an increase in oxidation degree, and in particular, to the concentration of epoxy and hydroxyl groups. This knowledge is not only useful for the large-scale synthesis of graphite oxide with tuneable size and chemical composition, but the use of nitric acid in lower concentrations can also reduce the overall cost of the synthesis significantly.

Phosphatidylserine flip‐flop induced by oxidation of the plasma membrane: a better insight by atomic scale modeling

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to study the flip‐flop motion of phosphatidylserine (PS) across the plasma membrane upon increasing oxidation degree of the membrane. Our computational results show that an increase of the oxidation degree in the lipids leads to a decrease of the free energy barrier for translocation of PS through the membrane. In other words, oxidation of the lipids facilitates PS flip‐flop motion across the membrane, because in native phospholipid bilayers this is only a “rare event” due to the high energy barriers for the translocation of PS. The present study provides an atomic‐scale insight into the mechanisms of the PS flip‐flop upon oxidation of lipids, as produced for example by cold atmospheric plasma, in living cells.