Increasing Number Of Children Research Articles

Razoreni dom i maloljetnička delikvencija u Jugoslaviji od 1953. do 1988.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of broken home on juvenile delinquency in Yugoslavia during the period from 1953 to 1988.. The research was conducted of official data for: children from bralyin homes, juvenile delinquents from broken homes and juvenile delinquents from complete homes (families with both biological parents present). In Yugoslavia during the period from 1953 to 1988 thpre were 1.680.330 children from homes and 200.098 juvenile delinquents (adolscents 14-18 years old were sentenced in court for certain Criminal delicts). The results from this research show: first, that there were about 2.5 times more juvenile delinquents from complete homes that from broken homes; speond, that the trend of increase in number of children who live in broken homes was not parallele to the increase in amount of juvenile delinquency; to the contrary, there was a proportional decrese in juvenile delinquency (all correlation coefficients between broken home and juvenile delinquency were negative numbers in the range from - .62 to -.76 significant at X)1 level); and, third, that majority of juvenile delinquents from broken home category came from divorced parents. The results are compared with the data of other authors and discussed in terms of some theories of juvenile delinquency.

Interventions to Increase Referrals to a New Pediatric Palliative Care Service: A QI project

Background: Pediatric palliative care is still a young, but rapidly growing field worldwide. There have been an increasing number of children’s hospitals creating palliative care services over the past two decades. Data has shown the beneficial effects of inpatient palliative care services, not only on assisting control of physical symptoms like pain but also to ameliorate suffering and maintain dignity that is appropriate for the culture, religion and upbringing of the family. The service has shown to improve patient satisfaction and decrease length of stay and costs. Various studies have projected …

The role and tasks of preschool institutions in population policy of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina - Ten Years later

Researches in population policy evolution carried out in our country showed that there were oscillations in its development, it was not consistent and based on recognized scientific principles, and most of all its measures were not of long term duration. At the end of the twentieth century the population policy gained in importance by the establishment of certain organs of the highest level of authority as well as by introducing measures which took into consideration the needs of parents for the encouragement of giving birth and even more the support in raising children. In that context, public institutions for children were recognized as important carriers of population policy which aims were: the lower economic parental costs, the better functioning of the institutional system, the better use of all resources in its domain, and changes for the better in all aspects of life. The preschool institutions played the significant role in this. Ten years ago in Vojvodina a research about the preschool institutions in Vojvodina was conducted taking into consideration elements relevant to the population policy - the number of these institutions, their capacities and network, human resources, forms of activity, working hours, the inclusion of children, waiting period for enrolment in nurseries and kindergartens, plans for the increase in number of children and the capacities of child care centres, and the way of identifying the needs for different forms of activity and services. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the follow-up study of the identical research conducted ten years after the first one. The results show that changes are slow and that great opportunities of preschool institutions in population policy are not considered to an adequate degree by competent authorities.

Prevalence and Socio Demographic Determinants of Malnutrition in Rural Communities of District Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab

Malnutrition is a global concern in developing countries. About one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. To study the prevalence of malnutrition and its associations with socio demographic factors among under 5 children in rural areas. A community based cross sectional study was conducted in district Fatehgarh Sahib. A census based technique was used with 573 under 5 children from nine villages of Fatehgarh Sahib District. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. 573 children, ages 5 years and below, were enrolled for this study with 58.2% participants in upper middle and upper class, and 5.9% in lower and lower middle class. It was found that 14.14%, 15.71% and 18.85 % of the children were malnourished with respect to Weight for age (WHZ) and Height for age (HAZ) z-scores and disturbet body weight. Multivariate regression analyses of all indicators of malnutrition reflect parental education, socioeconomic status, an increase in number of children in household and children born in second or third order were some of the socio-demographic factors, which had an impact on the nutritional status of the under-five children. Significantly for stunting ( a marker of malnutrition of great concern), children from a lower caste had a 2.2 fold higher odds (OR 2.24), second or higher birth order was associated with 26% higher odds (OR 1.262), and children born to parents with lower literacy ( primary and below) had 52% and 33% higher odds for mother’s and father’s education respectively (OR 1.52 and 1.32). The burden of under-nutrition among under-5 children has not changed significantly even after several intervention programs. Therefore, policy makers must focus on simultaneous socioeconomic development also. Additional qualitative research is needed on identifying and designing new programs or modifying existing programs with services which can be easily understood and afforded equitably by the intended beneficiaries

Living with own or husband's mother in the household is associated with lower number of children: a cross-cultural analysis.

It has been discussed in the literature that the presence of kin, particularly the presence of a women's own mother or her mother in law, may have fertility effects. We aimed to examine the effects of the presence of a woman's own or her husband's mother in the household on a woman's fertility in terms of number of children on a broad basis by analysing census data of over two million married women aged between 15 and 34 years from 14 countries worldwide. We find that with the exception of Iraq, across all countries, the majority of women live only with their spouse in the household. We further find that the presence of any mother in the household is invariably associated with a significantly lower number of children compared to women living only with their spouse. In addition, in most countries, a woman's number of children is lower if she lives with her own mother as compared to her husband's mother in the household. Number of children is nonlinearly associated with woman's age, the presence of any mother being related with an earlier start of childbearing but a shallower increase in number of children. We speculate that the presence of a mother in the household may slow down woman's reproduction, but also discuss alternative explanations.

Is there evidence that the yearly numbers of children newly certified with sight impairment in England and Wales has increased between 1999/2000 and 2014/2015? A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo use routine data capture from hospitals in England and Wales to identify whether there has been an increase in the annual numbers of children newly certified sight impaired in...

ACADEMIC STRESS; A CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING BASED ON AYURVEDIC PRINCIPLES

Children and academics are not exempted from stress. Academic stress is referred to as elements related to school, studies, family and others that potentially disrupt the physical and psychological homeostasis, besides hampers the performance in academics. It can even be detrimental if not well managed. Despite the loss of lives consequent upon poor academic stress management and resultant academic under achievement, academic stress is less researched.Psychotherapy is the current gold standard. Moreover, now-a-day, there is increase in number of children with stress manifestations seeking Ayurveda treatment at office practice and the reports show encouraging results. Many herbal drugs have been researched and established for anti stress activity.Thus understanding of stress through Ayurveda fundamentals is a step ahead in conceptualising academic stress that is not explicitly described in Ayurveda classics. This would pave way for better understanding of the condition and improvised management strategies. This article adapts concept of manas (mind) and medha (higher mental functions) as constructs to arrive at Chittodvega- entitle ofthe academic stress. Attempts are made to understand etiopathological basis of the condition based on concepts of prajnaparadha and of course tridosha to arrive at disease mapping through nidana(etiology), purvarupa (prodromata), rupa (clinical manifestation), upashayanupashaya (factors increase or decrease the conditions) and samprapti (pathogenesis). Researches on the same are used as evidences for the facts. Based on these, sadhyasadhyata (prognosis) of the condition, chikitsa siddhanta (management principles) and preventions could be derived.

Family-Wage Gap and Highly Skilled Women

Family-Wage Gap and Highly Skilled Women Pooja Khosla, PhD Abstract The paper estimates the family wage gap (FWG), which is the pay gap between women with children and women without children, among highly skilled female scientists and researchers. The paper uses a rich dataset from the longitudinal Survey of Doctorate Recipients in the US to estimate FWG and to investigate its sources. The sources evaluated include, one, human capital characteristics such as: field of majors, school quality, and years since Ph.D. Two, maternity leaves and other self-reported-career breaks adjusted experience. Three, current job characteristics such as: extent to which job is related to highest degree, authority level, tenure status, occupation major group, choice to work part-time, working outside field of research, employment type, experience in current job, average number of hours worked and average number of weeks worked in a year. Lastly, the paper examines the role of family and the demographic status of women such as: marital status, number of children, age of the youngest child, age of woman at the time of first born, and timing of first born before or after graduation. The results indicate that the family wage gap does exist among women with Ph.D. and is about 6.8 percent. However, most of the existing wage difference can be explained by differences in human capital characteristics and current job characteristics. Results indicate that this wage difference increases with the increase in number of children. The wage gap is highest for married women, women with younger children, for women who opt for early motherhood, and for women who plan children before the doctoral degree. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijgws.v5n1a4

Resilience and Psychological Well-Being Among Destitute Adolescents

In the present scenario, the adolescents face enormous challenges in the Indian society. Adolescents are the most vulnerable group in any population and needs the greatest social care. Adolescence as a developmental period is filled with many changes and crisis. Some of these challenges might be relatively minor, while others are disastrous on a much larger scale. Challenges faced by adolescents may deteriorate their well-being. Although family is the best place for an adolescent to grow and develop, at times, families become incapable to cater the needs of the adolescents due to family conflicts and other unavoidable circumstances. Large numbers of adolescents end up in institutional care. Though there are no official estimates of this number, Aangan India, an NGO, in its annual report of 2009-2010 puts the number at 4.5 million (2010).Institutional care is considered as an appropriate measure for providing care to orphan and destitute adolescents in India. Child welfare has become a major concern in our society with the increased number of children and adolescents ending up in institutional care. According to Childline India (2008), adolescents become destitute, for the interim or permanently of neglected parental care for many reasons including the illness, death or imprisonment of parents, parental conflict, separation due to migration or armed conflict, the removal by child welfare authorities and/or the courts based on the best interests, detention of the adolescent, or following the adolescent's own initiative to leave home. Henceforth, large populations of adolescents grow up without one or both of their parents as destitute.Adolescents undergo traumatic experiences because of parental loss and the stigmatization associated with this loss (Jain & Negi, 2001). In the case of destitute adolescents, early separation from parents, deprivation of parental care, love, affection, warmth, security, acceptance and discipline during childhood and adolescence disrupts their normal socio-emotional development (Hiremani, Khadi, Gaonkar, & Katarki 1994). They tend to feel unwanted and develop a high risk of abuse, exploitation and neglect. Institutional care in early life predisposes children to intellectual, behavioral and social problems later in life. According to Steinberg (2001) inadequate individual care in institutions, socially and emotionally weaken adolescents. Most of the destitute adolescents do not experience the warmth of love and support of parents feels that he/she is unwanted and tend to have negative attitude towards life and get depressed (Hamburg, 2006). In a crisis situation, destitute adolescents develop tunnel vision, which makes them unable to sec the positive aspects of their life. They tend to develop aggressive, non-compliant behavior, anxiety and problems with social relationships (Singh & Akbar, 1970). Caroll (1999) called the institutional life of adolescents as a state of 'chronic emotional deprivation'.Violence at home is one of the major predictors of adolescents experiencing homelessness. This makes them feel that they have no home to return due to irreconcilable familial conflicts. They run away from their houses without the parent's/guardian's permission or are moved from their families by the child welfare authorities and finally end up in institutions. Destitute adolescents often have prior experiences of violence, either eye witnessing violence or being abused physically or sexually (Dutta, Baratha, & Goswamy, 1998). Higher risks of exposure to violence or trauma in adolescence lead to behavioral and mental health problems.Mental health for adolescents is just as impoitant as their physical health. Mental health includes the ability to enjoy life, and create a balance between life activities and the efforts to achieve psychological well-being. The World Health Organization defines well-being as 'a state of mind in which an individual is able to realize his or her own abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. …

Correlation between caries status and Body Mass Index in school children aged 6–10 Years in Greater Noida

Background: Decreased physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, changes in food habits have led to significant rise in the number of obese children. With an increase in number of children preferring fast food products over a balanced diet, the condition has become more prevalent. Food items such as soft drinks, refined breads are generally of low nutritive quality but have high cariogenic potential. Aim: To determine a correlation between the caries status and Body Mass Index (BMI) in school children aged 6-10 years in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Settings and Design: A total of 468 children were examined from 4 primary schools which were selected by simple random sampling method. Materials & Method: Prior to the dental and medical examination, informed consents were obtained from the parent’s/ guardian’s of the children. Dental caries was assessed using df-t and DF-T index. The height of the children was measured by a stadiometer and weight was measured by a portable digital weighing machine. BMI was classified according to World Health organization classification. Statistical Analysis used: Student t-test and Chi-square test were used and all statistical tests were conducted using IBM SPSS software (ver.20.0; IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: 79.4% children were in normal range, 7.6% in underweight, 10.20% and 2.8% in overweight and obese range respectively. Caries free dentition was found in 52% of underweight children, 47.4% in normal weight children, 41.6% and 38.5% in overweight and obese children respectively. Mean df-t/DF-T score of the study population was 2.32. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant correlation between caries status and obesity, and it forces the challenge that is forced on preventive public health programs for more focus towards nutrition and physical activity. Keywords: Correlation, Caries Status, Body Mass Index, School children

Les urgences pédopsychiatriques aux cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc à Bruxelles : état des lieux et pertinence de la création de lits de crise

BackgroundIn Western societies, the amount of consultations in emergency wards has largely increased. This phenomenon also affects child and teenager psychiatry as the number of emergencies and crisis states has experienced a sharp growth. This phenomenon is highly linked to mentality evolutions and changes in Western society, all requiring a prompt response to suffering, especially when considering that of the child. In addition, this phenomenon also needs to be understood considering that the situation of children in families and societies has known several changes these past decades in parallel to the consideration given to children's mental suffering, MethodsThrough this article, we conducted an “inventory” of child and teenager psychiatric emergency situations and crisis states at Saint-Luc University Clinic in Brussels, collecting epidemiological data from the emergency department regarding the past three years: 2011, 2012 and 2013 (number of juvenile minors admitted, age, percentage of minors compared to the total adult psychiatric population). Some of the data were compared with those collected in an article we published in 2009. ResultsWe can observe an increase in number of children admitted to the crisis unit and psychiatric emergency department these last three years, with significant inflation of the 14–17 (full elapsed) years old group. In comparison with the data collected in 2009, we observed that the percentage of juveniles under 14 and under 12years old admitted, in proportion to the overall population of minors is increasing, indicating a decrease in the age of youth admitted. Conclusions and perspectivesThese considerations lead us to revise our device of care, through an afterthought on the relevance of creating “crisis inpatient beds” to hospitalize some children and teenagers admitted for psychiatric emergencies or crisis states. Indeed, the question of hospitalization is regularly raised implicitly or explicitly when admitting a child or teenager with his family in the emergency psychiatric unit. Considering the current structures already provided by our clinic, the question of framework, risks, and the different issues around the creation of this new device of care, such as “crisis beds” will be assessed in the light of our clinical experience and supported by elements of reflexion gathered from the literature.

Immigration Within the United States: Prevalence of Childhood Hearing Loss Revisited

As more adult and child immigrants enter the United States each year, there is a high likelihood that the prevalence of childhood hearing loss in the United States is underestimated, given estimations of the number of immigrant children entering the country with hearing loss. Information was collected using online search engines and peer-reviewed journals. The most recent articles available through search engines included in EBSCOhost at the time were used. The gathered data were organized by emigrating country, and the 2 countries with the highest immigration rates were presented. Estimations of the number of children immigrating with hearing loss were made using data from published peer-reviewed articles and government reports on immigration. The prevalence of hearing loss in the United States is underestimated when considering undetected hearing loss in immigrant children. The addition of the immigrant children from only Mexico and China presents a 7.5% increase in the total number of children in the United States with hearing loss. This reinforces the importance of early detection of hearing loss in these children, resulting in more accurate estimation of the rate of childhood hearing loss in the United States and better planning for intervention programs.

Training Needs of Early Childhood Professionals Who Work With Children and Families Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

The increase in numbers of children and families who are culturally and linguistically diverse served in early intervention and early childhood special education requires greater awareness and use of family-centered and culturally responsive practices. The purpose of this study was to identify the t

Identifying benefits and barriers to respite for carers of children with complex health needs: A qualitative study.

Abstract Background: Increasing numbers of children with complex health needs (CWCHN) are being cared for in their own homes. Caring for a child with complex health needs is an enormous task for a family and so access to suitable respite is critical for the wellbeing of all members of the family. The aim of this study was to explore the concept of 'suitable' respite from the perspective of the carer and whether suitable respite is currently available. A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Five people who acted as a carer for a child with complex health agreeing to participate in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the home of the carers and interview data analyses with a thematic analysis. This study identified some of the barriers and enablers for families when accessing respite services for CWCHN. Carers describe optimal respite for these children to be similar to a family home with suitable facilities, equipment and activities for children. Flexible respite services and enthusiastic competent staff were considered very important by the family carers. Further research is needed to better understand the complexities of care for CWCHN and to identify effective strategies to support family carers.

The policy of free healthcare for children under the age of 6 years in Vietnam: assessment of the uptake for children hospitalised with acute diarrhoea in Ho Chi Minh City

ObjectiveTo assess the proportion of, and reasons for, households not utilising the policy of free healthcare for children under 6 years of age (FCCU6) for hospitalisation with diarrhoea, and assess the risk of catastrophic expenditure for households that forgo FCCU6 and pay out of pocket.MethodsInvoices detailing insurance information and charges incurred from 472 hospitalised diarrhoeal cases in one paediatric hospital in Ho Chi Minh City were retrieved. Hospital charges and the utilisation of elective services were analysed for patients utilising and not utilising FCCU6. Associations between socio-economic factors with non-utilisation of FCCU6 were evaluated.ResultsOverall, 29% of patients were FCCU6 non-users. The FCCU6 non-users paid a median hospital charge of $29.13 (interquartile range, IQR: $18.57–46.24), consuming no more than 1.4% of a medium-income household's annual income. Seventy per cent of low-income FCCU6 non-users utilised less-expensive elective services, whereas only 43% of medium income patients and 21% of high-income patients did (P = 0.036). Patients from larger households and those with a parent working in government were more likely to use FCCU6.ConclusionsThe rate of FCCU6 non-usage in this study population was 29%. A significant proportion of those that did not use FCCU6 was from lower income households and may perceive a justifiable cost–benefit ratio when forgoing FCCU6. Although a single diarrhoeal hospitalisation is unlikely to induce a catastrophic expenditure, FCCU6 non-usage may disproportionately increase the risk of catastrophic expenditure for lower income households over multiple illnesses.

P4.107 Parents Child Communication Improvement Among HIV Infected & Affected Children

One of the major impacts of the HIV & AIDS epidemic on global society is seen in the increase number of children being infected & affected by AIDS. There is...

Delivering the Incredible Years parent programme to foster carers in Wales: reflections from group leader supervision

Growing numbers of children in the UK enter the care system with significant emotional and behavioural problems. The recent increase in numbers of children and the reduction in residential children’s homes have contributed to a growth in foster carer provision. As a result, carers are looking after more vulnerable children. Challenging child behaviours and carers’ lack of skill in dealing with them are the two most common reasons for placement breakdown and foster carers need comprehensive support and additional training to avoid this happening. This article describes carer-specific issues discussed during group leader supervision during a small platform trial of the Incredible Years (IY) parent programme delivered to foster carers in three local authorities in Wales (Bywater et al, 2010). The positive trial results, which are summarised, included reductions in children’s challenging behaviour and carer depression. Issues related to the specific challenges of looking after a fostered child, which were discussed by leaders in preparing for groups and raised by the carers attending, were explored and are presented here. The beneficial effects of the programme on child behaviour and carer mental health, coupled with carer and leader feedback, confirmed the relevance and effectiveness of the IY parent programme for dedicated foster carer groups.

Psychoactive Medications and Children Admitted for Surgery and Anesthesia

Background: Children presenting for anesthesia and surgery may be taking regular prescribed and un-prescribed medications. Accepted screening procedures for admission highlight many of these medications such as inhaled steroids or insulin, facilitating planned perioperative care with regard to fasting, potential anesthetic implications and recommencement of medications. We have observed an increase in numbers of children being admitted who are using psychiatric medications. Many of these medications, e.g. quetiapine, are prescribed on a named-patient basis and their potential interactions with anesthetic medications are not described. In addition, some children are administered active pharmacological compounds by their parents that are not prescribed by a doctor, such as valerian and melatonin. Objective: The objective of our study was to quantify the proportion of children presenting for routine and emergency surgical admission who are taking a psychoactive medication and describe the perioperative issues associated with their use. Methods: This was an prospective, observational audit without an intervention. data was recorded anonymously. Results: 898 children were enrolled over a 6 month period. 22(2.5%) children were taking a psychoactive medication. 17 of those (77%) were prescribed by a physician, the remainder were not. Eight different medications were detected. There were 2 adverse clinical events documented as being associated with coincident anesthesia and psychoactive compounds. Conclusions: A small proportion of children admitted for surgery are taking a medication which is pharmacologically active in the brain and may affect their perioperative care. Anestheisa providers require further information and awareness on this potential interaction.

Adult temperament and childbearing over the life course

Emerging evidence suggests that temperament may predict childbearing. We examined the association between four temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence of the Temperament and Character Inventory) and childbearing over the life course in the population‐based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study (n = 1535; 985 women, 550 men). Temperament was assessed when the participants were aged 20–35 and fertility history from adolescence to adulthood was reported by the participants at age 30–45. Discrete‐time survival analysis modelling indicated that high childbearing probability was predicted by low novelty seeking (standardized OR = 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.88–0.97), low harm avoidance (OR = 0.90; 0.85–0.95), high reward dependence (OR = 1.09; 1.03–1.15) and low persistence (OR = 0.91; 0.87–0.96) with no sex differences or quadratic effects. These associations grew stronger with increase in numbers of children. The findings were substantially the same in a completely prospective analysis. Adjusting for education did not influence the associations. Despite its negative association with overall childbearing, high novelty seeking increased the probability of having children in participants who were not living with a partner (OR = 1.29; 1.12–1.49). These data provide novel evidence for the role of temperament in influencing childbearing, and suggest possible weak natural selection of temperament traits in contemporary humans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A tuberculin skin test survey among Ghanaian school children

BackgroundGhana has not conducted a national tuberculin survey or tuberculosis prevalence survey since the establishment of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. The primary objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of tuberculin skin sensitivity in Ghanaian school children aged 6-10 years in 8 out of 10 regions of Ghana between 2004 and 2006.MethodsTuberculin survey was conducted in 179 primary schools from 21 districts in 8 regions. Schools were purposively selected so as to reflect the proportion of affluent private and free tuition public schools as well as the proportion of small and large schools.ResultsOf the 24,778 children registered for the survey, 23,600 (95.2%) were tested of which 21,861 (92.6%) were available for reading. The age distribution showed an increase in numbers of children towards older age: 11% of the children were 6 years and 25%, 10 years. Females were 52.5% and males 47.5%. The proportion of girls was higher in all age groups (range 51.4% to 54.0%, p < 0.001). BCG scar was visible in 89.3% of the children. The percentage of children with a BCG scar differed by district and by age. The percentage of children with a BCG scar decreased with increasing age in all districts, reflecting increasing BCG vaccination coverage in Ghana in the last ten years. The risk of tuberculosis infection was low in the northern savannah zones compared to the southern coastal zones. Using a cut-off of 15 mm, the prevalence of infection ranged from 0.0% to 5.4% and the Annual Risks of Tuberculosis Infection 0.0% to 0.6%. There was an increase in the proportion of infected children after the age of 7 years. Children attending low and middle-class schools had a higher risk of infection than children attending upper-class schools.ConclusionTuberculosis infection is still a public health problem in Ghana and to monitor the trend, the survey needs to be repeated at 5 years interval.