Increasing NaOH Concentration Research Articles

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Fe3O4 NANOPARTICLES BY VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE AND NaOH CONCENTRATION

This work was aimed at optimizing the microstructure and optical properties of Fe3O4 by variation of synthesis temperature and NaOH concentration. The nanoparticles have been synthesized from iron sand by using the coprecipitation method. The temperature was varied of 60oC, 80oC, and 100oC, while NaOH concentration was 3 molar, 5 molar, and 7 molars. The microstructural parameters were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The optical properties were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis Spectroscopy, consecutively. The results showed that the crystallite size of Fe3O4 increase with an increase of synthesis temperature due to higher thermal energy driving the nucleation process. The crystallite sizes are in the range of 3.77 nm – 20.37 nm. Increasing NaOH concentration also affected the increase in crystallite sizes. On the other hand, an excess of NaOH concentration influences the formation of smaller crystallite sizes of Fe3O4 with smaller crystal density and larger microstrain. The existence of Fe2+-O and Fe3+-O vibration in FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The direct and indirect optical gap energies of Fe3O4 were in the range of 3.15 eV – 3.39 eV and 2.39 eV – 2.91eV. The synthesis temperature and NaOH concentration have a significant role in controlling the properties of Fe3O4.

Characterization of Synthesized Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose with Variation of Solvent Mixture and Alkali Concentration

BACKGROUND:CMC is one of the water-soluble polysaccharide derivatives obtained from cellulose. Alkalization and carboxymethylation process will influence the quality of the CMC. The use of a combination of mixed solvents and varying alkali concentrations in the synthesis process of CMC needs to be studied so that CMC can be synthesized with the proper characteristics.AIM:This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose synthesized using various solvents and NaOH concentrations.METHODS:Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized using solvent mixture, namely isopropanol: isobutanol (30: 70) and isopropanol:ethanol (50: 50) with varied concentration of NaOH of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, respectively. Synthesized CMC was characterized by an organoleptic test, pH, infrared analysis, and degree of substitution (DS).RESULTS:The result showed that characteristics of synthesized CMC were different from one another. The organoleptic test showed that synthesized CMC uses isopropanol: isobutanol (30: 70) was coarse powder, odourless and tasteless, ivory until burlywood along with increasing NaOH concentration; while the synthesized CMC with isopropanol: ethanol (50: 50) was a colourless, odourless, tasteless and fine powder. The pH of synthesized CMC was neutral. Infrared profile of synthesized CMC indicated the existence of carboxyl functional groups in 1600-1640 cm-1 region. The degree of substitution value of formula II-5, II-10, II-15, II-20, II-25, IE-5, IE-10, IE-15, IE-20, and IE-25 were 0.885;0.757; 0.685; 0.592; 0.575; 0.611; 0.906; 0.603; 0.671; 0.751, respectively.CONCLUSION:Characteristics of CMC vary depending on the type of solvent mixture and NaOH concentrations used in synthesis. The more polarity of a solvent mixture the more colourless and higher DS value of synthesized CMC. On the other hand, the more alkali concentration in synthesis CMC the more colour and higher DS value was acquired.

Surface deacetylation of chitin nano-whiskers

In this paper, chitin nano-whiskers (CNWs) were prepared through acid hydrolysis. The surface deacetylation of the prepared CNW in alkali conditions was carried out. The morphologies, crystallinity, degree of deacetylation and antibacterial property of the nano-whiskers were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, antibacterial testing and so on. The results confirmed that the amino groups were successfully introduced onto the surface of the CNW, so that the nano-rod-like morphology of the whisker was still maintained. The degree of deacetylation of CNW increased from 4.4% up to a maximum of 55.2% with the increase in NaOH concentration and reaction temperature. Furthermore, deacetylation kinetics of CNW was also investigated. It was found that the deacetylation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The apparent rate constant of the reaction increased with the increase in NaOH concentration and reaction temperature. The apparent activation energy of the reaction was estimated as 27.71 kJ/mol. The deacetylated CNW exhibited much improved antibacterial property, and the percentage bacterial reduction of the sample reached 85%.

Nanofiltration of Succinic Acid in Strong Alkaline Conditions.

Nanofiltration is considered to be an appropriate separation technique in the production of bio-based materials. For the utilization of process streams from the viscose-fiber production, understanding the separation behavior of organic compounds in highly alkaline solutions is necessary. Experiments with succinic acid in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions with varying concentrations up to 5 mol L−1 were performed with the NP030 membrane from Microdyn Nadir. Furthermore, experiments with aqueous disodium succinate and solutions of sodium sulfate in sodium hydroxide were carried out. The influence of concentration ratios and temperature was studied. The Spiegler and Kedem model as well as the Pusch model were applied to fit the experimental data. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared (ATR–IR) measurements were performed to validate the chemical and thermomechanical stability of the membrane. The succinic acid retention varies with its degree of dissociation. In a fully dissociated form, the NaOH concentration shows no impact on the retention. In contrast, the retention of sulfate decreases with increasing NaOH concentration.

The Environmental Friendly Route to Obtain Sodium Silicate Solution from Rice Husk Ash: A Comparative Study with Commercial Silicates Deflocculating Agents

Sodium silicate solutions were synthesized treating Rice Husk Ash (RHA) with sodium hydroxide solutions at low molar concentrations (1–4 M). During the study the operative conditions were optimized. Raman spectroscopy was used to check the chemical nature of the silicates solutions obtained by comparison with commercial ones. The deflocculating efficiency of the synthesized solutions was checked by rheological measures on clay suspensions (solid content 60 and 65 wt%). Some findings of the study permit to confirm that the extraction of SiO2 increases by increasing NaOH concentration. The alkaline attack (NaOH solution) at 1.5 and 2 M show the best results for SiO2/Na2O ratio close to 2, this ratio is widely used as deflocculating agents in ceramic sector using commercial silicates. The 0.5wt% content resulted the optimum dosage for all additives. In particular, the viscosity values obtained using the silicates synthetized from RHA are lower than those corresponding to the commercial products. The deflocculating capability behaves similar, or even better, than commercial ones. This valorization of matter from RHA allows the obtainment of high added value products that can play role of “green” substitutes of commercial ones.

Flow‐Driven Precipitation Patterns with Microemulsions in a Confined Geometry

AbstractPrecipitation reactions occurring under fluid flow can self‐organize a variety of complex spatiotemporal patterns. Herein, we investigate the structures formed when a CoCl2‐containing water‐in‐oil microemulsion is injected into an aqueous NaOH solution. The reacting liquids are confined to the thin gap of a horizontal Hele‐Shaw cell and injection is carried out from a central port. Dark‐field detection of the patterns reveals borders that can deviate from smooth circles by either jagged or sinusoidal deformations. The interior of the patterns shows speckle‐like features that can arrange along either spike‐like tracks or concentric circular segments. The area ratio of light scattering regions increases with increasing flow rates but decreases sharply with increasing NaOH concentration. The latter transition is interpreted as a shift from patterns dominated by the physical breakdown of the microemulsion to patterns strongly affected by the precipitation of α‐Co(OH)2.

Novel process for decontamination and additional valorization of steel making dust processing using two-step correlative leaching

Recycling of steel making dusts often targets Zn removal. Other heavy metals such as Mo, W or Cr do not receive as much attention, and the decontamination of the dusts from these constituents is scarcely addressed in the literature. This study presents a novel approach of the selective separation of Mo from steel making dusts using alkaline solutions with low concentrations, before Zn removal using concentrated alkaline medium. Such an approach has never been reported before and can contribute to more efficient decontamination of the steel making dusts and will increase the value of recovered components since Mo can be significantly preconcentrated. Two samples originating from two steel producers were investigated. One sample contained 2.65% of Mo and 1.87% of Zn, and the second sample had 0.61% of Mo and 35.9% of Zn. Temperature was found to have a low impact on the leaching efficiency of Mo, while increased NaOH concentration promoted leaching of Zn. Excellent pre-concentration of Mo was achieved by using a S:L ratio of 1:3. Almost 5170 mg/L Mo, 1000 mg/L W, no Fe and only 2 mg/L Zn were present in the solution after leaching at 30 °C for 30 min. For the samples containing lower concentrations of Mo and high concentrations of Zn, the selectivity of the process was affected when using higher concentrations of NaOH. A final leachate containing 797 mg/L of Mo and only 11 mg/L Zn was obtained after leaching with 0.05 M NaOH. DFT computations showed that the 2D layered structures of MoO3 and WO3 are decisive factors that account for their high solubilites.

Electrical Conductivity of Ammonia–Alkali Solutions and Its Activation Energy

The electrical conductivity of sodium hydroxide–ammonium hydroxide solutions in the concentration ranges 1–3 M NaOH and 2–6 M NH4OH is studied in accordance with the content of the reagents in the solution and its temperature. It is shown that the electrical conductivity of the aforementioned system increases as the NaOH concentration increases, whereas, as the NH4OH concentration increases, the electrical conductivity decreases. The electrical conductivity of the system linearly is found to increase as the temperature of solution increases. This allows us to linearize the obtained dependences and to calculate the temperature coefficients of the electrical conductivity. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity is determined, which confirms the diffusion limitations of the charge transfer process in the system under study.

Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration in Synthesizing Zinc Selenide/Graphene Oxide Composite via Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method.

The effect of NaOH solution on the formation of nanoparticles has been the subject of ongoing debate in selenium-based material research. In this project, the robust correlation between the mechanistic growth of zinc selenide/graphene oxide (ZnSe/GO) composite and the concentration of NaOH are elucidated. The ZnSe/GO composite was synthesized via microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and the concentrations of NaOH are controlled at 2 M, 3 M, 4 M, 5 M and 6 M. The XRD spectra show that the crystal phases of the samples exhibited a 100% purity of ZnSe when the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was set at 4 M. The further increase of NaOH concentration leads to the formation of impurities. This result reflects the essential role of hydroxyl ions in modifying the purity state of ZnSe/GO composite. The optical band gap energy of ZnSe/GO composite also decreased from 2.68 eV to 2.64 eV when the concentration of NaOH increased from 2 M to 4 M. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum concentration of NaOH used in synthesizing ZnSe/GO composite is 4 M. This project provides an alternative green method in the formation of a high purity ZnSe/GO composite.

Synthesis temperature and NaOH concentration dependences of microstructure and magnetic properties of MnNi-Fe2O4 nanoparticles

MnNi-Fe2O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method in different synthesis temperatures and NaOH concentrations. Microstructure and magnetic properties of nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscope, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of spinel structure with crystallite size in the range of 7.5 nm to 14.0 nm. The spectral analysis revealed two characteristic absorption bands related to metal-oxygen vibration in tetrahedral and octahedral site that appeared at 586 cm−1 and 432 cm−1, respectively. The magnetization saturation within the range of 3.0-8.1 emu g−1. The tendency to increase in coercivity from 6.5 to 17.5 Oe was due to the increase in synthesis temperature. The increase in NaOH concentration also affected coercivity to increase from 12.3 to 84.9 Oe.

Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications

The mechanical and microstructural properties of problematic silty clay (SC) stabilised with fly ash (FA) based geopolymer and blast furnace slag (BFS) replacement are presented in this research. The influence factors evaluated included FA:BFS replacement ratio, NaOH concentration, and curing temperature. A series of geotechnical laboratory tests and microstructural analyses were also undertaken. The strength of the stabilised material was found to be governed by interparticle forces, mainly from the contribution of the chemical bonding strength. The results indicated that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) values of FA based geopolymers stabilised with SC/BFS blends increased with increasing NaOH concentration, at the various FA:BFS replacement ratios when cured at various temperatures (25, 50 and 80°C). The high concentration of NaOH could dissolve FA particles to leach silica and alumina which reacted with NaOH to produce a geopolymerization (N-A-S-H gel) process, which resulted in high UCS results. The decrease in FA:BFS ratio however reduced the specific area of particles to be welded by FA geopolymerization products and reduces the geopolymer gel due to the reduction in quantity of FA precursor. As such, the interparticle forces increased as the FA:BFS reduced up to the optimum value and then decreased as the FA:BFS reduced. The optimal FA:BFS ratio was found to be 20:10. An elevated curing temperature accelerated the geopolymerization reaction, leading to the higher UCS at higher temperature. The use of waste by-products BFS and FA to stabilise problematic soil in civil engineering applications will contribute to a significant reduction in construction costs and the sustainable development of the project life cycles.

Investigation of corrosion resistance and formation mechanism of calcium-containing coatings on AZ31B magnesium alloy

The developed micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings with good corrosion resistance and high calcium content are desirable for medical magnesium alloys. In this study, the influences of NaOH, sodium phytate (Na12Phy), Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O and treatment duration on corrosion resistance and calcium content of MAO coatings were systematically investigated using an orthogonal experiment of four factors with three levels. It is found that the corrosion resistance of MAO treated samples is synergistically determined by coating characteristics, though the developed microcrack and the coating roughness play a main role. The prolonged treatment duration or excessively high concentrations of NaOH and Na12Phy decrease the coating corrosion resistance due to intensive spark discharges and the subsequent development of microcracks on coating surface. The increased NaOH concentration has a negative impact on the calcium amount due to the improved solution pH value and the decreased Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O solubility in water solution. Proper Na12Phy is beneficial to improving the calcium amount attributed to the chelating reaction between Na12Phy and calcium ions. The increased Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O concentration and prolonged treatment duration improve the calcium content in MAO coatings, demonstrating that calcium ions enter into MAO coatings by both diffusion and electromigration.

Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysis Enhancement by Microwave-Assisted Sulfolane Pretreatment

Sugarcane bagasse is the major by-product of the sugarcane industry and, due to its abundant availability, it has been extensively studied for lignocellulosic bioconversion in the production of bioethanol and other value-added commercial products. In the study presented herein, a combined pretreatment using sulfolane, TiO2 and alkali microwave irradiation (MW-A) was assessed for the dissolution of lignin prior to enzymatic saccharification of holocellulose. Total reducing sugars (TRS) and saccharinic acid yields were investigated. The increase in NaOH concentration up to 5% and in temperature from 120 °C to 140 °C were found to have a positive influence on both yields. While increasing the reaction time from 5 to 60 min only led to an increase in TRS yield <2%, a reaction time of 30 min almost doubled the saccharinic acids production. TRS yields and saccharinic acid production were approximately 5% and 33% higher when the sulfolane-TiO2 reaction medium was used, as compared to MW-A in water, reaching up to 64.8% and 15.24 g/L of saccharinic acids, respectively. The proposed MW-A pretreatment may hold promise for industrial applications, given the good TRS yields obtained, and the associated enzyme and time/energy savings. The use of sulfolane-TiO2 reaction medium is encouraged if saccharinic acids are to be recovered too.

Behaviour of fly ash geopolymer binders under exposure to alkaline media

Alkaline agents are primary binder components of geopolymer systems. In the converse, however, the hardened geopolymer binders can be adversely affected under exposure to strong alkalis. This paper presents an investigation conducted to evaluate the effects of highly alkaline exposure environment on fly ash geopolymer binders. In the study, a combination of sodium silicate and 12 M NaOH solution was used as the alkali activator to prepare a low calcium (Class F) fly ash-based geopolymer binder. Fly ash geopolymer pastes or mortars were cast into 50 mm cubes and 25 × 25 × 285 mm prisms, then immersed in different media consisting of water or 1–3 M NaOH solutions maintained at varied temperatures of 23, 38, and 80 °C. The tests done include compressive strength, expansion, and weight changes. Analytical studies were done using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy. Leaching analysis of storage solutions was also conducted. Results showed that alkali attack occurred when the concentrations of storage solutions exceeded 1 M NaOH. The severity of attack increased with increase in NaOH concentration and in storage temperature. It was found that the alkali attack causes damage to the polymeric structure of the binder, leading to release of Al and Si. A gel-like substance is formed, causing expansion and microcracking. New crystalline zeolite phases comprising phillipsite, zeolite-P and chabazite, also formed under exposure of the fly ash geopolymer binder to elevated alkali concentrations.

Thermo-mechanical characteristics of geopolymer mortar

Abstract This paper presents the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on partial replacement of fly ash (FA) in the manufacture of ambient cured Geopolymer Mortar (GPM). Geopolymer mortars were manufactured by using a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as the alkaline activator solution. The production of FA/GGBFS based geopolymer mortar was studied by using 8 M, 10 M, 12 M and 14 M concentrations of NaOH; and by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% partial replacement of fly ash by GGBFS to study the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar at 3, 7 and 28 days of maturity. For GPM with 100% fly ash as the sole binder, heat curing in oven with varying temperatures from 60 °C to 100 °C at an interval of 10 °C was considered. The results on GPM with 100% fly ash having 12 M NaOH concentration cured at 90 °C achieved maximum compressive strength of 51.55 N/mm2. The compressive strength has increased and yielded a maximum of 59.2 N/mm2 with the increase in NaOH concentration up to 12 M after partial replacement of fly ash by 30% GGBFS. Further, GPM samples were also subjected to elevated temperature varying from 200 °C to 1000 °C at every 200 °C interval in muffle furnace and the change in compressive strength and its corresponding weight loss was studied. It has been observed that the effect of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of GPM had a direct relation of weight loss with the increase in temperature. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis on Geopolymer Mortar indicates that GGBFS played a vital role in the geopolymerization mechanism for strength development of ambient cured geopolymer mortar. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of Geopolymer mortar revealed formation of dense structure with early age setting and strength gain.

Fly Ash/Blast Furnace Slag-Based Geopolymer as a Potential Binder for Mine Backfilling: Effect of Binder Type and Activator Concentration

This article investigated the potential of fly ash (FA)/blast furnace slag- (BFS-) based geopolymer as a novel backfilling material. The effects of NaOH concentration and FA/BFS mass ratio were explored through XRD, FTIR, and TG-DTG analyses. The results indicated that the reaction products and strengths of geopolymer depended on the NaOH concentration and types of source materials. Slump, final setting time, and setting ratio increased as a function of FA content. However, the increase in FA content reduced the compressive strength and microstructure of the backfilling material (BM) due to the lower reactivity than BFS. Microstructure analysis reveals that the matrix tends to be denser with the BFS content and NaOH concentration increase.

Controlling the {111}/{110} Surface Ratio of Cuboidal Ceria Nanoparticles.

The ability to control the size and morphology is crucial in optimizing nanoceria catalytic activity as this is governed by the atomistic arrangement of species and structural features at the surfaces. Here, we show that cuboidal cerium oxide nanoparticles can be obtained via microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis in highly alkaline media. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that the cube edges were truncated by CeO2{110} surfaces and the cube corners were truncated by CeO2{111} surfaces. When adjusting synthesis conditions by increasing NaOH concentration, the average particle size increased. Although this was accompanied by an increase of the cube faces, CeO2{100}, the cube edges, CeO2{110}, and cube corners, CeO2{111}, remained of constant size. Molecular dynamics (MD) was used to rationalize this behavior and revealed that energetically, the corners and edges cannot be atomically sharp, rather they are truncated by {111} and {110} surfaces, respectively, to stabilize the nanocube; both the experiment and simulation showed agreement regarding the minimum size of ∼1.6 nm associated with this truncation. Moreover, HRTEM and MD revealed {111}/{110} faceting of the {110} edges, which balances the surface energy associated with the exposed surfaces, which follows {111} > {110} > {100}, although only the {110} surface facets because of the ease of extracting oxygen from its surface and follows {111} > {100} > {110}. Finally, MD revealed that the {100} surfaces are "liquid-like" with a surface oxygen mobility 5 orders of magnitude higher than that on the {111} surfaces; this arises from the flexibility of the surface species network that can access many different surface arrangements because of very small energy differences. This finding has implications for understanding the surface chemistry of nanoceria and provides avenues to rationalize the design of catalytically active materials at the nanoscale.

Fabrication of Ni(OH)2&NiOOH Film/Ni Electrode and the Effect of NaOH Concentration on Its Glucose Detection

In this work, Ni(OH)2&NiOOH film grew in-situ on Ni foam to fabricate Ni(OH)2&NiOOH film/Ni electrode by a facile and quick corrosion method for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose detection. The Ni foam was first anodized in ethylene glycol solution for 2 h, and then aged in 1 M NaOH solution for 24 h to form the Ni(OH)2&NiOOH film. The electrocatalytic property of the Ni(OH)2&NiOOH film/Ni electrode was investigated by measuring its glucose detection sensitivity. The results showed that, the Ni(OH)2&NiOOH film/Ni electrode exhibited a high sensitivity of 5.7584 mA mM−1 cm−2 and a linear response range of 0.001 mM - 0.130 mM in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The electrode was also tested in 0.5 M and 1.0 M NaOH solutions. The results indicated that the concentration of NaOH in the solution affected slightly on the sensitivity of the electrode. However, it had a strong effect on its linear response range. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that the electrode's sensitivity was controlled by the glucose diffusion process. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments demonstrated that, the linear response range of the electrode lay on the amount of the NiOOH which rised with the increase of NaOH concentration.

Synthesis and characterization of morphology-controllable BiFeO3 particles with efficient photocatalytic activity

The single phase BiFeO3 (BFO) particles were synthetised by a facile hydrothermal method under the special sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. The particles have been systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis spectra. It is found that a wide range of NaOH concentration of 1–3 M could induce a high crystalline quality of BFO. Interestingly, it is noted that different NaOH concentrations have a significant effect on the morphology of BFO particles. With the increase of NaOH concentration, the morphology changes from alveolate BFO to cubic BFO particles. Moreover, the light absorption characteristics and the band gap of BFO particles are strongly dependent on their morphology. This result in the difference of photocatalytic degradation ability of alveolate BFO particles compared to that of cubic BFO particles.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NaOH PADA PROSES DELIGNIFIKASI TERHADAP SELULOSA MIKROKRISTAL DARI ALGA HIJAU (Cladophora sp.) SEBAGAI PRODUK BAHARI TERBARUKAN

Research on marine natural resources as an excipient material of pharmaceutical product is still rare. One of the marine products is the green algae, Cladophora sp. High cellulose content causes Cladophora sp. which can be used as an alternative material of microcrystalline cellulose (SM). There are two stages to produce SM, namely delignification and hydrolysis. Delignification is the process of removing the lignin of complex compounds. The delignification process is carried out chemically in alkaline situation using a NaOH solution which dissolves lignin, carbohydrates, organic acids, and resins so that cellulose is released from its bonds. This is important because the presence of lignin may inhibit acid penetration prior to hydrolysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of delignification by using NaOH solution at various concentrations (2, 4, and 6%) to cellulose content and physical character of microcrystalline cellulose from Cladophora sp. (SMC). In the hydrolysis process, 5% HCl solution was used. SMCs of various concentrations of NaOH were observed and the cellulose levels included alpha, beta and gamma levels. While the physical character observation is done on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test. Based on the cellulose content, the higher the concentration of NaOH used, the higher the alpha cellulose will increase. The opposite result occurs on the measurement of beta and gamma cellulose. Based on SEM test, it appears that there is no effect of increasing NaOH concentration on physical character of SMC.