Elastomeric layers, that serve as the base of a viscoelastic (VE) damping system in structures, dissipate energy through shear deformation and transform vibration energy into heat by internal friction between polymer chains. In this study, two compounds, based on natural rubber (NR) matrix and butyl rubber (IIR) matrix, were designed and manufactured. Then, the mechanical and dynamic properties of elastomeric layers were investigated. Dynamic loading tests were conducted on the elastomeric layers using a frequency range of 0.1–1.5 Hz and a shear strain range of 10–150% under harmonic loading in order to analyze their hysteretic behavior. The output of the experiments shows that the both of elastomeric layers have a large deformation capability with a high damping performance, but the IIR damper can provide high energy dissipation capacity compared with the NR damper that has a large restoring force. The results also show an increase in storage modulus and loss factor of VE dampers with increasing frequency and their decrease with increasing strain. However, the dependency of VE damper on strain and strain rate based on NR is more remarkable than that of VE damper based on IIR. The experimental data were also used for validation and calibration of numerical simulation by ABAQUS software. The results proved to be satisfactory.