Increase Of Line Length Research Articles

Preliminary Study on an Integrated System Composed of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine and an Octagonal Fishing Cage

To maximize the utilization of ocean resources, shorten the return period of investment and directly supply energy to the fishing cage, this paper performs a preliminary study for a state-of-the-art concept integrating a floating offshore wind turbine with a fishing cage. An octagonal semisubmersible rigid fishing cage with a slack catenary mooring system is designed to match the NREL 5 MW offshore baseline wind turbine. Combined with the blade pitch controller, fully coupled aero-hydro-elastic-servo-mooring simulations are performed through FAST and AQWA to explore the dynamic performance of the integrated system. Free decay conditions, uniform wind with irregular and regular waves, and turbulent wind with irregular waves are tested. The results showed that the integrated system works normally at the operating conditions and exhibits different dynamic characteristics for various scenarios. Additionally, the study on the influence of mooring line length indicates that the increasing line length can significantly affect the cage surge motion and the maximum and mean values of the upwind line tension at fairlead. Specifically, the maximum surge motion with a 924-m-long line is 404.8% larger than that with an 880-m-long line. When the line length increases by 5%, the maximum and mean line tensions decrease by 45.7% and 47.7%, respectively, while when the line length increases by 10%, the maximum and mean line tension decrease by 52.9% and 54.2%, respectively. It should be noted that the main purpose of this work is to conduct a preliminary study on this integrated system, aiming to provide an idea for the conceptual design, modeling and simulation analysis of this integrated system.

Statistical properties of links of network: A survey on the shipping lines of Worldwide Marine Transport Network

Node properties and node importance identification of networks have been vastly studied in the last decades. While in this work, we analyze the links’ properties of networks by taking the Worldwide Marine Transport Network (WMTN) as an example, i.e., statistical properties of the shipping lines of WMTN have been investigated in various aspects: Firstly, we study the feature of loops in the shipping lines by defining the line saturability. It is found that the line saturability decays exponentially with the increase of line length. Secondly, to detect the geographical community structure of shipping lines, the Label Propagation Algorithm with compression of Flow (LPAF) and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method are employed, which show rather consistent communities. Lastly, to analyze the redundancy property of shipping lines of different marine companies, the multilayer networks are constructed by aggregating the shipping lines of different marine companies. It is observed that the topological quantities, such as average degree, average clustering coefficient, etc., increase smoothly when marine companies are randomly merged (randomly choose two marine companies, then merge the shipping lines of them together), while the relative entropy decreases when the merging sequence is determined by the Jensen–Shannon distance (choose two marine companies when the Jensen–Shannon distance between them is the lowest). This indicates the low redundancy of shipping lines among different marine companies.

17. Within-Object Attention: Attentional Concentration and Amplification in Moving Versus Static Conditions

When presented with multiple stimuli, attention serves to help us select which items to focus on for further processing. The techniques we apply to determine where to focus within an object are less clearly understood than those applied for selecting objects. This study aims to observe if there are any existing trends in how we allocate our attention within objects, as well as to examine how different factors affect this cognitive process. Two previously identified trends in how attention is allocated within lines are attentional concentration – a tendency to focus on the center of the lines – and attentional amplification – the increase in center focus as line length increases (Alvarez and Scholl, 2005). Object dynamics is a variable that can be manipulated to test if these effects represent a higher-order tracking strategy, or whether they will still be exhibited when presented with stationary lines. This study examines whether these effects can be replicated when tested with moving lines as well as stationary lines. 22 participants completed tracking tasks, either moving or static, where they tracked two designated target lines while simultaneously watching for the appearance of a probe at either the center or end of any of the lines. In the moving condition, probe detection was significantly lower at the ends of lines (indicating attentional concentration), and this decrease in performance grew slightly as line length increased (indicating weak attentional amplification); however, no significant differences in probe detection between centers and ends of lines were found in the static condition.

Full-Wave Analysis of Field-to-Line Coupling Effects Using 1D FDTD Method under Exciting Source with Different Bandwidths

With the aim to analyze field-to-line coupling effects based on energy spectrum, parallel finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to calculate the induced voltage on overhead lines under high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environment. Firstly, the energy distribution laws of HEMP (IEC 61000-2-9), HEMP (Bell Laboratory), HEMP (Paulino et al., 2010), and LEMP (IEC61000-4-5) are given. Due to the air-earth stratified medium, both the absorbing boundary and the connecting boundary applied to scattering by finite-length objects are separately set in aerial and underground parts. Moreover, the influence of line length on induced voltage is analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the half-peak width is wider with the increase of the line length. But the steepness of induced voltage on the overhead line is invariable. There is no further increase in the peak of induced voltage especially when the line length increases to be equivalent to the wavelength of the frequency bands with the maximum energy.

Balanced Ventilation Principle in the Application of Shigetai Coal Mine Ventilation System Optimization

In order to reduce Shigetai coal mine ventilation resistance of mine ventilation system, using balanced ventilation principle Shigetai coal mine ventilation resistance of mine ventilation system was analysed and balanced, and the balanced ventilation resistance measure mine ventilation resistance in 2014-2015 simulation calculation. Results suggest that balanced ventilation measures implemented in mine ventilation resistance, coal mine ventilation resistance in the next two years not only with increased ventilation line length increases, but lower. Visible, balanced ventilation of mine has better technical and economic results are obvious, merits promotion.

Overview of High Performance 3D-WLP

In-situ observation of electromigration behavior of eutectic SnPb solder was performed as a function of line length at <TEX>$100^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$6{\times}10^4A/cm$</TEX> condition in a scanning electron microscope chamber. The incubation time for edge drift and the edge drift velocity increase as line length increases, which are discussed with the void nucleation stage of solder bump and the electromigration back flux force, respectively. Finally, the existence of electromigration product (jL) and its line length dependency are also discussed.

Computation of constant mean curvature surfaces: Application to the gas–liquid interface of a pressurized fluid on a superhydrophobic surface

The interface shape separating a gas layer within a superhydrophobic surface consisting of a square lattice of posts from a pressurized liquid above the surface is computed numerically. The interface shape is described by a constant mean curvature surface that satisfies the Young–Laplace equation with the three-phase gas–liquid–solid contact line assumed pinned at the post outer edge. The numerical method predicts the existence of constant mean curvature solutions from the planar, zero curvature solution up to a maximum curvature that is dependent on the post shape, size and pitch. An overall force balance between surface tension and pressure forces acting on the interface yields predictions for the maximum curvature that agree with the numerical simulations to within one percent for convex shapes such as circular and square posts, but significantly over predicts the maximum curvature for non-convex shapes such as a circular post with a sinusoidal surface perturbation. Changing the post shape to increase the contact line length, while maintaining constant post area, results in increases of 2 to 12% in the maximum computable curvature for contact line length increases of 11 to 77%. Comparisons are made to several experimental studies for interface shape and pressure stability.

Linear combinations of signals from two lines of the same or different orientations

Whereas the influence on the elevation of visually perceived eye level (VPEL) by two bilaterally symmetric, long (64°-long), pitched-from-vertical lines in total darkness is only a little more than the average of the VPELs of the two lines measured separately [Matin & Li (1999). Vision Research, 39, 307–329], in the present experiments with 49 2-line combinations of seven orientations (−30° to +30° pitch), the VPEL for two short (12°-long) lines equals the additive sum of the separate influences of the two lines. With one line at a fixed orientation, the slope of the VPEL-versus-pitch function with the second line variable equals the slope of the function when viewing one line alone, but is shifted from the 1-line-alone function by the magnitude of the VPEL of the fixed line. Both the near-averaging and the additivity are summarized by V( θ l, θ r)= k 1+ k 2 [ V( θ l)+ V( θ r)], where V( θ l) and V( θ r) are the 1-line VPELs for the pitches of the left and right lines, and V(θ l, θ r) is the 2-line VPEL; the slope constant k 2 equals 0.5 for averaging, and 1.00 for simple additivity of the separate visual influences. Measured values are k 2=0.99 and k 2=0.61 for short and long lines, respectively. The shift of slope constant is determined by line length and not orientation: parallel and nonparallel lines follow the same rules of combination for short lines as they do for long lines. As for long lines, the short-line results are clear in showing that the visual influence on VPEL is controlled by an opponent-process mechanism. Although ‘saturation-near-an-asymptote’ along with opponency are required components of the interpretation for the basis of the combination of lines of different orientations and different lengths, they are not by themselves sufficient: All results conform to a neurophysiologically-based model [Matin and Li (1997b). Society for Neuroscience, 23, 175; Matin & Li, under review] that parallel processes feedforward signals from orientation-selective neural units in V1; the model accounts for the shift from additivity to near-averaging with increase in line length as a consequence of the increased contribution of shunting.

The Advantage of Length in Deep Crustal Reflection Prospecting

Since its first survey in 1975, the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) has applied the continuous seismic profiling technique developed by the petroleum industry to a very wide range of fundamental geologic problems in the conterminous United States. Thrust belts at the continental margin and in the continental interior have been studied (Appalachian-Ouachita trend, Laramide province); ancient and modern rifts have been examined (Mid-Continent Geophysical anomaly, Anadarko aulacogen, Rio Grande rift, Basin and Range province); cratonic areas including shield, platform and basins have been explored (Adirondack mountains, Minnesota, Michigan basin); neotectonic earthquake and volcanic zones have been studied (San Andreas fault, Charleston, Rio Grande rift). Many of these results are discussed by Brewer and Oliver (1980) or by Oliver, Cook and Brown (1983). In general, the trend in survey design has been towards longer and longer lines. Some early surveys spanned only a few tens of kilometres. Most recent surveys span 150 km or more and are thought of as segments of still longer profiles. The ultimate goal of the COCORP project is to obtain a coherent picture of the whole of the North American basement. To achieve this goal, the long-term plans for COCORP field-work propose to link up the investigations of regional geologic problems to create continental traverses. COCORP&apos;s earliest profiles in Hardeman basin, Texas (Oliver et al. 1976), unlike earlier studies of basement reflectors in the U.S. (Junger 1951, Widess and Taylor 1959, Dix 1965), exploited the Vibroseis (TM Conoco) technique. Such work has demonstrated the ability of continuous profiling technology to study basement reflections from throughout most or all of the continental crust. (Schilt et al. 1979 review the data acquisition and processing methods used by COCORP.) Although the Hardeman basin study probed deeper into, the crust than earlier experiments and found many reflectors and diffractors at depth, these first COCORP profiles shared with earlier work the disadvantages of very short lines. Little perspective on the structures was obtained. Increase in line length has allowed COCORP to treat geologic problems of regional importance and especially to trace deep features to surface outcrop or to drillable subcrop (Oliver 1982a). Cross-lines, sometimes as ties between sub-parallel lines of the main traverse, are also useful. Closely spaced parallel lines or other forms of areal coverage would also be useful, of course, but are not normally used in modern studies of basement geology, primarily because of cost but also because of difficulty of access to off-road sites. Now that a distance equivalent to one traverse across the U.S. has been surveyed, tentative plans to link up separate COCORP sites into continental traverses seem achievable. With longer lines our ability to characterise lower crustal terranes should advance more rapidly. Surface-constrained problems are currently more readily solved than those of the very deep crust, but surface constraints can sometimes be extended to provide information on great depths. On the basis of COCORP results and associated geologic and geophysical data, it has been supposed that beneath the southern Appalachians, in the present-day lower crust, there lies former continental crust, former oceanic crust and crust of the former continental margin that is transitional between the other two types (Cook and Oliver 1981, Cook et al. 1981). Although the transition between the different lower crustal types in this area is not apparent from the exposed surface geology, indirect evidence on the changing lower crust was obtained from COCORP profiling. Major results of COCORP surveying-e.g. the tracing of faults down to the middle or lower crust in the Wind Rivers and Southern Appalachians, and the identification of a magma body in the Rio Grande rift have been reported elsewhere. This paper considers a rather different issue, the advantages of running very long profiles, by showing how our understanding of the U. S. mid-continent has developed with successive phases of reflection profiling. In this and other areas, still longer profiles may provide additional scientific insights in the near future.