Increasing Iodine Concentration Research Articles

Effect of iodine species on biofortification of iodine in cabbage plants cultivated in hydroponic cultures

Iodine is an essential trace element in the human diet because it is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency affects over 2.2 billion people worldwide, making it a significant challenge to find plant-based sources of iodine that meet the recommended daily intake of this trace element. In this study, cabbage plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system containing iodine at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/L in the form of potassium iodide or potassium iodate. During the experiments, plant physiological parameters, biomass production, and concentration changes of iodine and selected microelements in different plant parts were investigated. In addition, the oxidation state of the accumulated iodine in root samples was determined. Results showed that iodine addition had no effect on photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content. Iodide treatment did not considerably stimulate biomass production but iodate treatment increased it at concentrations less than 0.5 mg/L. Increasing iodine concentrations in the nutrient solutions increased iodine content in all plant parts; however, the iodide treatment was 2–7 times more efficient than the iodate treatment. It was concluded, that iodide addition was more favourable on the target element accumulation, however, it should be highlighted that application of this chemical form in nutrient solution decreased the concetrations of selected micoelement concentration comparing with the control plants. It was established that iodate was reduced to iodide during its uptake in cabbage roots, which means that independently from the oxidation number of iodine (+ 5, − 1) applied in the nutrient solutions, the reduced form of target element was transported to the aerial and edible tissues.

Modulation of optoelectronic properties in Cl and Br doped GUASnI[formula omitted] based perovskite solar cells: A Density Functional Theory analysis

Partial substitution of I by Cl or Br improves the performance of hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. Here, a systematic density functional theory (DFT)-based investigation has been carried out in some mixed halide perovskites having the general formula GUASnX3−yXy′, where GUA = guanidinium cation, X = iodine (I), X′ = chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br), and y = 0, 1, 1.5, and 2. Results obtained have been compared with the pure iodine-based compound to understand the impact of doping ratio on physical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties of the hybrid halide perovskite materials. From the analysis, it has been observed that all the designed compounds form thermodynamically stable three-dimensional perovskite structures. In addition, the designed compounds possess band gap (Eg) values within the range of 0.91-2.33 eV. However, Eg decreases with an increase in iodine content. Complex dielectric function and absorption coefficient analysis led to the conclusion that all the investigated compounds exhibit absorption maxima in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, photovoltaic performance analysis reveals that GUASnI3 exhibits the highest theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.78% among the studied compounds. The study also shows that the pure iodine-based compound is superior to the corresponding mixed halide compounds in terms of their optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties. Hence, it is expected that the study will provide researchers a basis to further investigate mixed halide perovskite based materials in the future.

The paradigm for exceptional iodine capture by nonporous amorphous electron-deficient cyclophanes

Nuclear power emerges as a beacon of hope in tackling the energy crisis. However, the emission of radioactive iodine originating from nuclear waste and accidents poses a serious danger to nature and human well-being. Therefore, it becomes imperative to urgently develop suitable adsorbents capable of iodine capture and long-term storage. It’s generally recognized that achieving high iodine capture efficiency necessitates the presence of electron-rich pores/cavities that facilitate charge-transfer (CT) interactions, as well as effective sorption sites capable of engaging in lone pair interactions with iodine. In this study, an unprecedented iodine capture paradigm by nonporous amorphous electron-deficient tetracationic cycloalkanes in vapor and aqueous solutions is revealed, overturning preconceived notions of iodine trapping materials. A newly reported tetracationic cyclophane, BPy-Box4+, exhibited an exceptional iodine vapor sorption capacity of 3.99 g g−1, remarkable iodine removal efficiency in aqueous media, and outstanding reusability. The iodine capture mechanism is unambiguously elucidated by theoretical calculations and the single-crystal structures of cyclophanes with a gradual increase in iodine content, underlining the vital role of host-guest (1:1 or 1:2) interactions for the enhanced iodine capture. The current study demonstrates a new paradigm for enhanced iodine capture by nonporous amorphous electron-deficient cyclophanes through host-guest complexation.

Preparation and characterizations of antibacterial iodine-containing coatings on pure Ti

Iodine-containing coatings were prepared on pure Ti surfaces via electrochemical deposition to enhance their antibacterial properties. The factors influencing iodine content were analyzed using an orthogonal experiment. The electrochemically deposited samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity were evaluated. The results showed that changing the deposition time is an effective way to control the iodine content. The iodine content, coating thickness, and adhesion of the samples increased with deposition time. Iodine in the coatings mainly exists in three forms, which are I2, I3−, and pentavalent iodine. For samples with iodine-containing coatings, the antibacterial ratios against E. coli and S. aureus were greater than 90% and increased with increasing iodine content. Although the samples with iodine-containing coatings showed some inhibition of the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, the cell viabilities were all higher than 80%, suggesting that iodine-containing coatings are biosafe.

Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica) biofortified with iodoquinolines: Effectiveness of enriching with iodine and influence on chemical composition

Iodine is a trace element essential for the proper function of the human body, while quinoline derivatives demonstrate many health-promoting properties. Despite the obligatory iodization of table salt introduced by the World Health Organization, there is still a significant population worldwide at risk of iodine deficiency. Because of the need to reduce the dietary supply of table salt, it is necessary to search for new alternative sources of this mineral. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of kale biofortification with iodoquinolines, to estimate daily iodine intake and to determine the effect of iodoquinolines on the yield as well as the chemical composition of two kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica) cultivars cv. ‘Oldenbor F1’ (green kale) and cv. ‘Redbor F1’ (red kale), cultivated in a hydroponic system. The applied compounds: KIO3, 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid, 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol and 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol, significantly increased iodine concentration in plants without having any effect on yields. Treatment with 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid for the iodine biofortification of plants was as effective as the application of KIO3. In addition, the calculated hazard quotient values indicate that the iodine content of kale was safe for the consumer. The obtained results showed that the chemical composition of kale was more influenced by the cultivar of kale than by the used iodine compound. Kale is a natural source of many bioactive compounds, and the application of iodoquinolines has the potential to further enhance its health-promoting properties. In this study, we present that the treatment with iodoquinolines is a promising new method for biofortification of kale grown in a hydroponic system with iodine. In the future, this novel approach to increasing the iodine content of leafy vegetables could be an important aspect of worldwide iodine prevention.

Deep eutectic solvents based on ammonium iodide and iodine possessing high electrical conductivity

Herein, we have demonstrated the preparation of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) using ammonium iodides and iodine. Binary mixtures of 10 ammonium iodides with iodine were examined, and methylammonium iodide [MeNH3]I, diethylammonium iodide [Et2NH2]I, butylammonium iodide [BuNH3]I, and dibutylammonium iodide [Bu2NH2]I formed liquid DESs when mixed with iodine within specific concentration ranges. The DESs showed high electrical conductivities, which increased with the iodine concentration. Among the DESs studied here, [MeNH3]I/I2 with the molar ratio of 1:2.5 showed a very high electrical conductivity (approximately 100 mS cm−1 at 298 K). Overall, the viscosity of the DES series decreased with increasing iodine concentration. The Walden plot showed that most DESs studied here were good electrical conductors, whereas [Bu2NH2]I/I2 DESs with the molar ratios of 1:0.75 and 1:1.00 were almost ideal electrical conductors. Raman spectra of the DESs [Bu2NH2]I/I2 mixtures showed the presence of polyiodides; thus the high electrical conductivity of the DESs in this study was attributed to the Grotthuss mechanism.

The Technology of Sweet Dishes Using Dietary Supplements for the Restaurant Business Establishments

Topicality. The carried out monitoring of the health state and nutritional status of Ukrainians indicates a considerable lack of valuable essential trace elements. Solving this urgent problem is possible by introducing into the population’s diet dishes with an increased iodine content. It is advisable to elaborate preventive foods in the direction of increasing the iodine digestibility and strengthening its preventive effect. It is achieved by simultaneous intake of iodine and its synergist selenium in the human body by the use of supplements from raw materials with a balanced content of this trace element pair. The aim of the article. The aim of the study is to substantiate the production of new dietary feijoa supplements with increased iodine and selenium content for the development of preventive sweet dishes technology. Research methods. The following research methods were used in this study: analytical and standard ones were applied for the determination of iodine content, sensory profile analysis. Results. On the basis of comparative analysis of food raw materials for the iodine and selenium content, as well as the degree of compliance of these microelements with the norms of the adult’s daily physiological needs, the perspective of using feijoa fruits for the development of supplements with an increased iodine and selenium content for the technology of sweet dishes was shown. The research highlighted that new supplements, such as feijoa puree with sugar and candied feijoa, are characterized by a high content of iodine (60.1 and 52.6 μg/100 g, accordingly), and satisfy the daily human need for iodine by 40 and 35%, respectively, possess high organoleptic indicators that make it possible to recommend them as dietary supplements in the sweet dishes technology. Conclusions and discussion. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the grounding the choice of raw materials with an increased iodine and selenium content for the dietary supplements production. Iodine content in new dietary feijoa supplements was determined. Sensory characteristics of the aroma of new feijoa supplements were studied for the first time, according to the developed descriptors. The technology of the sweet dish with a high content of iodine and selenium was developed – “Granola with feijoa candied fruit”. The practical significance of obtained results is revealed in the possibility of expanding the range of dishes aimed at preventing the deficiency of these valuable microelements for the restaurant business establishments.

Ringlike Peripheral Increased Iodine Concentration for the Differentiation of Primary Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Metastases on Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Energy CT.

Please see the Editorial Comment by Gregory Michael Lee discussing this article. Chinese (audio/PDF) and Spanish (audio/PDF) translations are available for this article's abstract. BACKGROUND. Differentiation of primary lung cancers and pulmonary metastases may present a diagnostic dilemma given overlapping CT findings. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the utility of ringlike peripheral increased iodine concentration and conventional findings for differentiating primary lung cancers from pulmonary metastases on dual-energy CT (DECT). METHODS. This retrospective study included 93 patients (64 men, 29 women; median age, 70 years) who underwent resection of a primary lung cancer (n = 68) or pulmonary metastasis (n = 25) corresponding to a solid lesion on preoperative contrast-enhanced DECT performed between April 2020 and March 2021. Venous phase 120-keV single-energy images, equilibrium phase 66-keV virtual monoenergetic images, and iodine concentration maps were reconstructed. Two radiologists independently assessed lesions for spiculated margins, air bronchograms, rim enhancement, and thin ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration; differences were resolved by consensus. Inter-reader agreement and diagnostic performance were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis incorporated additional patient and lesion characteristics. RESULTS. Interobserver agreement, expressed as kappa, was 0.26 for spiculated margins, 0.60 for air bronchograms, 0.56 for rim enhancement, and 0.80 for ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration. Pulmonary metastases, compared with primary lung cancers, exhibited significantly higher frequency of ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration (52% vs 19%; p = .004) but no significant difference in frequency of spiculated margins (49% vs 32%; p = .17), air bronchograms (36% vs 51%; p = .24), or rim enhancement (4% vs 4%; p > .99). Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing pulmonary metastasis were 68% and 49% for absence of spiculated margins, 64% and 51% for absence of air bronchograms, 4% and 96% for presence of rim enhancement, and 52% and 81% for presence of ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration. In multivariable analysis including smoking history, lesion diameter, multiple resected lesions, and ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration, the only independent significant predictor of pulmonary metastasis was ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration (OR, 7.81 [95% CI, 2.28-29.60); p = .001). CONCLUSION. Ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration had excellent interobserver agreement and high specificity (albeit poor sensitivity) for differentiating pulmonary metastasis from primary lung cancer and was independently predictive of pulmonary metastasis. CLINICAL IMPACT. Ringlike peripheral high iodine concentration could help guide management of patients with known cancer and an indeterminate solitary nodule.

Iodine: Physiological importance and food sources

AbstractIodine is essential for humans who can ingest or inhale different forms of this microelement. Its primary role is to be a constituent of thyroid hormones that control basal metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency causes major health problems and still persists in the population. During pregnancy, it may endanger neurodevelopment and even the life of the fetus. The objective of this article is to review the physiological importance of iodine, the consequences of iodine deficiency, methods to determine iodine status, recommendations for satisfactory iodine intake and risk limits, data on iodine concentrations in most common foods, as well as procedures that can increase iodine content in food. Iodization of kitchen salt is a method used for almost a century, but newer techniques for the production of iodine‐fortified foods have emerged offering additional means to deal with insufficient iodine intake. Biotechnology solutions for food fortification, which include iodine addition during and after plant/animal growth, are reviewed as well. Although the general health situation regarding iodine status has improved over years, iodine deficiency has not been eradicated. Further efforts to create safe and more efficient fortification procedures, focused follow‐up programs and healthy nutritional habits are still needed.

Facile preparation of deep eutectic solvents having high electrical conductivities

In the present study, we demonstrate the facile preparation of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of various imidazolium iodides and iodine. The electrical conductivity of the DESs was high and was controllable by changing the composition of the mixtures and the imidazolium cation species. In particular, the DES composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and iodine in a 1:4 molar ratio showed an electrical conductivity as high as 70 mS cm−1, which was higher than that of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide) mixtures with iodine. The electrical conductivity of DESs based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodides increased with increasing iodine content. The high electrical conductivity of DESs was attributed to the Grotthuss mechanism in polyiodide based on the viscosity results, Raman spectrum measurements, and quantum chemistry calculations.

Photovoltaic studies on iodine incorporated titania aerogel nanocomposites

Iodine incorporated titania aerogel nanocomposites were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The nanocomposites were obtained by varying the concentration of iodine as 0, 5, 10, and 20% with respect to the weight percentage of titania. All the synthesized nanocomposites retained the crystallinity and anatase phase, confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. High-resolution scanning electron microscope images of nanocomposites showed the porous structure with agglomeration by increasing the concentration of iodine. The energy dispersive spectrum revealed the entry of the iodine into the titania aerogel. The absorption edge of the nanocomposites from the UV–Visible spectroscopy showed the red-shifted and thereby reducing the band gap with increasing iodine concentration. The photovoltaic performance of the synthesized iodine-incorporated titania aerogel nanocomposites was performed using as photoanode in the quasi-solid dye-sensitized solar cell and found that the efficiency is increasing with increasing iodine in titania aerogel. The photostability and reproducibility of the device were greater than the pristine aerogel.

Evaluation of the accumulation of the iodinated contrast agents diatrizoic acid and iohexol in Dreissena polymorpha mollusks

Mollusks are very sensitive to aquatic environmental alterations and then, are important bio-indicators for monitoring the contamination of water bodies. Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICMs) are ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment, primarily due to their high consumption for diagnosis purposes, high injection levels, low biodegradability, and low removal rates by wastewater treatment plants. Although these compounds are assumed to be of low toxicity, aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to these agents, which may result in adverse effects as ICMs can act as iodine source and disrupt the endocrine system. Thus, the evaluation of their environmental risk, especially on aquatic fauna is of great interest.To this end, we first compared the accumulation behavior, based on iodine analysis, of two ICM exhibiting different osmolality, diatrizoic acid and iohexol in Dreissena polymorpha bivalves exposed under laboratory conditions at concentrations of 0, 100, and 1000 μg/L during 4 and 7 days. This study was the first to provide information on iodine concentration in whole soft tissues and several organs in control zebra mussels. Moreover, it showed, after exposure, an increase of iodine content mainly in the digestive glands, followed by gills and gonads, highlighting that ICMs actually enter the organisms. Thus, bioaccumulation of ICMs studies were then performed, by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, on entire mollusks and digestive glands of organisms exposed at 0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L of both ICMs during 21 days, followed by 4 days of depuration. These first data on ICMs concentrations in zebra mussels, showed a clear accumulation of ICMs in mussels as a function of relative exposure level, as well as a rapid depuration. Osmolality did not seem to have a significant impact on the accumulation level, but a slight difference was observed on the accumulation pattern between both ICMs.

Effects of various macroalgae species on methane production, rumen fermentation, and ruminant production: A meta-analysis from in vitro and in vivo experiments

A meta-analysis was performed to examine the dietary inclusion of marine macroalgae species to target methane (CH4) reduction from ruminant animals and the effects on rumen fermentation and animal performance. A literature search was conducted from global scientific databases, resulting in 25 in vitro and 22 in vivo studies eligible to be integrated in a database. A total of 673 experimental units comprising 537 in vitro and 136 in vivo experimental units were analyzed by using mixed model methodology in SAS and multivariate analysis in R Studio. Principal component analysis (PCA) from in vitro dataset revealed difference effects of brown, green, and red macroalgae on CH4 production without a pronounced pattern on rumen fermentation. Likewise, PCA from in vivo dataset supported the in vitro results whereas Ascophyllum nodosum (brown) and Asparagopsis taxiformis (A. taxiformis; red) species showed noticeably separated clusters on CH4 production. Mixed regression analysis from in vitro and in vivo databases showed interaction effects (P < 0.001) between levels × species on CH4 production and the percentages of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4) whereas A. taxiformis showed the greatest effects on the decrease of C2 and increase of C3 proportions (P < 0.001), among other species. Additionally, dietary levels of A. taxiformis had strong linear decrease (R2= 0.946; P < 0.001) on CH4 (g/d) and curvilinear effect on CH4 when expressed as g/kg DMI (R2= 0.687; P < 0.001). When considering the types of animals, A. taxiformis decreased (P < 0.001) CH4 by 64.76 % in beef cattle but the effect in dairy cows and small ruminant were non-significant (P > 0.05) compared with control diet as a reference. Curvilinear effect on in vitro organic matter digestibility (P = 0.043) and linear degreased on crude protein digestibility (P = 0.029) were found. Feeding macroalgae did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), milk production and milk composition except for milk lactose which linearly increased (R2= 0.731; P = 0.002) by increasing Ascophyllum nodosum level. In dairy cows, the inclusion of A. taxiformis increased iodine concentration by more than six-fold increase (P < 0.001) while other species had no substantial effect on iodine concentration. Taken together, macroalgae can be used as feed ingredients for ruminants to decrease CH4 emissions without detrimental effects on metabolism and production performance in ruminant livestock. Notwithstanding, feeding A. taxiformis > 10 g/kg DM of diet may result in an unfavorable effect on the high bromoform and iodine residuals in milk. Future in vivo study using less-explored species that had been tested in vitro need to be conducted.

Evaluation of exposure factors of dual-energy contrast-enhanced mammography to optimize radiation dose with improved image quality.

BackgroundDual-energy contrast-enhanced mammography (DECEM) is an advanced breast imaging technique of digital mammography.PurposeTo assess the total radiation dose received from complete DECEM using different combinations of exposure parameters for low- and high-energy images.Materials and methodsA dedicated phantom with three different concentrations of iodine inserts was used. Each iodine insert was 10 mm in diameter and concentration of 1.0 mgI/cm3, 2.0 mgI/cm3, and 4.0 mgI/cm3. The phantom was exposed at varying kVp levels. Mean glandular dose (MGD) was estimated. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM) of the iodine inserts were used to assess the image quality.ResultsThe optimum CNR of the recombined images was obtained by using 28 kVp + 49 kVp tube voltage combination for 50 mm thickness, 50% fibroglandular phantom only with a 26% dose increase compared to the highest voltages (32 kVp + 49 kVp) that can be used for low energy (LE) and high energy (HE) imaging. The CNR value was increased with increasing iodine concentration (R 2 > 0.99).ConclusionThe use of as low as possible tube voltage for the LE imaging of standard 50% fibroglandular–50% adipose, 50 mm thickness breast while using the highest tube voltage for HE imaging has reduced the MGD while keeping optimum image quality.

Influence of processing and storage on the iodine content of meat and fish products using iodized salt

Table salt fortified with KIO3 is commonly used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. However, there is a lack of reliable data about the stability of KIO3 during food processing. In this study several meat and fish products were prepared with iodized salt and the iodine stability was determined through the whole production process. Applied processes included heating, fermenting, freezing, hot smoking, ripening by enzymes and storing. In all products an increase in iodine content was observed after addition of iodized salt. The iodine content remained constant during most of the applied processes. The only iodine loss was observed in ham after heating and can be explained by loss of iodine containing brine. During subsequent storage no iodine loss was observed in any of the products. The use of KIO3 fortified salt in the investigated products might therefore be beneficial for the iodine supply.

Iodine Biofortificationin Tomato with a Strategy to Prevent Iodine Deficiency

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of iodine biofortification in tomato fruits by fertilizing potassium iodate in soil, foliar form and chitosan complex forms. While foliar spray alone increases iodine content in leaves (95%), chitosan iodate complex alone and soil application alone increased iodine contentin roots (11% and 16%) and stems (19% and 27%). However, higher iodine accumulation (3%) in tomato fruits was achieved through the combination of foliar and iodine chitosan forms, as electrostatic interaction between chitosan and iodate prevents volatilization and gradually increases the bioavailability of iodine from soil to fruits. The transfer factor was higher for iodate and chitosan complex from soil to plant. Further, the average and relative distribution of iodine in plants revealed that the chitosan iodate complex and foliar spray combination is proven to be the most effective, as it keeps adequate amounts of iodine in roots, stems, and leaves while also increasing iodine content in final fruit. Biofortifying iodine through iodate chitosan complex increases iodine content in tomato fruit and introducing it in our daily diet may help to reduce iodine deficiency.

Iodine concentration in milk evaluated by iodized agents during milking

This research article describes the effect of different concentrations of iodine in the teat-dipping before milking and post-dipping solution on milk, urine, thyroid hormone, chemical composition and somatic cell count. Four multiparous cows were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design in a tie-stall system. The treatments were 0.5%, 1%, and 2% iodine and the control was treated with chlorhexidine. The iodine concentration of milk, food and urine was quantified. Thyroid hormones were analyzed by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Milk composition by differential absorption of infrared waves and somatic cell countby (SCC) flow cytometry. There was no significant effect of iodine concentrations in teats soaking solution before milking on urine iodine concentration and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Likewise, no effect of treatments was observed for the contents of protein, fat, lactose, total solids, Milk urea nitrogen and SCC. However, increasing iodine concentrations in the teat soaking solution before milking linearly increased the iodine concentration in milk. Therefore, the iodine concentration in the pre-milking and post-dipping solutions can change the iodine concentration in the milk.

Evidence for complexation-induced micro-extension of poly(vinyl alcohol) chains in interphase and amorphous domains from solid-state NMR.

The three-phase structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-iodine complexes was elucidated by solid-state NMR (SSNMR), of which the micro-extension of the PVA segment in the interphase and amorphous domains was directly confirmed. The three-phase structure of the PVA-iodine complex was decomposed by the inverse 13C T1-filter, where 13C NMR resonance lines of a C(H) triplet were observed in all three phases. The chain axis of ∼26% extended chains in the interphase deviates 35°-50° relative to the stretching direction, while there is only a 1° deviation for the extended chains in the crystalline domain. The increasing iodine concentration results in the increment of hydrogen-bonded C(H) fractions in both the amorphous and interphase domains, while the distribution of different C(H) fractions remains almost constant in the crystalline domain. Such an increment results from the locally extended PVA chains induced by polyiodine species (I3-/I5-), since the hydrogen bond(s) (HBs) required a specific direction. Direct evidence for this comes from the similar 13C CP/MAS spectra of C(H) in the three phases between unoriented iodine-doped PVA and highly oriented pure PVA. This supports the aggregation model for the formation mechanism of PVA-iodine complexes, where the PVA chain takes an extended zig-zag conformation.

Ingestion of supplements and fortified food with iodine on the breast milk iodine concentration in deficiency areas: a systematic review.

The level of iodine in breast milk may be inadequate and compromise the health of this, both due to excess and lack, some population groups remain deficient because of the low consumption of iodate salt, because there is an increase in consumption of other sources of iodine, such as supplements and fortified foods. To evaluate the effect of the consumption of fortified foods and nutritional supplements with iodine on maternal milk levels. Systematic review based on the Prism method, using the descriptors provided by DeCS. The reading, selection and analysis of the methodological quality of the articles was done by two researchers independently. From 346 abstracts, 6 were eligible. The median iodination range between the studies ranged from 75 to 600 µg in supplements and 150 and 225 µg in fortified foods with effect on increased iodine concentration of breastmilk (BMIC), achieving the adequacy of the median BMIC in 4 of the 6 studies. Iodine ingestion through supplements or fortified foods results in improved iodine levels in breast milk.

Urinary Iodine Status at Delivery in Rural Pregnant Mothers from KONKAN Region of India (BKLWHANC-2)

Adequate iodine is necessary in pregnancy for normal maternal as well as fetal thyroid function. Fetus cannot produce thyroid hormone so it is exclusively dependent on mother. During pregnancy, iodine demand is increased by 50%. An adequate intake of dietary iodine in pregnancy is essential for the normal neurodevelopment of the offspring. We measured urinary iodine concentrations in 220 pregnant women who reported for delivery at a rural hospital in the KONKAN region of the State of Maharashtra, India. The mean age and gestation at delivery were 26.9 years and 38.2 weeks respectively. The observed median UIC was 84.6μg/l. Urinary iodine of mother was not associated with neonatal anthropometric measurements (weight, length and head circumference). We have found low median UIC levels at delivery among pregnant women. The increased demand in pregnancy could be met by iodine supplementation or increasing iodine content in the salt. The burden of poor iodine status in pregnant women will further adversely affect the fetal neurodevelopment. There should be universal screening of every pregnant woman for the identification of iodine status. A simple strategy of improving iodine content in the salt beyond the current recommendation for pregnant women might be beneficial for mother as well as fetus but continuous monitoring for adequate iodine is warranted.