Increasing Innovation Activity Research Articles

THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CREATION OF NEW FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Supporting entrepreneurship in diff erent countries of the world it is realized through the participation of financial and non-financial institutions, which together form the infrastructure for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. In this context, one can not underestimate the infl uence of institutional factors that have a stimulating eff ect on the modeling and the creation of new forms of entrepreneurship. Objectives. The aim of the article is to research and analysis of modern concepts and identifying common trends in the creation of new forms of entrepreneurship. Methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of research are general scientific principles and laws of economics, analysis and synthesis, review of scientific concepts, leading Russian and foreign specialists in the sphere of small and medium-sized businesses. Results. The role of institutional factors in the creation of new forms of entrepreneurship. The features of the creation of new forms and areas of business through the use of eff ective tools of XXI century, identifies key factors and trends in the development of this market. Conclusions / relevance. The relevance of the article due to the fact that in modern conditions, when the national economy is in the stage of turbulence, it is necessary to find new solutions that will ensure the sustainability of national social and economic development in line with global trends. The theme of the article is selected aspect of sustainable economic development in Russia in view of increase of innovative activity of business that will be achieved, including through the creation of new forms of entrepreneurship.

Innovative industrial development of mining and processing of mineral resources of the Russian Arctic: problems and solutions

The problems of innovative development of industrial production and processing of mineral resources of the Russian Arctic, which account for over 37 % of added value. It is shown that the growth of industrial production of the Arctic macro-region is mainly due to extensive factors – increase rather than the use of innovative technologies. It is noted that the innovative development of the Arctic regions lags behind similar indicators of the Russian Federation and significantly inferior to developed countries. In meeting the challenges of sustainable development is a dynamic macro-economy has the primary role belongs to innovative industrial activity, capable of providing a continuous update of technological base of production, development and production of new competitive products, efficient penetration of world markets for goods and services. The strategic direction of development is the intensification of industrial production, especially in times of crisis and economic sanctions against the Russian Federation western countries. It is recognized that the development and implementation of innovative projects and import substitution technologies and equipment in enterprises of mineral resources of Russia is seriously late, did not have to wait for faster results. To implement the policy of import substitution is necessary to develop efficient ways to solve the problem in the first place increasing innovation activity of enterprises. Implementation of these measures is the important factor of innovative development of enterprises for extraction and processing of mineral resources, and ensuring the economic security of the country.

The impact of private equity on firms׳ patenting activity

The paper analyses the impact of private equity (PE) backed leveraged buyouts (LBOs) on innovative output (patenting). Using a sample of 407 UK deals we find that LBOs have a positive causal effect on patent stock and quality-adjusted patent stock. Our results imply a 6% increase in quality-adjusted patent stock three years after the deal. The increase in innovative activity is concentrated among private-to-private transactions with a 14% increase in the quality-adjusted patent stock. We also find evidence suggesting that PE firms facilitate the relaxation of financial constraints. In sum, our findings suggest that PE firms do not promote short-term cost-cutting at the expense of entrepreneurial investment opportunities with a long-term pay-off.

Territorial Innovative Potential in Behavioral Assessments of the Population

In the article, the essential and formalized definition of the potential of the territory is proved; its innovative part in the “subjectprocess-object†approach to its essential content and impact assessment is determined. The system of mechanisms and institutes of building the regional and territorial innovative potential is elaborated, the most productive directions of its using in the interests of spatial socio-economic development are allocated. Problems of high priority and requiring solutions that are able to increase the effectiveness of territory functioning are identified. The mentioned problems found their reflection and possible solutions at the Gaidar International Economic Forum in Moscow (2015) and at the representative XII Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, as reflected by the analyses of some forum’s speeches presented in the paper. The shift of priorities in innovative global development during the second part of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century is shown. The results of research and practice of utilizing innovative solutions for the development of some collectives and territories, the spatial structure of regions and the Russian Federation as a whole are investigated and generalized in this paper. The development of the territory and its potential depends on different factors, but the growth of knowledge, intellectual resource and involvement of the population into management process by development and realization of different programs and projects plays the increasing role in current conditions. In the article, the positive sides of the business-project as the main mechanism of the program and project implementation with utilizing market institutes of the public-private partnership (PPP) are analyzed. The role of collectives and the population in the increase of innovative activity and system territory development is assessed.

The Nature of Innovative Activity and the Protection of Intellectual Property in Asia

This paper examines trends in innovative activity in several major Asian countries during the period 1997–2011 as measured by their filings and grants of various types of intellectual property (IP). By almost all measures, there has been a remarkable increase in innovative activity in China. In fact, in 2011, China accounted for roughly 25% of global patent applications. However, several indirect measures suggest that the quality of this newly created Chinese IP is not (yet) world‐class. For example, relative to residents of other major Asian countries and the USA, Chinese residents tend to file IP applications in foreign markets at a much lower rate. Similarly, the ratio of royalty payments earned by Chinese residents to the number of patents granted to them is fairly low by international standards. Finally, the ratio of patent to utility model applications (typically granted for relatively minor innovations) in China is also relatively small.

The Role of Dedicated Innovation Functions for Innovation Process Control and Performance – An Empirical Study among Hospitals

As health care systems evolve, innovation is becoming a key driver of performance in the hospital sector. However, innovation management has been adopted only sporadically in hospitals, and dedicated innovation functions remain in the developmental stage. Using control theory, this study develops a theoretical framework that links control mechanisms (proactiveness, innovation process formalization) and a dedicated innovation function to innovation activity and innovation performance. For the empirical analysis, data were collected from a survey of 158 German hospitals, with information provided by general hospital management. We apply a structural equation model and control for hospital characteristics such as hospital size and ownership (public/non‐profit/private). The empirical results show positive effects of formal and informal control mechanisms on innovation performance and a positive effect of informal controls on innovation activity. Moreover, a dedicated innovation function is found to positively affect innovation activity and both formal and informal control mechanisms. Based on our findings, we argue that hospital management might devote greater attention to control mechanisms to increase innovation activity and performance. Furthermore, hospital management might consider the creation and empowerment of a dedicated innovation function to take advantage of the positive effects of such a function on informal and formal controls as well as on innovation activity.

Formation Problems of the Organizational and Economic Mechanisms Directed on Increase of the Innovative Activities of the Russian Economy

World financial crisis promoted increase of a role of state regulation of market economy. The state actions in the market of innovations are considered as system of the organizational and economic mechanisms directed on increase of innovative activity of economy. In Russia this system is formed. In article an attempt of generalization of opinions of conducting economists in the field of innovatics about productivity of carried-out measures and that else it is necessary to undertake is made. The main vectors of regulation of the market, education system, science, business and the societies aiming at innovative breakthrough are considered; and also the mechanisms providing processes of development, development, production and mass distribution of innovations in all spheres of economy. Gaps in a chain of relationship "policy - science - education - business", interfering innovative development are established. The greatest gaps are available in infrastructure of transfer of ideas from science to practice. Opinions meet that while isn't enough the created mechanisms. The extensive network of specialized market institutes of support of innovations is necessary.

Influence of corporate culture on innovative activity of employees of the enterprises

In the article, the ways of influence of corporate culture on innovative activity of staff of enterprises are considered. The authors understand the corporate culture of the enterprise as the system of cultural, moral, esthetic and other wealth, which is used and introduced in labor life of employees by employers and CEO. On the basis of this system, the enterprise norms and rules of the relations of workers, customs, traditions etc. are developed. The corporate culture of the enterprise is connected with the general culture of the people of the country, it reflects on this or that form, to some extent, but it can contradict it. In this case, the conflict of cultural values of the enterprise and workers is possible. In the article, much attention is paid to influence of corporate culture of Japanese corporations on innovative activity of their workers. It is shown that high innovative activity of the personnel is provided not with separate systems of material and moral incentive, but with all system of the labor relations built on the basis of corporate culture. In the center of corporate culture, there is a person, instead of goods and services. It can be found in such systems of work with staff as “lifelong hiring†, account system in a salary of “vital peaks†of employees, staff turnover, training at the workplace etc. The corporate culture of Toyota corporation is based on the business philosophy, according to which, the main socio-economic purpose is the ensuring the welfare of its employees and improvement of life of the population of the whole world. In the article is shown that in the conditions of transition of the Russian Federation to the market economy, there were basic changes in corporate culture of the enterprises. Market business-culture according to which the main thing for the enterprise is profit, and workers are only one of means of production, was included in a contradiction with a mentality of the Russian people, its cultural and moral wealth that caused mass opportunistic behavior of workers including their innovative passivity. At the same time, in the article is shown that in these conditions, the high innovative activity of employees of the Russian enterprises on the basis of introduction of stimulation system of innovative activity of employees “Innovation†is possible. In the article, the mechanism of the increase of innovative activity of staff of the enterprises on the basis of corporate culture is offered.

Инвестиционная площадка как инструмент повышения инновационной активности предпринимательских структур

The article defines the problems in the functioning of the innovation system, both at the national and regional levels. The observed positive dynamics of innovation development of economy is largely related to the financial component of the promotion of innovation. However modern information tools increase of innovative activity of business structures require practical application.

Tasks of institutional support to increase innovation activity of small business in the region

The reasons for the low innovation activity of Russian small enterprises are presented in the article from the standpoint of institutional theory. According to the authors, today the degree of influence of the institutional environment on meso- and mini-levels, as well as informal rules for the development of small forms of entrepreneurship, including their innovative activity are underestimated. The influence of informal component of mini-level institutional environment on the implementation of formal institutions in the examples of the phenomenon of «Old Believers» Entrepreneurship and institutions of the shadow economy is shown. The authors suggest that the shadow nature existing in Russia on mini-level informal institutions to be explained not only by the low level of trust in society (including trust in authority and leadership) and the differences between the national mentality, but also inadequate distribution of transaction costs of doing business (including innovation) between economic agents. Features of the institutional system of Russia as well as transaction costs of the domestic system of patenting inventions are investigated as the key causes of the problem. Methodological principles of institutional support of small innovative businesses are presented.

Факторы эффективности и мотивы инновационной деятельности российских промышленных предприятий

Кузнецова Татьяна Евгеньевна- директор, Центр научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики, ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ. E-mail: tkuznetzova@hse.ru Address: 20, Myasnitskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 101000Рудь Виталий Александрович- научный сотрудник, Лаборатория экономики инноваций, ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ. E-mail: vroud@hse.ru Адрес: 101000, Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20Современная теория отводит инновациям роль важного источника экономического роста, что подпитывает устойчивый интерес к изучению этого феномена со стороны исследователей, менеджеров, бизнесменов, политиков. В статье представлены некоторые результаты обследования инновационного поведения отечественных промышленных предприятий, проведенного Институтом статистических исследований и экономики знаний НИУ ВШЭ в 2009 г. в рамках Европейского обследования обрабатывающей промышленности (European Manufacturing Survey), координируемого Фраунгоферовским институтом системных и инновационных исследований (Карлсруэ, Германия).

Effective use of scientific cum technologically achievements and financing innovative projects in the agricultural sphere

Justified the urgency of modernization and re-tooling of production in agriculture, which is an important sector in the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author describes the prob-lems of extending the research in agriculture, the implementation of its results into production and increasing innovation activity. Also has considered the possibility of extra-budgetary funding of research in agrarian sector, and given a recommendation on the use of bank loans by (dehkan) private households, farmers and other stakeholders in the financing of sci-entific research. The findings based on socio-logical survey, among the different farms on the use of innovative ideas for development of production. Offered mechanism of funding, the implementation of scientific production, as well as providing market participants of the scientific and technical products allows removing the shortage of financial resources. The main direc-tions of investment mobilization has been iden-tified in the research process from extra-budgetary funds. Statistical data reflecting the amount of agricultural land use in Uzbekistan has adduced and its structure in key areas. Here is given the number of farms operating as a major agricultural producer of the leased land area and the state long-term basis. Also, de-scribes the main problems of agricultural pro-ducers, hindering the development of produc-tion of marketable products. In this paper, the main attention is shown the importance of in-novative ideas for further development of the agricultural sector as a basis for providing peo-ple with food today and in the future.

The Effect of Cooperatives on Quality‐Enhancing Innovation

AbstractThis paper develops game‐theoretic models of heterogeneous consumers to analyse the effect of cooperatives on quality‐enhancing product innovation activity, the pricing of food products and the welfare of the groups involved, in the context of a mixed duopoly where an open‐membership consumer co‐op competes with an investor‐owned firm in markets for horizontally differentiated products. Analytical results show that the involvement of the member welfare‐maximising co‐op in innovation activity can change the nature of product differentiation and the structure of the market, and be quality and welfare enhancing by increasing innovation activity and reducing the prices of food products. The effects of co‐operative involvement are shown to depend on the degree of consumer heterogeneity and the size of innovation costs.

Innovative activity of personnel of organization

This article deals with transition way of economic of the Russian Federation on an innovative way of development. The special attention is given the internal social and economic environment of the organizations which, as a rule, counteracts development of innovative activity of the personnel. Ways of increase of innovative activity of the personnel are offered.

Finance and Innovation: The Case of Publicly Traded Firms

We hypothesize that public firms that create novel innovations rely more on arm's length financing (equity and public debt) than on relationship based bank financing. A primary reason is that banks, unable to evaluate novel technologies, will tend to discourage investing in innovative projects and be more prone to shut down ones that are ongoing. Using a large panel of US companies from 1974-2000, we find that consistent with our predictions, firms that rely more on arm's length financing have a larger number of patents and these patents are more significant in terms of influencing subsequent patents. We confirm our findings by showing a significant increase in innovative activity of firms following a large infusion of arm's length financing and no such pattern after a similar infusion of bank loans. Creating novel innovations leads to a significantly higher firm value and suggests that firms would rationally take into account the potential impact of innovative activity when making their financing choices. Finally, we use an IV approach to ameliorate endogeneity concerns and demonstrate that our findings are driven primarily by innovative firms choosing their financing arrangements.

Structured Problem-Solving Techniques to Stimulate Innovation in New Product Development in UK SMEs

‘Innovation’ is an often used, yet much misunderstood term. Often innovation is left to chance or, at best, approached by relatively unstructured hard work and hard thinking. This paper describes a research programme known as the ‘Futures Project’, which provides a ‘virtual’ body of expertise that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can access when increased innovation activity is required. By exposing SMEs to techniques for the generation of new and potentially innovative ideas, and for developing the right ideas at the right time, new techniques and improved versions of old techniques can be tested in a non-threatening environment.

Organizing innovation: Integrating knowledge systems

The question we attempt to shed light on in this article is: How can we organize national and regional innovation systems in order to increase innovation activity in SMEs globally (small and medium‐sized enterprises)? From the individual company's point of view the question pertaining to research would be: How can SMEs utilize new knowledge, new skills and new technology, to increase innovation activity and improve their competitive advantage? The purpose of the article is to develop a simple model for regional innovation centres, designed to overcome the field of institutional inertia in which established institutions to a great extent are trapped. We will also discuss the concept of new scanning institutions.

THE BROKEN WHEEL: THE INSEPARABILITY OF AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN INNOVATION WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS

ABSTRACTThere is an ambiguity at the centre of our understanding of innovation in large, specialized organizations. The literature is split as to whether individual autonomy or hierarchical control leads to an increase in innovative activity. In this article, I argue that this uncertainty is the result of an inappropriate conceptualization. In my view, autonomy and control are inseparable aspects of managerial action, not independent empirical phenomena. Innovation in an organization requires the simultaneous regulation of autonomy and control in order to promote creativity and experimentation but still produce results that can be manufactured and marketed or institutionalized. I develop an interpretive concept of culture to analyse the relationship between autonomy and control, and I apply this conceptual framework to managers and engineers in an electronics company as they attempt to innovate. Four general conclusions emerge. First, autonomy and innovation can never be ends in themselves but always depend on a context of control for their relevance to the organization. Second, under conditions in which innovation is required and autonomous behaviour is important, general management control is needed as a sort of switching station to regulate interaction and set and enforce priorities. Third, when control and autonomy are not in balance a vicious circle can develop which undermines commitment to an organization's goals. Fourth, innovation in organizations requires participants to have a highly developed sense of the legitimate possibilities of autonomy in organization.