Increasing Impact Angle Research Articles

Theoretical modeling of concrete friction-impact deterioration using water-borne sand abrasion experiment

To explore the influence of impact angle on concrete abrasion deterioration under water-borne sand, a theoretical model for friction-impact deterioration was developed. This model innovatively proposes the inhibition effect of the normal impact action on the tangential friction mass loss and the facilitation effect of the tangential friction action on the normal impact mass loss to rationally explain the effect of impact angle on concrete mass loss. Simultaneously, a water-borne sand accelerated abrasion experiment was conducted to initiate a comprehensive discussion on surface abrasion deterioration indicators, including mass loss, number of holes, aperture, hole area, and hole volume. In addition, the concrete abrasion mass loss rate was evaluated based on the friction-impact deterioration model combined with experimental data. Applying this model facilitates a reliable prediction of concrete's mass loss caused by abrasion. Consequently, this allows for a more accurate assurance of the safety of concrete structures exposed to abrasive conditions throughout their operational life. The results show that the mass loss per unit area, maximum aperture, hole area ratio, and hole volume exhibit a trend of first decreasing, then increasing and finally decreasing with the increase of impact angle. Under 15°, 60°, and 90°, 70 % of the mass loss per unit area of the concrete specimens occurred within the first 6 d of abrasion. When the angles were 30° and 45°, 50 % of the mass loss per unit area of the concrete specimens occurred in the 9–12 d abrasion. It has been revealed that 69° results in the most severe abrasion mass loss. The abrasion deterioration process of concrete can be divided into three primary stages, including surface mortar abrasion, prime aggregate-mortar abrasion, and continuous aggregate-mortar abrasion. Additionally, the friction-impact theoretical model was employed to simulate the abrasion of both single and multiple pier columns, and the simulations provided insights into the non-uniform mass loss rate distribution around the pier columns.

Validation of the lead-in method in a practical shooting scenario.

The ability to determine bullet trajectories after a shooting incident can allow investigators to reconstruct the locations of individuals and the sequence of events that took place. By using trajectory rods, investigators can be provided with an immediate visual estimate as to what the path of the projectile may have been. In certain instances, the use of the probing method with trajectory rods is not appropriate due to their being a single, thin target material, or no secondary bullet impact site. In these cases, other methods such as the lead-in or the ellipse method may be useful. Overall, the lead-in method has not been well studied in the application to practical scenarios, such as those including bullet impacts on vehicle metal surfaces. This study has explored the accuracy of the lead-in method when a bullet impacts a typical vehicle metal surface using three firearm calibers, three blind participants, and two non-blind participants. The results of this study have shown that each caliber has its own characteristic error curve. In general, it was found that the lower the impact angle, the less errors were made by the participants. As the impact angle increases, the measurement errors increased, due to the smaller lead-in area present. The errors were found to have a wide range, with some being as low as 1° and some being as high as 13.9°. Further, it was found there was no significant effect on the errors of blind versus non-blind participants.

Computational simulation of impact perforation of polymeric-foam core sandwiched composites with different skin–face configurations

The normal and oblique impact perforation responses of composite sandwich panels based on a Rohacell polymeric-foam core are numerically investigated at high impact energies (>60 J). A cylindrical form factor with a diameter of 140 mm and a thickness of 15 mm is selected for the sandwich specimens. Four different stacking sequences of 1 mm carbon/epoxy face sheets are considered (i.e., quasi-isotropic, cross-ply, angle-ply, and unidirectional stacking). A computational model was constructed using LS-DYNA finite element software and an inverse perforation testing scheme adapted with a split Hopkinson bar and confirmed by comparing these results with those obtained using the free shooting projectile-target testing schemes published in the literature. The effects of impact energy, failure modes, impact angles, and damage key parameters are analyzed. The results reveal the contact force versus displacement curves are highly influenced by the impact energy increases. The stacking sequence of the face sheets does not influence the energy absorption capacity. However, the maximum absorbed energy increases with an increasing impact angle up to 20°. Using Hopkinson bars in conjunction with the virtual inverse perforation testing approach is effective for examining the response of sandwich composites at high impact energies.

Simulation of TiN/Ti Multilayer Coating under the Impact of Multiple Particles Based on Cohesive Element

In order to investigate the damage behavior of TiN/Ti multilayer coating under multi-particle impact and the influence of impact angle on erosion resistance, the ABAQUS 2019 software and the cohesive element technology were used for simulation. The results showed that, during the impact process, the upper surface of the TiN layer that was directly below the impact center was mainly subjected to compressive stress, while the lower surface was subjected to tensile stress. At the impact contact edge, tensile stress appeared on the upper surface of the TiN layer, while compressive stress appeared on the lower surface. The increase in the number of impacts leads to an increase in the maximum S11 stress inside the coating and the maximum displacement of the impact center during the impact process. The plastic damage was greater at the locations with higher strain in the Ti sublayer. During the impact process, severe damage occurred in both the top TiN layer and interface areas, and material failure occurred in the impact area. The increase in impact angle leads to an increase in the plastic strain energy of the entire model after the impact and the maximum S11 stress inside the coating during the impact process.

Formation of super-Mercuries via giant impacts

ABSTRACT During the final stage of planetary formation, different formation pathways of planetary embryos could significantly influence the observed variations in planetary densities. Of the approximately 5000 exoplanets identified to date, a notable subset exhibits core fractions reminiscent of Mercury, potentially a consequence of high-velocity giant impacts. In order to better understand the influence of such collisions on planetary formation and compositional evolution, we conducted an extensive set of smoothed particle hydrodynamics giant impact simulations between two-layered rocky bodies. These simulations spanned a broad range of impact velocities from 1 to 11 times the mutual escape velocity. We derived novel scaling laws that estimate the mass and core mass fraction of the largest post-collision remnants. Our findings indicate that the extent of core vaporization markedly influences mantle stripping efficiency at low impact angles. We delineate the distinct roles played by two mechanisms – kinetic momentum transfer and vaporization-induced ejection – in mantle stripping. Our research suggests that collisional outcomes for multilayered planets are more complex than those for undifferentiated planetesimal impacts. Thus, a single universal law may not encompass all collision processes. We found a significant decrease in the mantle stripping efficiency as the impact angle increases. To form a 5 M⊕ super-Mercury at 45°, an impact velocity over 200 km s−1 is required. This poses a challenge to the formation of super-Mercuries through a single giant impact, implying that their formation would favour either relatively low-angle single impacts or multiple collisions.

Analytical modeling of particle size effect on impact wear deformation characteristics of ductile materials

AbstractThis study aims to analytically predict the material impact wear rate and improve the prediction accuracy and applicability of existing impact wear prediction models. The ABAQUS software was used to numerically model and analyze the erosion pit morphology and stress distribution characteristics. Micromorphological testing was used to investigate the impact wear damage mechanism, and an improved impact wear prediction model was developed by introducing the particle size. The results show that the maximum von Mises stress in the impact area of the target material can reflect the severity of the damage to the target material. The peak stress varies with the impact angle. The target material significantly absorbs the energy of small particles at higher impact angles and large particles at vertical impacts. The depth of the hardened layer resulting from particle impact increases from 3 to 10 μm with increasing impact angle. When the impact angle is unchanged, the depth of the hardened layer increases by 3% to 5% with an increase in particle size. The hardened layer limits further plastic deformation of the metal material. Comparing the analysis results with the experimental results reveals that the proposed formula that uses the size factor can predict the volume loss of plastic metallic materials with different particle sizes, impact angles, and impact velocities more accurately.

Study on the dynamic response of reinforced concrete nuclear containment under the impact of large aircraft

Since the 9/11 incident, the research on nuclear power plants (NPPs) against the impact of large aircraft has gradually become the key research content in the field of national defense. Based on the experimental data, this paper establishes a refined finite element (FE) model to investigate the dynamic response and failure mode of nuclear containment under the impact of large aircraft. Firstly, the FE model is established according to the scale test, and its accuracy is verified. Then, the prototype nuclear containment is established, and the effects of aircraft impact speed, impact angle, and impact height on the dynamic response of nuclear containment are discussed. The results reveal that when the impact velocity of the aircraft is greater than 250 m/s, the fuselage, except the wing, penetrates into the nuclear containment. When the impact velocity reaches 300 m/s, the penetration size of the structure decreases. The increase in impact angle will significantly decrease the damage caused by aircraft to the structure. When an aircraft with a speed of 100 m/s impacts the nuclear containment at less than 30°, the fuselage will penetrate into the containment. In addition, this paper summarizes two distinct failure modes of aircraft impact on nuclear containment, which provides a reference for research related to aircraft impact on nuclear containment.

Oblique bouncing of a droplet from a non-slip boundary: computational realization and application of self-spin droplets

Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of droplet spinning motion on droplet collision outcomes and raised the question of generating spinning droplets in an experiment. The present work proposed the idea of making an initially non-spinning droplet self-spin by its oblique impact on a non-slip boundary. We computationally demonstrated the feasibility of the idea and exploited its application in the binary collision of spinning droplets. Specifically, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of impact velocity, impact angle, and liquid viscosity on the spinning droplet. The results showed that a larger impact velocity or a larger liquid viscosity causes an increased angular speed of the spinning droplet, however increasing impact angle leads to a nonmonotonic variation of the angular speed. The oblique-impact-induced droplet spin is attributed to the asymmetric gas film flow, asymmetric lubrication pressure, and shear stress within the gas film region, leading to the earlier bouncing motion on one side to rotate the droplet. In addition, the synergetic effects of the droplet stretching length and the intensity of asymmetric lubrication pressure account for the variation of droplet spin angular speed and droplet separation. As a preliminary application of the proposed idea, the feasible technical approach of realizing the binary collision of spinning droplets was computationally realized.

Study on the head and neck injury risk impacted by UAV: effect of impact velocity, angle, location, and mass

The number of the collision accidents between Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and people on the ground increase in recent years. It is necessary to clarify human injury characteristics brought by the impact of UAV and promote its management. This study focuses on head and neck injury risk resulted from the impact of the UAV with a relatively large mass, and the difference brought by the UAV with a small mass. First, the model of the Y3-dummy (Hybrid III 50th) is developed. Second, simulations are conducted to analyse head and neck injury characteristics from Y3’s impact under different velocities, angles, and locations. With increasing the impact velocity, HIC and Nij increase with an exponential function and a power function, respectively. When the vertical impact velocity exceeds 5 m/s, both head and neck have a high probability of injury, while for the horizontal impact, the corresponding velocity is 9 m/s. As the impact angle increases, the changes of HIC satisfy the form of the sum of two exponential functions, and Nij changes in the form of the sum of a power function and a quadratic polynomial function. When the impact angle is close to 0°, the head injury risk is relatively high, while for 58°, the neck is more likely to be injury. The injuries induced by the top of mainframe and the front of the long arm are more serious. Finally, the differences in head and neck injury characteristics under different velocities and locations for UAVs with different masses are compared.

Study of multiple impact behaviors of CFRP based on peridynamics

Impact damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) composites is a common form of damage in composite structures. In this work, a model integrating the structure model of composites, failure model and contact model with friction based on ordinary state-based peridynamics (PD) theory is developed to simulate multiple impacts of CFRP. The simulation results of single impact are in good agreement with the existing experimental and finite element simulation results, validating the proposed PD model. Then the effects of impact energy, stacking sequences and impact angles on the CFRP damage behaviors under multiple impacts are thoroughly investigated. Multiple high energy impacts may cause a non-linear increase in the amount of damage. The peanut-shaped stress distributions induced by impact along different directions are typical of the stress responses, which usually correspond to different fiber directions. Moreover, the laminates with stacking sequences of different fiber directions have a better impact damage resistance, as they can hinder the propagation of stress waves across the layers. In addition, as the impact angle increases, the stress and damage become more pronounced. The insights gained shed light on the repeated impact damage mechanisms of CFRP.

Erosive Wear Behavior of Novel Hybrid Multicomponent Cast Alloys with Different C and B Contents

Multicomponent and high-boron cast alloys have been recognized as materials with excellent wear resistance due to the formation of hard phases called carbides and borides. However, the wear performance of the combination of these two materials called hybrid multicomponent cast alloys (HMCAs) has not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, this study will evaluate the effect of C (0–0.9 wt.%) and B (1.5–3.5 wt.%) addition on the erosion wear behavior of an HMCA containing 2.5 wt.% Ti, 10 wt.% Cr, and 5 wt.% each of V, Mo, and W. Shot-blast erosion testing was used to evaluate the wear resistance of each alloy. The test was conducted for 3600 s using 2 kg of irregularly shaped steel sand as a scraper at impact angles of 30°, 60°, and 90°. The results showed that the highest wear rate in 0C and 0.45C with 1.5–3.5% B occurred at an impact angle of 60° due to gouging and indentation mechanisms occurring simultaneously. However, different results occurred in the case of 0.9C with the same amount of B where the wear rate increased with increasing impact angle due to brittleness. Based on the chemical composition, the wear resistance of the alloy increased with increasing C content due to higher hardness values. However, the reverse performance occurred when the addition of B exceeded the threshold (more than 1.5 wt.%) despite the higher hardness. This fact was due to the susceptibility to carbide cracking as the amount of B increased. Therefore, the alloy with the best erosion wear resistance was 0.9C–1.5B HMCA.

Multi-objective optimization of aerodynamic and erosion resistance performances of a high-pressure turbine

Focusing on a high-pressure turbine, this study conducts a multi-objective optimization aimed to improve its aerodynamic and erosion resistance performances. With a self-adaptive updated Kriging model first applied, the Latin hypercube sampling method and NSGA-II algorithm are then used to find trade-off solutions. The sensitivity analysis shows that the efficiency is mainly influenced by the flow angles near trailing edges of three selected blade spans, among which the flow angle near the trailing edge of middle span is the most significant, followed by the root span and tip span, while the dominant design parameters affecting the erosion are the flow angles near trailing edges of middle span and tip span. After optimization, the erosion around the middle span on pressure side and middle chord on suction side is significantly reduced due to the decrease of impact velocity and impact frequency, and the increase of impact angle. Besides, the low-velocity fluid regions near the pressure side of middle span and the trialing edge of tip are greatly reduced, which can relieve the blockage of flow passage. At all axial sections considered, the optimized blade is shown to significantly reduce losses near the tip and suction side, especially at 80% axial section.

Influence of Internal Structural Parameters on the Inner Flow and Outer Spray Characteristics for Feedback-Free Fluidic Oscillator

Feedback-free fluidic oscillators, relying on the interaction of jets to oscillate, have a wide range of operation frequencies and no moving parts, which is promising for future applications. In this paper, the sweep angle, oscillation frequency, and volume flow rate of the feedback-free fluidic oscillator with a cavity width of 4.6 mm were measured experimentally, and the sweeping mechanism was analyzed based on the internal flow simulation. The influence of the impact angle, cavity exit width, and shoulder radius on the internal flow and external spray characteristics was analyzed by the numerical method. The results show that the sweep angle and oscillation frequency are affected throughout the increase in impact angle from 80° to 120°. However, only when the SR is greater than 0.88 mm does the internal flow and spray state change significantly. The volume flow rate is mainly affected by the cavity exit width and increases linearly from 5.3 mL/s to 9.3 mL/s as the width increases from 0.45 mm to 0.85 mm. It can be surmised that the sweep angle is approximately linear with the distance between the hit point and the impact cavity centerline.

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer During Oblique Impact of a Cold Drop on a Heated Liquid Film

Abstract A three-dimensional study of a cold droplet impacting obliquely on a heated solid flat surface covered with a hot liquid layer has been performed. The drop Weber number, liquid film thickness, and drop impact angle are set to a range from 100 to 800, 0.1 to 0.4, and 0 deg to 60 deg, respectively. The interface evolution and thermal behavior of the drop impingement is well captured using coupled level set and volume of the fluid method (CLSVOF). The code is validated against previously published results both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that in the case of oblique drop impact, the crown dynamics and wall heat flux distribution exhibit an asymmetric pattern, with secondary droplets generated solely on the downstream side, as opposed to normal drop impact in which the secondary drops generated around the circumference of the crown. Based on heat flux values, two distinct region within the liquid film exist: (i) impact region around the impact point and (ii) undisturbed region far from the impact region characterized by the impact dynamics. A parametric analysis further reveals that for a moderate Weber number, asymmetric behavior increases as the drop impact angle increases, resulting in a reduction in heat transfer from the solid surface. However, for a drop impacting at an angle of 28 deg, increased asymmetry due to a increase in the Weber number results in significant cooling of the impact region. Furthermore, it is also found that a thinner liquid film promotes higher heat transfer from the solid surface, resulting in a higher wall heat flux.

Numerical study of rock-breaking mechanism in hard rock with full PDC bit model in compound impact drilling

Geothermal reservoir rocks have the characteristics of high stress, high hardness and high abrasiveness, which makes the drilling rate low and the drilling cost high, and hinders the application of geothermal energy. Improving drilling efficiency in hard rock strata is the prerequisite for large-scale application of geothermal energy. Impact drilling is considered to be the most effective drilling method in hard formations. PDC (Polycrystalline diamond Compact) bit compound impact drilling is one of the impact drilling methods, which has been widely concerned in recent years. In order to further improve the drilling efficiency of this method, the mechanism of PDC bit compound impact rock breaking is studied. Drucker–Prager criterion was used as rock constitutive relation, equivalent plastic strain was used as rock failure criterion, MSE (mechanical special energy) was used as evaluation method of rock-breaking efficiency, and a three-dimensional simulation model of full-size PDC bit for compound impact rock-breaking was built. The rock breaking law in PDC bit compound rock breaking process and the impact vector angle and impact duration on rock breaking efficiency are analyzed. The results show that the compound impact drilling can effectively alleviate the stick–slip vibration phenomenon, and improve drilling efficiency. In the compound impact mode, compressive stress failure and tensile stress failure occur at the same time, and the tensile stress failure is the main failure mode. The peak stress of the rock is 5.49% larger, and the residual plastic deformation is about 4.28% smaller than that of non-impact mode. With the increase of impact angle, the MSE decreases first and then increases a little. The optimal impact vector angle is in the range of 30°–50°. With the increase of the impact time, the MSE decreases in a wavy manner. In the range of 0.2 ms–1.0 ms, the optimal impact time is 0.8 ms–1.0 ms.

Effect of microstructure, impact velocity and angle on erosive wear of medium carbon, dual phase and fully martensitic steels

The present study has been conducted to analyze the effect of microstructure on erosive wear of medium carbon (N), dual phase (DP) and fully martensitic (FMS) steels at different velocities (30 m/s, 60 m/s, 90 m/s and 120 m/s) and impingement angles (15°, 45°, 75°, and 90°) with Al2O3 as an erodent. The findings suggest that the steady state erosion rate increases with an increase in impact velocity for all materials, whereas it decreases with an increase in impact angle for all steels except for FMS. At low and high impact angles, N steel exhibits the highest erosive wear characterized by micro cutting and ridge formation. Except at 90° and 120 m/s, FMS has shown the highest erosion rate compared to all steels due to its inherent brittle nature, which makes it prone to easy crack propagation. In DP steel, the cracks get arrested by the hard martensite island and their easy propagation is inhibited, which leads to only low angle cutting and micro ploughing. This reflects the advantage of using a dual phase structure. DP steels showed higher erosion resistance because they offer a balanced combination of strength and ductility at an adequate level of toughness. The material removal in N steel is found to occur by micro cutting, ridge, and crater formation, whereas shallow micro ploughing and craters are observed in FMS. However, the material removal for DP steels has been found to occur due to a combination of micro ploughing, micro cutting and crater formation.

Low-velocity impact response of aluminum alloy corrugated sandwich beams used for high-speed trains

The low-velocity impact response of A6N01S-T5 hollow extruded aluminum alloy corrugated sandwich beams used for the carbody of high-speed trains, under drop-weight impact was investigated in this study. A failure mechanism map of the corrugated sandwich beam under low-velocity impact was obtained by theoretical analysis, which was verified by experimental and finite element simulation results. Typical deformation mode, load-displacement response, and energy absorption of dynamically-loaded corrugated sandwich beams were discussed, and the effects of initial impact energy and impact angle on the impact response of specimens were also explored. The results indicate that there are three initial failure modes of corrugated sandwich beams under the drop-weight impact, namely face-sheet yield, face-sheet buckling, and core buckling, and both initial failure mode and critical load of sandwich specimens are sensitive to the face-sheet thickness and core thickness. The shear deformation of the corrugated core and gradually loading load-displacement response were observed for the case of forward impact, while the compression deformation of the corrugated core and load-displacement response with a larger initial peak were found for the case of reverse impact. Regardless of forward impact or reverse impact, the increase of initial impact energy will lead to the increase of maximum displacement response and structural resistance of sandwich beams. The increase in impact angle leads to the larger values of peak load, deformation resistance, and energy absorption efficiency of specimens for an impact angle less than 60 degrees, while the dynamic response of specimens is not sensitive to the increased impact angle within 75 to 90 degrees.

Oblique Impacts of Nanodroplets upon Surfaces.

In this work, oblique impacts of nanodroplets impacting surfaces in a wide range of impact angles (α) are investigated in detail via molecular dynamics simulations. Five outcomes are observed, including deposition, prompt splashing, break-up, separation, and shattering. With increasing impact angle, the outcomes of prompt splashing, break-up, separation, and shattering are enlarged but the one of deposition is compressed. By drawing a Wen ∼ α phase diagram, the outcome regimes and corresponding boundaries of them can be successfully identified, and the boundary between the deposition and other outcome regimes is theoretically modeled and shows good agreement with the phase diagram, where Wen is the normal impact Weber number. For further understanding of the oblique impacts, the maximum spreading factor, as the feature parameter of spreading, is investigated. Asymmetry spreading behaviors are observed, noting that βmax,∥ is always larger than βmax,⊥. βmax,⊥ is tested that it only depends on Wen with wide impact angles and could be predicted by the scaling law of βmax,⊥ = 0.7Wen1/4. However, βmax,∥ depends on not only Wen but also impact angles. A modified model is proposed for predicting βmax,∥ as 0.7Wen1/4 + 0.001(Wen tan2 α)3/2, which shows good agreement with data on surfaces with θ from 73 to 105° in wide Wen and α ranges.

Dynamic fracture behavior and fracture toughness analysis of rock-concrete bi-material with interface crack at different impact angles

The crack initiation and propagation behavior of interface crack under impact are of great significance for evaluating the stability of rock-concrete system and other layered structures. Dynamic test using split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system was performed on bi-material cracked straight-through Brazilian disc (CSTBD) specimens, and the fracture processes of specimens were monitored by means of a high-speed camera. The effects of the impact angle, concrete strength and strain rate on the dynamic fracture behavior were investigated. The results show that three typical fracture types can be identified: interface fracture, combined fracture (interface/shear and tension fracture) and tensile fracture. The interface fracture appears under small impact angle, while the combined fracture occurs with the further increase of impact angle. The crack initiation time of wing cracks and the number of secondary cracks are mainly affected by the strength of concrete in the bi-material specimen. Crack initiates earlier and more secondary cracks are generated in concrete material (weak material), and the number of secondary cracks increases with increasing strain rate. The dissipated energy increases gradually as the impact angle increases from 0° to 75°, while it decreases when the impact angle exceeds 75°. As the concrete strength increases, the difference in dissipated energy for different impact angles decreases. Furthermore, the effects of impact angle, concrete strength and loading rate on the dynamic fracture toughness for different loading modes are also discussed. The results indicate that the normalized stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the two tips of the interface crack are distinct and the difference increases with increasing crack length-to-diameter ratio. The impact angle, concrete strength and loading rate influence the dynamic fracture toughness significantly.

Crashworthiness of lantern-like lattice structures with a bidirectional gradient distribution

Oblique impact loading conditions strongly influence the crashworthiness of energy-absorbing structures. In the present work, inspired by the distribution characteristics of spider webs, a bidirectional gradient configuration of cell wall thickness was introduced to enhance the crashworthiness of lattice structures based on the functional similarity of longitudinal gradient distribution and lateral gradient distribution. A comparative study of different gradient configurations was carried out using the finite element (FE) simulations. It was found that the longitudinal gradient distribution was beneficial to improve the comprehensive energy absorption capacity of the lattice structure, especially under small-angle impact conditions. With the increase of impact angle, the effect of the lateral gradient distribution on the stability of energy absorption became more prominent. In comparison to the uniform structure and the single gradient structure, the lattice structure with the positive longitudinal gradient and the negative lateral gradient distribution exhibited great potential in enhancing the energy absorption capacity and reducing the peak crushing force. A detailed parametric study was executed to explore the effects of the gradient layer number and the gradient thickness increment of the bidirectional gradient distribution on the comprehensive energy absorption capacity and energy absorption stability of the structure under multi-angle impact conditions. The findings of this research provide valuable guidelines to design bio-inspired lattice structures subjected to complex loading conditions.