Increase In Health Expenditure Research Articles

Converging or diverging trajectories of mortality under one year of age in the Baltic States: a comparison with the European Union

BackgroundInformation about trends in perinatal and child health inequalities is scarce, especially in the Eastern Europe. We analyzed how mortality under 1 year of age has been changing in the Baltic States and the European Union (EU) over 25 years, and what associations occurred between changes in macroeconomic factors and mortality.MethodsData on fetal, neonatal, infant mortality, and macroeconomic factors were extracted from WHO database. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to analyze time trajectories of mortality over 1990–2014. We also investigated how the changes in health expenditures and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contributed to the changes in mortality.ResultsThe reduction of fetal, neonatal and infant mortality in the Baltic countries led to convergence with the EU. In Estonia this process was the fastest, and then the rates tended to diverge. The strongest effect in reduction of neonatal mortality was related to the annual increase in health expenditure and GDP which had occurred in the same year, and a decrease in fetal mortality associated with an increase in health expenditure and GDP in the 4th and 5th year, respectively, following the initial change.ConclusionsThese findings outlined convergences and divergences in mortality under 1 year of age in the Baltic States compared with the patterns of the EU. Our data highlighted a need to define health policy directions aimed at the implementation of effective intervention modalities addressing reduction of risks in prenatal and early life.

The Impact of Health on Per Capita GDP in Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to estimate the influence of health on per capita GDP in Indonesia in 1986-2018. Health was proxied by three variables including health expenditure, infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The variables expressed a significant indicator to assess health level in a country. Furthermore, the estimation was carried out in the short-run and long-run based on the ARDL-ECM model. The results showed that the feasible ARDL model was ARDL (2, 0, 0, 0). In long-run, per capita GDP was significantly influenced by health expenditure, infant mortality rate and life expectancy. This expressed significant implication of the health level for increasing the economic performance and welfare in Indonesia. Meanwhile, in short-run, it was only influenced by infant mortality rate and (ECT (-1)). Further, Cusum and CusumQ tests showed the empirical model was stable. The policy implication directs that the government can improve the quality of public health, increase health expenditure as a fiscal stimulus, and support increasing public income.

The Evaluation of Generic Bortezomib Molecule in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients

Objective:Constantly increasing health expenditures lead to the use of generic molecules and generic versions of bortezomib have been used for a long time. The aim of this study is to retrospectively examine the effectiveness, side effects, and reliability of generic bortezomib in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients.Materials and Methods:The data of 95 patients who received four cycles of bortezomib as first- or second-line therapy in a single center were retrospectively recorded. Treatment responses, side effects, and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were calculated and compared.Results:Of the 95 patients, 42 used the original and 53 used the generic molecule. Epidemiological data, MM types, genetic risk groups, laboratory values at diagnosis, and bortezomib treatment lines (as a first line or second) were evaluated and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. When the response rates were evaluated according to International Myeloma Working Group criteria, there was no significant difference (p=0.42). Rates of partial response and higher responses were similar (81% vs. 79.2%, p=0.84). PFS rates were 42.8 months with the original and 37.8 months with the generic molecule (p=0.68). Side effects were seen in 44.2% of all patients, and the most common side effects were neuropathy, cytopenia, and infection. These rates were similar in the two groups (p=0.55).Conclusion:Although this retrospective study is limited in scope, it is the first study comparing the original molecule of bortezomib with a generic version. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of treatment responses, PFS, or side effects. However, large-scale evaluations will help obtain more data on this subject.

Identification of Health Expenditures Determinants: A Model to Manage the Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants influencing the costs of cardiovascular disease in the regional health service in Italy’s Apulia region from 2014 to 2016. Data for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and atrial fibrillation (AF) were collected from the hospital discharge registry. Generalized linear models (GLM), and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to identify the role of random effects in improving the model performance. The study was based on socio-demographic variables and disease-specific variables (diagnosis-related group, hospitalization type, hospital stay, surgery, and economic burden of the hospital discharge form). Firstly, both models indicated an increase in health costs in 2016, and lower spending values for women (p < 0.001) were shown. GLMM indicates a significant increase in health expenditure with increasing age (p < 0.001). Day-hospital has the lowest cost, surgery increases the cost, and AMI is the most expensive pathology, contrary to AF (p < 0.001). Secondly, AIC and BIC assume the lowest values for the GLMM model, indicating the random effects’ relevance in improving the model performance. This study is the first that considers real data to estimate the economic burden of CVD from the regional health service’s perspective. It appears significant for its ability to provide a large set of estimates of the economic burden of CVD, providing information to managers for health management and planning.

Healthcare Financing and Health Outcomes: Analysis of Oil-Producing Countries in Africa

The major concern of the study is on healthcare financing and health outcomes in the major oil-producing countries in Africa. We used the data sorted from World Development Indicators (WDI) to identify the effect of four different health expenditures on the rate of mortalities on maternal, under-five, infant, neonatal and life expectancy at birth through random and fixed-effect models. This paper also takes cognizance of the environmental variable (pollution) that is common to the top 10 oil-producing countries in Africa. Our findings showed that high health expenditure from government, private and external sources improved health outcomes, while health expenditure from out of pocket is detrimental to health outcomes. Also, the environmental variable has a negative impact on life expectancy. The outcome of the paper indicated that there is a need to reduce environmental pollution, increase health expenditure from government, private, external sources and reduce out of pocket payments in the selected areas.

The impact of the Lesotho Child Grant Programme in the lives of children and adults with disabilities: Disaggregated analysis of a community randomized controlled trial

AbstractGlobally, people with disabilities are disproportionally affected by poverty. Social protection policies, including cash transfers, are key strategies to address poverty “in all its forms”, but it is currently unclear how such programmes affect people with disabilities. This study examines differences in the impact of the Lesotho Child Grant Programme (CGP) on food security, health, education and livelihoods between people with and without disabilities using data from a community randomized control trial. Overall, this study finds the CGP had significant and differential impacts for people with disabilities across multiple health indicators (e.g. increased health expenditures, self‐rated health, likelihood of seeking healthcare). The CGP also had an impact on food security, decreasing the number of months households with and without members with disabilities faced extreme food shortages. There was also a modest but significant and differential impact of the CGP on the engagement of people with disabilities in paid work. The CGP only had an impact on school enrolment for children without disabilities, however the difference in impact was non‐significant and likely due to underpowered sample sizes. Overall, people with disabilities receiving the CGP still experienced high levels of absolute deprivation, and were generally still worse off compared to people without disabilities, indicating a need for adapted or complementary social protection and other poverty alleviation programmes.

Evaluation of Patients on the Deceased Kidney Waiting List of Bursa Uludağ University Medical Faculty according to Gender, Age, Blood Type and Renal Replacement Therapies

In Turkey, there is 22953 end-stage kidney disease patient in national deceased kidney waiting list (1). According to the 2019 Registry Report of the Turkish Society of Nephrology, the number of patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment is 64633 (2). However, patients registered on the national kidney waiting list consist of preemptive, PD, and HD patients. Due to the increase in the average life expectancy of the elderly population in our country, chronic kidney disease and comorbid diseases are increasing day by day.&#x0D; In this study, the patients’ characteristics on the deceased kidney waiting list from our kidney transplant center were evaluated retrospectively. Our center's patient data were obtained from Transplantation Dialysis Monitoring System records. Turkey’s general patient data were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute and the 2019 Registry Report of the Turkish Society of Nephrology. In our center, the number of patients on the deceased donor kidney waiting list was 420 (HD: 301, PD: 24, preemptive 95). The number of female patients was 162 (38.6%), and the number of male patients was 258 (61.4%). The age distribution of the patients 0-9: 1.1%, 10-19: 3%, 20-29: 4.4%, 30-39: 11.6%, 40-49: 20%, 50-59: 24.4%, 60-69: 26.8%, 70-79: 7.8% and 80-89: 0.2%. The blood group distribution of patients was consistent with Turkey's general data. [0 Rh (+): 26.7%, 0 Rh (-): 3.1%, A Rh (+) 43.3%, A Rh (-) 5.7%, B Rh (+) 11%, B Rh (-) 1.7%, AB Rh (+) 8.1% and AB Rh (-) 0.5%]. The number of male patients was higher than female patients in other age groups except the 40-49 and 80-89 age range (Figure 1). Our patients' distribution by gender and kidney replacement therapies was in line with the 2019 Registry Report of the Turkish Society of Nephrology. An increase in comorbid diseases and kidney failure in advanced age also increases health expenditures. The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health aims to increase the awareness of kidney disease and the rate of early diagnosis with the "Turkey Kidney Diseases Prevention and Control Program" (3). In our center, the highest number of patients on the deceased kidney waiting list was observed in the age range of 60-69, 50-59, and 40-49, respectively. Physical quality of life worsens as the dialysis period prolongs and the patient ages. Therefore, elderly HD patients need more social and mental support (4). The donor's age is 60 years and above is one of the extended donor criteria (EDC). Using kidneys with advanced age and EDC criteria in candidates of similar age may increase patient and graft survival and physical quality of life. For this reason, policies should be developed to ensure the transplantation of EDC grafts to patients who will benefit most.

The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from Turkey

This study examines the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth in Turkey during the period 1975-2019 by using the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration and the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. Firstly, the Fourier ADF unit root test with fractional frequency is employed in order to investigate the stationary of the variables, and it is determined that both are I(1). Then, the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration test revealed that there is a unidirectional long-run relationship from real GDP per capita to health expenditures. Accordingly, a one percent increase in economic growth causes a 0.32 percent increase in health expenditures. The findings from the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test also support results of the Fourier Engle-Granger cointegration test. As a result, this study indicates that income view hypothesis and Wagner's law are valid for Turkey.

Spatial Pattern of Population Ageing and Household Health Spending in India

Studies on the association between population ageing and health spending are inconclusive. Though per capita health spending has a strong age gradient, evidence from the developed countries attributes increasing health expenditure to high spending in terminal year of life. In India, though studies have examined the level, trends and determinants of health care spending, no attempt has been made on association of population ageing and per capita health spending across the districts of India. The objective of this paper was to examine the spatial dependencies and heterogeneities of population ageing and per capita health spending across 640 districts of India. Data from the Census of India (2011) and the consumption expenditure rounds of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) (2009–10 and 2011–2012) were used in the analysis. Univariate and bivariate LISA analysis, ordinary least square regression, and spatial error model were used to decipher the spatial pattern of population ageing and health spending in the districts of India. Results suggest that per capita health expenditure is positively associated with the proportion of the older adults (aged 60 years and above) in the districts of India. Districts with less than 5% older adults have an annual per capita health expenditure of ₹629 compared to ₹2432 in districts with older adults 12% or more. Districts of India also exhibit large spatial heterogeneity in household health spending. Bivariate Moran’s I statistic of proportion of older adults and per capita annual health expenditure was 0.48, suggesting spatially association of the share of the older adults and the per capita annual health expenditure in India. Results of the spatial error model confirmed that share of urban population, mean wealth score, and mean household size are significant predictors of per capita annual health expenditure in India. This study is important to monitor the progress of universal health coverage across the disadvantaged districts and to integrate age component in universal health coverage programmes.

Bring technology home and stay healthy: The role of fourth industrial revolution and technology in improving the efficacy of health care spending

This study investigates the impact of health innovation, health technology, and health care spending on the health status of G7 countries in the era of the fourth industrial revolution for the period of 1990–2017. The analysis is conducted for G7 countries with different healthcare spending levels as a share of GDP and life expectancy. We applied second-generation econometric techniques to analyses the determinants of health status in G7 countries. The results of the Pedroni (2004) and Westerlund (2007) cointegration methods suggest that the variables' health status, health investment, medical technology, and health expenditures are cointegrating. This study employs AMG, CCEMG, and MG methods to estimate the determinants of health status for G7 countries. The results show that an increase in health expenditures, medical technology, and health investment improves health status, i.e., an increase in life expectancy in G7 countries. Moreover, the estimated results robustly support the hypothesis that healthcare spending may differ according to the available health technology of G7 countries. Hence, continuous investment in health care, combined with health innovation, improves health status in terms of the ability to manage health issues.

Distribution of respiratory viruses: Evaluation of multiplex PCR results of 3074 patients.

Early and accurate diagnosis of acute respiratory infections is important because these diseases negatively affect public health and can lead to loss of workforce and an increase in health expenditures. In this study, we aimed to determine the respiration panel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results and seasonal distribution in our region. Three thousand and seventy-four patients samples multiplex PCR (Anatolia, Bosphore® Respiratory Pathogens Panel Kit v1) test results, which were sent to our laboratory, from 13 hospitals in our region between January 2018 and December 2018, were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 3074 patients samples, 1465 (48%) were positive and 1609 (52%) were negative test results. The most common factors were rhinovirus 30.2%, influenza A 23.1%, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A/B 19.1%, respectively. When the distribution of these three most common viruses by months is examined, the most frequent months were determined as June for rhinovirus, November for influenza A, and February for RSV A/B. In the period between October and February, there was a significant increase in the positivity level of viral factors. The use of molecular methods in the diagnosis of respiratory infections will prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics and ensure correct and rapid treatment.

Tezepelumab as an Emerging Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Severe Asthma: Evidence to Date.

Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease defined by chronic inflammation of the airways. Patients present with wheezing, chest tightness, cough and shortness of breath. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and variable expiratory airflow limitation are hallmark features. About 3.6–6.1% of patients, despite receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and a second controller medication, report persistent symptoms referred to as severe asthma. Uncontrolled severe asthma is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, diminished quality of life and increased health expenditures. The development of modern biological therapy has revolutionized severe asthma treatment. By targeting specific chemokines, asthma control has drastically improved, resulting in better quality of life, less emergency department visits and inpatient admissions, and decreased chronic systemic corticosteroid utilization. Despite these advances, there remains a subset of asthma patients who remain symptomatic with poor quality of life and heavy utilization of the healthcare system. Recently attention has been given to pharmaceutical therapy directed at receptors and cytokines on the epithelial layer of the lung referred to as “alarmins”. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7-like receptor family found on the epithelial layer of the lung that releases a cytokine cascade inducing eosinophilic inflammation, mucus production and airflow obstruction in asthmatics. Tezepelumab is the first investigational monoclonal antibody that inhibits TSLP. Proof of concept study and phase IIb studies demonstrated reduced asthma exacerbations, improvement in quality of life, less decline in FEV1 and decrease in biochemical inflammatory markers in comparison to placebo. It is presently undergoing three phase III studies and an additional phase II study.

Preventive effect of fucoxanthin administration on intra-abdominal adhesion: An experimental animal study.

The most common cause of intra-abdominal adhesion (IAA) is previous abdominal surgery and mortality. IAA can cause serious complications such as chronic abdominal pain, ileus, and infertility. Approximately 3% of all laparotomies are related to adhesions. IAA reduces the quality of life of the patient, causes morbidity, and increases health expenditures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the preventive effect of fucoxanthin (Fx) on IAA in the intra-abdominal surgical adhesion model that experimentally created in rats. This study used 21 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups. After anesthesia, the abdomen was opened, the cecum and right abdominal wall were damaged with a sterile toothbrush until petechiae bleeding was seen. No additional action was taken to the control group. In the sham group, 5 cc saline solution was released into the peritoneum before the abdomen was closed. In the Fx group, 35 mg/kg Fx was instilled intraperitoneally and the abdomen was closed. On the 21st post-operative day, all subjects were anesthetized with standard anesthesia. Macroscopic adhesions were quantitatively evaluated according to the Mazuji classifica-tion. The cecum anterior wall and parietal peritoneum were excised for pathological sampling. A pathologist, unaware of the groups, evaluated inflammation, fibroblastic activity, and vascular proliferation. In addition, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 levels were measured. No rat was lost during the study period. Congenital adhesion was not observed in any of the subjects at the first laparo-tomy. Adhesion was significantly less macroscopically in the Fx group compared to the control and sham group (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Fibroblastic activity was found to be significantly less in the Fx group compared to the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Vascular proliferation was found to be significantly less in the Fx group than in the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The inflammation score was significantly lower in the Fx group compared to the other two groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The inflam-mation score in the sham group was lower than the control group and was statistically significant (p<0.001). TNF-α level was found to be statistically significantly lower in the Fx group compared to the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). As a result of experimental study, we can say that Fx is effective in preventing IAAs and decreases the level of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Choose Wisely: Metered Dose Inhalers Versus Nebulized Inhaled Solutions in The Inpatient Setting

Background Healthcare expenditures continue to rise, and hospitalization costs remain the driving factor for nationally increasing health expenditures.(1,3) Affordability initiatives targeted at minimizing inpatient drug spending and medication waste are vital. Metered dose-inhalers (MDIs) impose high potential for medication waste as their bulk nature provides a day supply that far exceeds average hospitalization length of stay.(1,7) Kaiser Permanente Baldwin Park Medical Center inpatient pharmacy adopted a cost saving initiative aimed at converting the commonly prescribed ipratropium MDI to its equivalent nebulized solution. Methods This was a retrospective medication use evaluation (MUE), assessing the overall drug cost impact of converting patients from ipratropium MDI to ipratropium nebulized solution. The study period consisted of two phases: the pre-implementation phase from 11/1/2017 to 09/30/2018, and the post-implementation phase from 11/01/2018 to 09/30/2019.The study population consisted of patients admitted to the Critical Care Unit (CCU) and Step-Down Unit (SDU), who were prescribed an ipratropium MDI or ipratropium nebulized solution. Patients who were under the age of 18 years old were excluded. The primary outcome was to analyze the drug cost savings of prescribing nebulized solutions over MDIs in the inpatient setting. The secondary outcome was to assess overall compliance with the conversion protocol. Results Ipratropium MDI administrations declined by 91% (from 3,751 to 336) during the post-implementation phase. An estimated drug cost savings of $68,700 occurred by converting the ipratropium MDIs to ipratropium nebulized solution. Conclusion This conversion protocol was successful at reducing MDI waste and attaining substantial drug cost savings at our medical center over a period of 1 year since implementation.

COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact.

Pandemics are enormous threats to the world that impact all aspects of our lives, especially the global economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged since December 2019 and has affected the global economy in many ways. As the world becomes more interconnected, the economic impacts of the pandemic become more serious. In addition to increased health expenditures and reduced labor force, the pandemic has hit the supply and demand chain massively and caused trouble for manufacturers who have to fire some of their employees or delay their economic activities to prevent more loss. With the closure of manufacturers and companies and reduced travel rates, usage of oil after the beginning of the pandemic has decreased significantly that was unprecedented in the last 30years. The mining industry is a critical sector in several developing countries, and the COVID-19 pandemic has hit this industry too. Also, world stock markets declined as investors started to become concerned about the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tourism industry and airlines have also experienced an enormous loss too. The GDP has reduced, and this pandemic will cost the world more than 2 trillion at the end of 2020.

Democracy, Culture and Cancer Patients' Willingness to Pay for Healthcare Services: A Meta-analysis.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally and expenditure associated with cancer is quite high. Efficient resource allocation needs information on economic evaluations of healthcare interventions. The purposes of the study are to provide a comprehensive overview of cancer patients’ willingness to pay (WTP) for healthcare services and to investigate the influence of democracies, culture dimensions, and other factors on WTP. A meta-analysis was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify all studies of stated preference approach to estimate cancer patients’ WTP healthcare services. A set of criteria was constructed for selecting relevant studies. A total of 79 studies were related to selection criteria and held sufficient information for the purposes of meta-analysis. A total of 393 estimates of WTP from 79 healthcare valuation studies were pooled to identify the links between WTP and influential factors. The findings suggest that values of benefits in healthcare services are higher in more democratic nations, but they are lower in cultural traits that are stronger indulgence and uncertainty avoidance. Further, the types of cancer matter. Compared to breast cancer, WTP is higher for skin cancer, yet lower for liver cancer and lymphoma. A higher national income and public health expenditure increase WTP for healthcare services, while a higher death rate by cancer leads to lower values of healthcare benefits.

Air pollution and income distribution: evidence from Chinese provincial panel data.

In recent years, air pollution has caused an increasing number of problems in China. Individual health and labour productivity, which are affected by air pollution may affect income distribution. Therefore, this article will analyse the effect of air pollution on income distribution. We investigated the evolution of air pollution in China over the past two decades. Fixed-effects and random-effects estimation approaches were used with data from 30 provinces in China from 1998 to 2017 to analyse the effect of air pollution on income distribution. Empirical results reveal that air pollution significantly worsens income distribution in China. Then we explored the mechanism by which air pollution affects income distribution, and found that increasing health expenditures and declining labour productivity mediate the effect of air pollution on income distribution. Considering the potential endogenous problems of air pollution affecting income distribution, the simultaneous equation model and the instrumental variable approach are employed to overcome endogenous bias. Traditional mean regression was empirically found to overestimate the impact of air pollution on income distribution. Finally, some policy implications are proposed to improve air quality and income distribution.

Cost of economic growth: Air pollution and health expenditure

This study examines the causal effect of air pollution on health expenditure using a sample of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2015. It concludes that exposure to air pollution is associated with the increase in health expenditure with an elasticity of 10.013. The coefficient is roughly seven times bigger than the cost of traditional respiratory diseases. The large coefficient will be the social cost of medical insurance and various diseases. Results also indicate that sample mobility can underestimate health cost. Meanwhile, we identify heterogeneity among different populations and pollutants. The estimates show that PM2.5 is the main cause of health expenditure and that males, high-income individuals, highly educated individuals, people with health insurance, and older people are more sensitive to air pollution. Moreover, our evidence suggests that air pollution nonlinearly affects health expenditure. We also find that the mechanism is through diseases occurrence and diseases severity to increase health expenditure.

Drivers of Health in sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Analysis

Globally, life expectancy increased while infant mortality reduced substantially between the 19th and late 20th century. Although there is relatively mature literature on the drivers behind these gains in life expectancy and reductions in infant mortality, there is a dearth of studies that focus on the drivers of health in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The few studies that do exist do not account for a broader array of determinants such as the quality of access to health services and institutional quality which may have important implications for health policy. We contribute in filling this gap by estimating the effect of a rich set of socio-economic, environmental, health system and lifestyle factors on life expectancy and infant mortality using a panel of 30 sub-Saharan African countries. We employ a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator and focus on the period between 1995—2014.Our findings show that increases in health expenditure, educational attainment, and health care access quality are associated with increases in life expectancy and reductions in infant mortality. Higher HIV prevalence rates are associated with reductions in life expectancy whereas urbanization, per capita income growth and access to clean water are positively associated with life expectancy.We conclude that increases in life expectancy and reductions in infant mortality can be accelerated by paying particular attention to interventions linked to these drivers, including, health care access quality.

The Trade-off Between Household Expenditures and Smoking Expenditure: Pre and Post Smoking Awareness Ordinance in Pakistan

Abstract The Government of Pakistan introduced smoking ordinance about health warning in 2009. This ordinance exhibits, prohibit smoking in public places, put restrictions on advertisements, and prohibits sale of cigarettes to minors. This study is to find out the impact of smoking expenditures on food, health, educational, recreational, and electronic expenditures using HIES dataset for 2010–11 and 2015–16. The findings show that share of food and health expenditure increase by 91 and 92% respectively. On the other hand, education and recreation expenditure decrease by 6 and 98% respectively. This is further verified using SUEST test to compare two datasets regressions. The result reveals that food, health, and recreational coefficient are statistically different while education and electronics expenditure remain similar.