Increase In Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

Impact of institutional quality and human capital creation on economic growth in Bangladesh: evidence from an ARDL approach

PurposeThis study examines the impact of institutional quality (INQ) and human capital creation (HCC) on economic growth (EG) linkage in Bangladesh using an ARDL approach.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses time-series annual data over the period 1990–2019. It formulates an INQ index based on international country risk guide (ICRG) data, employs public education outlay and expenditure on health data each as a portion of real gross domestic product (GDP) to measure HCC, while an increase in real GDP is used as a proxy for EG. It employs the ARDL technique and Toda–Yamamoto (T-Y) causality check to realize the study.FindingsThe ARDL analysis divulges that the variables have a long-run association; INQ affects long-run EG positively; expenditure on health stimulates EG rate in the long run, but does not impact the latter in the short-run; whilst government spending on education impacts long-term EG rate negatively but positively in the short-term. The T-Y causality test results reveal a feedback relationship between INQ and EG, and one-way causation from health expenditure to EG rate, and education outlay to EG rate and authenticate the ARDL estimation results.Originality/valueThe study is original. The novelty of the study is to employ an INQ index using the ICRG data on 12 different components which are converted into a single index through principal component analysis.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2021-0732

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING ISLAMIC BANKS PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the internal and external factors affecting the performance of Islamic banking in Nigeria. The study is quantitative research that applies the generalized least square (GLS) regression to measure the effect of independent variables on the dependent variables. Data is generated from the published financial statements of the bank from the year of inception, 2012 to 2020. The dependent variables used to measure the performance are return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The independent internal variables are measured using the financial deposit ratio (FDR) and operational efficiency ratio (OER), while the external factors are measured using gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation. The findings for the internal factors show that FDR has a positive and significant effect on performance, indicating the availability of liquidity when required by depositors. OER also showed a significant positive effect on ROA and ROE, meaning that high operational efficiency can increase efficiency and performance. Meanwhile, external factors, GDP, show a significant negative effect on performance, implying that an increase in GDP per person will increase population, decreasing real GDP. More so, inflation also showed a negative and significant effect on performance, which implies that when there is inflation, the Central Bank increases the interest rate to slow down the inflation rate. However, interest is not permissible in an Islamic bank's operation, hence not affecting its performance.

A Data-Driven Analysis of the Economic Cost of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions: A Cross-Country Comparison of Kenya, Singapore, and Thailand

Objective: To estimate the economic impact of border closure and social distancing by estimating the decline of gross domestic product (GDP) in Kenya, Singapore and Thailand. Methods: We analysed secondary data retrospectively. To calculate impact of NPIs on GDP, the relationship between GDP and stock market index was examined using ordinary least squares (OLS). Then, autoregressive and moving averages (ARMA) model was used to examine the impact of NPI on stock market index. The change in GDP due to NPIs was derived by multiplying coefficients of OLS and ARMA models. Results: An increase in stock market index correlated with an increase in GDP, while both social distancing and border closure negatively correlated with stock market index. Implementation of NPIs correlated with the decline in GDP. Thai border closure had a greater decline in GDP than social distancing; Kenya exhibited the same trends; Singapore had the opposite trend. Conclusion: We quantified the magnitude of economic impact of NPIs in terms of GDP decline by linking stock market index and GDP. This approach may be applicable in other settings.

Compatibility between government spending and broad money supply in Iraq's GDP growth for the period (2004-2020)

The study dealt with the compatibility between government spending and broad money supply in the growth GDP, and it aimed to show the impact of three independent variables (current spending CS, investment spending Is, broad money supply Ms2) on the dependent variable (GDP), for the period (2020 -2004), the standard model was estimated according to the ARDL method, and according to the boundary test of join integration, it was found that there is a relationship of join integration of the estimated model. and the most important results of the study were that current spending and broad money supply have a positive impact on the growth of GDP at prices. However, this increase in GDP growth did not come as a result of diversifying revenues across the productive sectors of GDP, and that the concurrence of the short-term objectives of government spending and broad money supply did not create a solid ground for investment and a real increase in gross domestic product. At current prices, but rather a it led to an increase in domestic aggregate demand, which was met through imports as a result of the lack of a flexible production apparatus, which caused the phenomenon of stagflation.

The Distribution of HIV and AIDS Cases in Luzhou, China, From 2011 to 2020: Bayesian Spatiotemporal Analysis.

BackgroundThe vastly increasing number of reported HIV and AIDS cases in Luzhou, China, in recent years, coupled with the city’s unique geographical location at the intersection of 4 provinces, makes it particularly important to conduct a spatiotemporal analysis of HIV and AIDS cases.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of HIV and the factors influencing this distribution in Luzhou, China, from 2011 to 2020.MethodsData on the incidence of HIV and AIDS in Luzhou from 2011 to 2020 were obtained from the AIDS Information Management System of the Luzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention. ArcGIS was used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution of HIV and AIDS cases. The Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used to investigate factors affecting the spatiotemporal distribution of HIV and AIDS, including the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urbanization rate, number of hospital beds, population density, and road mileage.ResultsThe reported incidence of HIV and AIDS rose from 8.50 cases per 100,000 population in 2011 to 49.25 cases per 100,000 population in 2020—an increase of 578.87%. In the first 5 years, hotspots were concentrated in Jiangyang district, Longmatan district, and Luxian county. After 2016, Luzhou’s high HIV incidence areas gradually shifted eastward, with Hejiang county having the highest average prevalence rate (41.68 cases per 100,000 population) from 2011 to 2020, being 2.28 times higher than that in Gulin county (18.30 cases per 100,000), where cold spots were concentrated. The risk for the incidence of HIV and AIDS was associated with the urbanization rate, population density, and GDP per capita. For every 1% increase in the urbanization rate, the relative risk (RR) increases by 1.3%, while an increase of 100 people per square kilometer would increase the RR by 8.7%; for every 1000 Yuan (US $148.12) increase in GDP per capita, the RR decreases by 1.5%.ConclusionsIn Luzhou, current HIV and AIDS prevention and control efforts must be focused on the location of each district or county government; we suggest the region balance urban development and HIV and AIDS prevention. Moreover, more attention should be paid to economically disadvantaged areas.

Asymmetric and nonlinear oil price pass-through to economic growth in Croatia: Do oil-related policy shocks matter?

Recent turbulent developments in the world oil market have increased the volatility of oil prices and rekindled interest in studying their impact on macroeconomic activity. Using the vector autoregression framework, this paper investigates the impact of oil price shocks, expressed in linear, asymmetric and nonlinear form, on real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in an oil-importing small open economy, i.e., Croatia, for the period 1995:Q1-2019:Q4. The results corroborate the presence of the asymmetric, nonlinear and direct short-run effect of oil price shocks on real GDP growth. A decrease in oil prices leads to a statistically significant increase in real GDP and its more volatile behavior, while an increase in oil prices causes a considerable drop in economic activity only in the fourth quarter. The oil-related policy shock variables, fuel market liberalization and fuel taxation, turned out to be insignificant predictors of GDP growth in an asymmetric and nonlinear model specification.

RETRACTED: Public Spending, Green Finance, and Zero Carbon for Sustainable Development: A Case of Top 10 Emitting Countries

In general, the public expenditure on schooling, science, and research and development (R&D) is thought to have a positive effect on the development and sustainability of an economy, but such evidence is lacking in the developing and developed countries, especially in the top 10 CO2-emitting countries. This study investigates the impact of public spending and green finance on environmental sustainability, using the ordinary least square method and data envelopment analysis, which uses the panel data from selected countries from 2008 to 2018. Results reveal a fluctuating green economic growth index, which was due to the non-serious existence of government policies. More precisely, a 1% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth increases the carbon emissions by about 0.40%, whereas the rise in coal consumption decreases environmental efficiency by about 0.88%. We also concluded that 0.95% GDP growth and economic development significantly enhance environmental emissions, whereas 0.5% of renewable energy consumption decreases the negative impact of environmental pollution. Furthermore, a 1% growth in renewable energy consumption improved environmental efficiency by 0.58%. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the public expenditure on human capital and renewable energy (R&D) leads to a productive green economy through labor, and technically advance developmental practices, with varying consequences in distinctive countries.

Strengthening of Health Care and Local Production of Medicines and Other Health Technologies to Improve Access and Affordability

A lot of discussion happened regarding the required World Health Organization's support to strengthen local production of drugs in this pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has struggled for everything starting from the availability of masks, personal protective equipment's, medicines, equipment, ventilators, and even basic oxygen. All these needs have exposed the existing condition of our health-care system that has called for improving the infrastructure and workforce at the earliest. Health-care spending and its impact on economic performance are vital to be seen leading to an increase in gross domestic product and vice versa. A recent estimate states that our country which was told as world's pharmacy is now facing a shortage of vaccines doses. A recent estimate states that our country which was told as world's pharmacy is now facing a shortage of vaccines doses creating the necessary research and development to discover or develop innovative way of strengthening the local production of medicines. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in India has initiated several measures to ensure the quality of drugs available in India. Lower- and middle-income countries face macroeconomic vulnerabilities, high levels of poverty and are lagging behind the universal health coverage. Hence, necessary recommendations were arrived for these issues in this article.

Investigating the residential electricity consumption-income nexus in Morocco: a stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology analysis

In a comprehensive LMDI-STIRPAT-ARDL framework, this research investigates the residential electricity consumption (REC)-income nexus in Morocco for the period 1990 to 2018. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) results show that economic activity and electricity intensity are the leading drivers of Morocco’s REC, followed by population and residential structure. And then, the LMDI analysis was combined with stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) analysis and the bounds testing approach to search for a long-run equilibrium relationship. The empirical results show that REC, economic growth, urbanization, and electricity intensity are cointegrated. The results further show that there exists a U-shaped relationship between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and REC: an increase in per capita GDP reduces REC initially; but, after reaching a turning point (the GDPPC level of 17,145.22 Dh), further increases in per capita GDP increase REC. Regarding urbanization, the results reveal that it has no significant impact on Morocco’s REC. The stability parameters of the short and long-term coefficients of residential electricity demand function are tested. The results of these tests showed a stable pattern. Finally, based on the findings mentioned above, policy implications for guiding the country's development and electricity planning under energy and environmental constraints are given.

Analyzing the impact of exchange rate fluctuations and inflation on the GDP in Iraq using the modern methodology of Cointegration for the period (1988-2020)

The research aims to analyze the impact of exchange rate fluctuations (EXM and EXN) and inflation (INF) on the gross domestic product (GDP) in Iraq for the period 1988-2020. The research is important by analyzing the magnitude of the macroeconomic and especially GDP effects of these variables, as well as the economic effects of exchange rates on economic activity. The results of the standard analysis using the ARDL model showed a long-term equilibrium relationship, according to the Bound Test methodology, from explanatory (independent) variables to the internal (dependent) variable, while the value of the error correction vector factor was negative and moral at a level less than (1%). The relationship between EXM and GDP was inverse, with partial flexibility for EXM (-7.666), meaning that an increase in EXM (1%) will lead to a decrease in GDP (7.666%). This applies to the reality of the Iraqi economy, as the method used in recent times is to devalue the local currency. The effect of EXN was steady in the long run, with the partial flexibility of EXN (5.785), that is, an increase of EXN (1%) will lead to an increase in GDP (5.785%), and the model as a whole is statistically significant. The explanatory power of the model is high, as it was (R2=0.816), indicating that 81% of the changes in GDP in constant prices are due to the change in (EXM, EXN, and INF). The study concluded that in light of the outbreak of the coronavirus, the disruption of most economic projects, and the decline in the prices of the Iraqi government, as a result of the decrease in the balance of oil and oil revenues, as a result of the balance of the government part of the solution is to devalue the local currency by controlling the nominal exchange rate. At present, the Iraqi Monetary Authority recommends that the Managed Flexible Exchange System be continued as an effective means of avoiding external shocks for the Iraqi economy, as it allows for appropriate adjustments to be made continuously

Climate Change and Overuse: Water Resource Challenges during Economic Growth in Coquimbo, Chile

The arid Coquimbo region of Chile has experienced a significant economic growth in recent decades, fueled in large part by water-intensive activities such as mining and agriculture. Under this context, a monthly and annual trend analysis of precipitation, streamflow, and piezometric levels was carried out. Thus, 43 pluviometric stations, 11 fluviometric stations, and 11 wells were selected. These stations were evaluated for their temporal trends using the Mann–Kendall test. Results revealed a significant decrease in river flows, with negative and significant trends concentrated in the mean and maximum flows, both at annual and monthly levels. Likewise, positive trends were found in the depth to water table on wells, with significant trends in 81.8% of the monthly cases, and in 72.7% of the annual cases. While also decreasing over the same period, rainfall trends exhibit high variability and lacked significance. Although the amounts of precipitation have decreased, this does not seem to be the main factor responsible for the scarcity of water in the region, but rather an excessive consumption of this resource. This is endorsed by the increase in GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which is explained by activities that consume water (mining and agriculture). Similarly, an increase in the granting of underground water rights was verified, which speaks of the high demands for the resource. However, future modeling is advised to better understand the regional hydrology of the area and quantify the anthropic effects on water resources more precisely.

Determinants of Superpower Economic Growth

Countries in various parts of the world make economic growth the initial goal of achieving a country, one indicator used to view economic growth and one of which is the increase in Gross Domestic Product. GDP is the total value of the production of goods or services in a country for one year. This study aims to see what are the factors that influence the economic growth of the superpowers with exports, inflation, and exchange rates, and unemployment as the independent variable and GDP as the dependent variable. This research uses secondary data in the form of a combination of cross-sectional data and time series (panel data). The analytical method used is a panel data regression with a flat model model, covering six countries, namely America, China, India, Korea, Japan, and Thailand during the period 1991-2019. The results show that the Export variable, Exchange Rate, has a significant effect on GDP. Meanwhile, two independent variables, namely inflation, unemployment, did not have a significant effect on the dependent variable.
 Keyword: Export Superpower, Inflation, Exchange Rate, Unemployment

The Effect of Oil Prices on Azerbaijan’s Economy (2009–2018)

Since oil plays an important role in the economy of Azerbaijan, the events in the global oil market deeply affect the national economy. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the economy of Azerbaijan, in which oil and gas have a significant place. In April 2020, the price of one barrel of oil on the world market fell to $1. One reason for this was the decrease in oil demand due to the lockdown re-gime implemented by many countries due to the rapid outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and another reason was that the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries could not agree on reducing oil production. The aim of this research is to show the impacts of oil prices on gross domestic product (GDP) of Azerbaijan, the growth rate of GDP, and the amount of oil production in Azerbaijan in 2009-2018. The hypothesis of the research is that oil prices seriously influence the economy of Azerbaijan and there is a correlation between the growth rate of Azerbaijan’s gross domestic product and the oil prices. The study starts with a brief description of the history of Azerbaijan’s oil industry, followed by oil industry’s importance in the economy of Azerbaijan, the role in foreign economic relations, and the effects on the economy of country. The quantitative method was used as a key research method. The data used in the analysis of this study were collected according to the literature scanning method, which is one of the data collection techniques. Further, descriptive statistics technique, which is a quantitative data analysis technique, was used to analyse the data. The findings show that the changes in oil prices in 2009-2018 directly affect the Azerbaijan’s gross domestic product, the growth rate of GDP, and the amount of oil production in Azerbaijan. Thus, as oil prices increase, the growth rate of the country’s gross domestic product and GDP increase and decrease as oil prices decrease.

Strengths in Vietnam's economic growth

Economic growth is an important indicator of the quality of the economy. A common measure is the increase in gross domestic product (GDP) in a year or the increase in GDP per capita in a year. Over the past time, Vietnam's economy has made remarkable growth steps and achieved many great achievements. The constantly improving position of Vietnam in the international arena; the good control of the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in the country; the quality of human resources have been gradually improved; The state’s constant encouragement and stimulation to develop the economy; The integration and opening of the economy are the strengths of economic growth that the article mentions. In the future, although the situation of Covid-19 is still complicated with new strains that are difficult to predict, Vietnam's economy can still achieve positive growth. The reason is that Vietnam's current policies are geared towards disease prevention combined with economic development. In this article, the author uses the method of analyzing secondary data from many reputable and reliable sources such as: ADB, UOB, General Statistics Office of Vietnam, ... to provide readers with more information, new materials, and a more thorough view on the overview picture of current status of Vietnam's economic growth in the period from 2016 to present.

The rule of thumb: Private consumption as a driving force of the economic growth of Western Balkan countries

Private consumption is considered one of the main drivers of economic growth in Western Balkan countries. The main aim of this study is to estimate the impact of private consumption on the economic growth of the Western Balkans, including the North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Housing wealth was even the main driver of total private consumption in the European Union (EU) countries as a whole (Barradas, 2017). Based on an extensive literature review for panel data, this study uses econometric models with fixed effect, random effect, and Hausman-Taylor test. The data are taken from the World Development Indicators by country (The World Bank, n.d.) and cover the period 2010–2019. Based on the Hausman-Taylor test, the model that fits a small sample as in our case is chosen as the fixed effect. The results of the estimator show that a 1% increase in final consumption leads to a 0.43% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth and that, on the other hand, a 1% increase in the employment rate increases GDP by 0.11%. The most important domestic factor continues to be private consumption, driven by record levels in the labour market and further strengthening of household purchasing power (Bank of Slovenia, 2020). The study concludes that private consumption is the main driver of economic growth and sustainability in the case of the Western Balkans.

Determinants of Deposit Mobilization of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia

The aim of this study is to assess the determinant of deposit mobilization in reference to Commercial banks in Ethiopia. The study adopts explanatory research type. The study was also guide by pure quantitative research approach. The necessary data required for this study was secondary data. The secondary data was the audited financial statement for the period of 2005 to 2017. The data was collected from the National Bank of Ethiopia and ministry of finance and economic development (MOFED). The study used non probability sampling, through purposive method in order to take sample size. Currently, there are 18 Commercial banks with their respective branch operation in Ethiopia. The researcher base on their year of establishment considering that, the bank that operates long life expected to have large number of customer and deposit amount than that of new one. Thus, seven Commercial Banks was taken as sample namely, Commercial bank of Ethiopia, Awash International Bank S.C, Bank of Abyssinia S.C, Wegagen Bank S.C, United Bank S.C, Nib International Bank S.C, and Dashen Bank S.C . Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum. The correlation analysis is also used. Fixed effect Econometric model was adopted. The result shows that number of branch (NOBR) had positive and significant effect on deposit mobilization (DM) of Commercial banks in Ethiopia. This result may indicate that increase in number of branch was increase the accessibility of bank service, therefore the more banks accessible the more customers was access and as the same time the more deposits was collected. Saving Deposit Interest Rate (IR) had positive and significant effect on DM of Commercial banks in Ethiopia. Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) had positive and significant effect on deposit of Commercial banks in Ethiopia. This result implies that when the amount of loan is high there is high amount of money is circulated in the country. Inflation Rate (INF) had a negative and insignificant effect on DM of Commercial banks in Ethiopia. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had a negative and insignificant effect on DM of Commercial banks in Ethiopia. This is because of the absence of favorable economic conditions in our country. And also inconsistent increase of GDP in the country during the study period was negatively affect Commercial bank deposit in Ethiopia. Keywords: Deposit Mobilization, Commercial Banks Operating in Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Violent deaths among adolescents in Serbia: past, present and future.

The aim of the study was to determine the trend and methods of violent deaths (suicide and homicide) in adolescents aged 15-19 years in Serbia. Mortality database was drawn from the Statistical Office of Serbia from the 1997-2019 period. To calculate the annual percentage change (APC) of mortality rate (MR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval we used join point regression analysis. Statistical analyses were also performed using the chi-square test and Spearman's rho correlation. The average suicide rate was 3.65 per 100,000 and homicide rate was 1.36 per 100,000 adolescents. The boys to girls ratio was 4.2 for suicides and 2.7 for homicides. Among girls, suicide rate significantly decreased (APC -20.7%; 95% CI -32.5 to -6.8) and homicide rate insignificantly decreased (APC -19.3%; 95% CI -37.8 to 5.1). Among boys, suicide rate significantly decreased (APC -4.6%; 95% CI -7.0 to -2.0) as well as homicide rate (APC -7.7%; 95% CI -11.5 to -4.3). The most common method of suicide was hanging (195, 44.3%) and nearly one third (198, 32.6%) of violent deaths were caused by firearms. Significantly negative correlation was observed between the Human Development Index (HDI), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and MR due to suicides and homicides among both genders (p < 0.05). Increase of GDP and HDI, national preventive intervention and strict application of the provisions of the law regarding the possession and storage of weapons must be implemented in order to continue reducing violent deaths among adolescents.

Methodological approaches to the development of industrial infrastructure projects

The article discusses methodological approaches to the implementation of industrial investment projects. To date, the recovery of the economy as a whole is perceived as an increase in gross domestic product (GDP). Industrial projects play a huge role in the country's investment policy. Industrial production is a key link in the economies of countries and is the second largest source of global GDP after the services sector. Modern industry is a key component of the economy of any country, and Russia is no exception. The structure and quality of the products produced by industry plays an important role for the economic climate of the state, thereby determining the economic power and independence of the country. In modern conditions, the problem of the development of domestic industrial production is becoming more and more urgent. The Russian industry needs to modernize and strengthen its positions both in the domestic and foreign markets. However, the problem of the revival and development of industrial production is primarily related to the need to attract large investments in long-term high-risk industrial projects. Large investment projects, such as the construction of highways or industrial facilities, are characterized by a huge period of their implementation and very complex procedures for approving project documentation. Accordingly, such projects are the most risky for banks and private investors. And the higher the risks, the higher the cost of financing. The solution of the above problem requires the creation of mechanisms that facilitate the attraction of investments in large industrial projects. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that today there is a constant development and improvement of the methodology for managing investment and construction projects, but in practice this development does not always lead to an increase in the effectiveness of the projects themselves. In the case of investments in energy, chemical and other industries, as well as in infrastructure development, characterized by huge investments, the choice of the financing method is key to making a decision on the implementation of such a project. It follows from the above that improving the efficiency of implementation and management of industrial investment and construction projects is an important task both for the investment climate of the country and for the development of the industrial sector. The essential result of this research is the formation of methodological approaches to improving the reliability, from the point of view of investors, of large industrial investment projects.

ELEMEN-ELEMEN MODEL TADBIR URUS KOPERASI DI MALAYSIA

The contribution of the cooperative sector in Malaysia to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is still at an unsatisfactory level. Some reports state that the country's GDP was only achieved between 3% to 4% until 31 December 2019 compared to the target of 10% as set in the National Cooperative Policy (NCP) 2011-2020. Based on NCP 2011-2020, one of the achievements that contribute to the increase in GDP is good regulation and governance. The same achievement strategy is continued in the fourth strategic thrust proposal of NCP 2021-2030, which is to create effective regulation. Therefore, to solve the problems of the study, the objectives of the study is to identify the elements of cooperative governance model based on cooperative governance guidelines in Malaysia and investigate the effect of cooperative governance model based on cooperative governance guidelines on cooperative performance in Malaysia. This study will use quantitative research method to achieve the objectives that have been set, namely questionnaire techniques and content analysis. Validation of the study framework model will be conducted using quantitative analysis techniques using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The expected output of the study is the Cooperative Governance Model that can be referred to by the Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development (MEDAC) and government agencies such as the Malaysian Cooperative Commission (MCC), Malaysian Cooperative Institute and other cooperatives. The significant results of this study are expected to provide input to the MCC related to the elements of good cooperative governance and can be used as additional information to be disseminated to cooperatives in Malaysia. The improvement in the achievement of cooperative governance is expected to contribute to the increase in cooperative revenue which in turn achieves the target contribution to the national GDP.

INVESTMENT PRIORITIES DURING THE PANDEMIC

The work analyzes investment activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic that caused the global economic crisis. It is concluded that the pandemic has become a catalyst for the digitalization of the world economy. Both countries and businesses that quickly adapt to new conditions will be the leaders of the new economic cycle. Investments lead to the fact that enterprises acquire fixed assets. Capital investments are of a long-term nature, which allows companies to earn income for many years by adding or improving production capacities and increasing operational efficiency. Additional or improved fixed assets increase labor productivity, making enterprises more productive and efficient. As labor becomes more efficient, increasing efficiency across the country leads to an increase in gross domestic product. Investment processes in the world economy are currently undergoing significant changes. This is due to such factors as: changes in the US investment policy, the end of the next economic cycle, trade wars in the global economy, the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus.