Increase In Glycolipids Research Articles

Enzyme Replacement in Fabry Disease: The Essence Is in the Kidney

In this issue, Banikazemi and colleagues' landmark trial on Fabry disease provides a crucial path toward lowering the morbidity of this disease. Among other findings, they determined that hemizygou...

Bile salts and cholesterol induce changes in the lipid cell membrane of Lactobacillus reuteri.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bile salts and cholesterol in the lipid profile of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 and to determine the relationship existing between these changes: the in vitro removal of cholesterol and the tolerance of the cells to acid and cold stress. Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 was grown in the following media: MRS (deMan Rogosa Sharpe; MC, control medium), MB (MC with bile salts), MCH (MC with sterile cholesterol) and MBCH (MC with bile salts and cholesterol). Fatty acids were determined by analytical gas-liquid chromatography, and phospholipids and glycolipids by colorimetric techniques. The cells from different culture media were subjected to cold and acid stress. The MB cultures displayed a decrease in phospholipids and a low ratio of saturated : unsaturated fatty acids. The presence of the unusual C18 : 0,10-OH and C18 : 0,10-oxo fatty acids was the prominent characteristic of the bile salts growing cells. The relative increase in glycolipids and the changes in the fatty acids profiles of the MB cells would be responsible for the cholesterol remotion. The changes induced by bile salts in the lipid profile did not improve the tolerance of L. reuteri CRL 1098 to freezing and acid stress. The changes in lipid profiles reported in this study would play a key role in the response of Lactobacilli to environmental stress. This work provides useful information about the effect of bile salts on the cell membrane of L. reuteri, a probiotic enterolactobacillus. The steady-state response of the cells subjected to bile stress seems to be the appropriate model for evaluating the bacterial behaviour in detergent-containing gastrointestinal tracts, where the bile salts stress would presumably be continuous.

Changes of lipid components during dormancy in `Hull Thornless' and `Triple Crown Thornless' blackberry cultivars

Chilling requirements and changes in polar lipids of two blackberry cultivars ( Rubus spp.), `Triple Crown Thornless' and `Hull Thornless' were determined during dormancy and budbreak. Under field conditions, `Triple Crown Thornless' required lower chilling units (CUs) than `Hull Thornless' to overcome dormancy. `Triple Crown Thornless' and `Hull Thornless' achieved full budbreak after receiving 600 and 1000 CU (chilling units), respectively. Under cold temperature treatments, `Triple Crown Thornless' needed 400 CU, while `Hull Thornless' needed 600 CU at 4°C to obtain 100% budbreak. The shoots kept at intermittent 6/24°C (6°C for 16 h, and 24°C for 8 h) did not reach full budbreak even after receiving 1000 CUs. An increase in phospholipids and glycolipids was detected at the end of dormancy. The increase in phospholipids occurred prior to the increase in glycolipids. The percentage of 18 : 2 fatty acid decreased while that of 18 : 3 increased and there was approximately a fivefold increase in the 18 : 3/18 : 2 ratio observed at the time of budbreak. The increase in the 18 : 3/18 : 2 ratio could serve as an indicator of dormancy termination and growth resumption in blackberry.

Permeability and Stability Properties of Membranes Formed by Lipids Extracted fromLactobacillus acidophilusGrown at Different Temperatures

Lactobacillus acidophilusCRL 640 grown at 25 and 37°C showed a high content of cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and glycolipids. Cultures grown at 25°C showed a twofold increase in glycolipids in relation to phospholipids, a twofold increase in the C16:0 and a fourfold increase in the C18:2 fatty acids. In contrast, the C19-cyc and the 10-hydroxy acid (C18:0-10 OH) species showed a noticeable decrease. Extracts of total lipids of bacteria grown at 25 and 37°C dispersed in water yielded particles having a high negative surface potential as measured by electrophoretic mobility. Vesicles prepared by extrusion of these dispersions through polycarbonate membranes of 100-nm pore diameter showed high trapping of carboxyfluorescein (CF), which remained unchanged for at least 20 h. The fluorescence anisotropy measured with diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and the generalized polarization of Laurdan were significantly lower in vesicles prepared with lipids containing the highest glycolipid ratio, in comparison to those of bacteria grown at 37°C. No phase transition was detected between 5 and 50°C as measured with both probes. In accordance with these results, no significant release of the trapped CF in this range of temperature was detected. Bile salts and NaCl promoted an increase in the fluorescence, which is interpreted as a change in the permeability properties of the membrane. This effect was lower with KCl, while CaCl2did not cause any change. The greater permeability change was observed in vesicles with a low glycolipid/phospholipid ratio. NaCl did not affect the packing of the interface as measured with Laurdan, in contrast to CaCl2. The action of Ca+2may be ascribed to the binding to the negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidyl glycerol and cardiolipin. It is concluded that the higher glycolipid/phospholipid ratio and the fatty acids C18:2 and C16:0 enhance the lipid membrane stability and decrease the organization in the interfacial and hydrocarbon zones. These results are congruent with the behavior of entire bacteria subject to osmotic and freeze/thaw stresses.

Changes of Lipid Components During Dormancy in Blackberry Cultivars

Changes in phospholipids, galactolipids, and fatty acid were determined in two cultivars of blackberries, `Triple Crown' and `Hull Thornless', during dormancy and budbreak. Under field conditions, `Triple Crown' required lower chilling units (CUs) than `Hull Thornless' to overcome dormancy. `Triple Crown' and `Hull Thornless' achieved full budbreak after receiving 600 and 1000 CUs, respectively. Under cold-temperature treatments, `Triple Crown' needed 400 CUs, while `Hull Thornless' needed 600 CUs at 4 °C to obtain 100% budbreak. The shoots kept at intermittent 6/24 °C (6 °C for 16 h, and 24 °C for 8 h) did not reach full budbreak even after receiving 1000 CUs. An increase in phospholipids and glycolipids was observed during the termination of dormancy. The increase in phospholipids occurred earlier than the increase in glycolipids. The percentage of 18:2 fatty acid decreased while 18:3 increased and there was approximately a five-fold increase in the 18:3/18:2 ratio observed at the time of budbreak. The increase in the 18:3/18:2 ratio could serve as an indicator of dormancy termination and growth resumption in blackberry.

Mechanism of ebrotidine protection against gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol

1. 1. The gastroprotective properties of a new H 2-receptor antagonist, ebrotidine, against ethanol-induced mucosal injury was investigated. 2. 2. Groups of rats, with and without indomethacin pretreatment, received intragastrically either a dose of ebrotidine or vehicle only, followed by ethanol given at various intervals up to 4 hr. The gastric mucosa, 30 min after the ethanol challenge, was then subjected to macroscopic and histologic examination, and physicochemical measurements. 3. 3. Ebrotidine at doses of 50 mg and higher per kg body wt effectively prevented the alcohol-induced mucosal injury, even in the presence of indomethacin. The protective effect was demonstrable already at 30 min, reached maximum at 1 hr, and persisted up to 3 hr. 4. 4. Physicochemical analyses established that ebrotidine elicited 30% increase in mucus gel dimension, caused 19–20% increase in glycolipids and phospholipids, and evoked 21% increase in sulfomucin and 18% in sialomucins. As a consequence, the mucus gel viscosity increased by 1.4-fold, H + retardation capacity by 16%, and hydrophobicity by 65%. 5. 5. The results demonstrate that ebrotidine is a unique H 2-antagonist endowed with a remarkable mucosal strengthening capability.

Effect of perfluidone on metabolism of lipids in maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Treatment of germinating maize seedlings with 0.126 mM of the herbicide Perfluidone (Destun) (1,1,1-trifluoro-4′-[phenylsulfonyl]-methanesulfona-o-toluidide) for 2 days in the dark, then 3 days in the light, at 25°C causes decreases in fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and in total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; in contrast, sunflower seedlings seem not to be affected. Perfluidone causes marked decreases in total lipids and in glyco- and phospholipids of maize seedlings. In sunflower cotyledons, total lipids and pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids) are not affected, but there is an increase in glycolipids at the expense of phospholipids. After Perfluidone treatment, a significant increase in the fatty acid mole ratio (18∶0+18∶1+18∶2)/18∶3 was found for the maize glycolipids, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and sterol glycoside (SG) + esterified sterol glycoside (ESG), and for the phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC). In sunflower seedlings, however, only the fatty acid mole ratio of ESG + SG showed an increase and that of phosphatidylserine (PS) showed a large decrease. The differential response of the two plant species to Perfluidone suggests that the control of linolenic acid biosynthesis may vary depending on plant species and/or on plant tissues.

Lipid abnormalities in a variant of the Hurler syndrome.

Numerous studies have established that the excretion in urine and the deposition in tissues and in cultured fibroblasts of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) are markedly increased in Hurler's disease.-8 Previous reports have indicated an increase in ganglioside content in brain and visceral organs of patients with the Hurler syndrome.9-13 The relationship of the increase in glycolipids to that of AMPS is not clear. In the course of a study of two brothers with clinical evidence of Hurler's syndrome, fibroblasts obtained from one of the brothers were strikingly abnormal but did not show typical metachromasia. However, after the specimens were treated with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), metachromatic granules could be demonstrated, thus suggesting that excess lipids were present which interfered with staining. It is the purpose of this communication to report details regarding the occurrence of abnormal quantities of certain lipids in fibroblasts of this patient as compared with the fibroblasts of a patient with typical Hurler's disease and those of a normal child.