Increase In Gas Consumption Research Articles

The Impact of Agriculture on the Consumption of Natural Resources (An analytical study)

This research delves into the multifaceted relationship between agriculture and the consumption of natural resources, highlighting the significant impact of agricultural practices on natural resource depletion. Various studies have explored this dynamic, revealing how technological advancements, government policies, and market access in developed countries have contributed to the increased consumption of natural resources in agriculture. The expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia, for instance, has raised concerns about land scarcity and environmental degradation due to soil compaction and water retention issues. Conversely, research in the U.S. suggests that the availability of natural resources, except in cases of major energy supply interruptions, does not significantly constrain agricultural output. The study also examines the role of energy consumption in agriculture, with findings indicating that an increase in gas consumption boosts GDP, whereas higher electricity consumption may hinder growth. Additionally, the research addresses the effects of natural disasters on agriculture, food security, and natural resources, with typhoons notably impacting rice production and household food security in the Philippines. Through a critical and analytical lens, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how agricultural practices influence the depletion of natural resources and explore potential strategies for mitigating these effects. Given the study's outcomes, several policy recommendations emerge as follow: Governments should create incentives for the adoption of renewable energy technologies in agriculture to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources, There is a need for comprehensive water management policies that ensure more sustainable water use in agriculture.

Assessment of Economic Viability of Conversion of Open Cycle to Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

The paper identified the types of gas turbines available in the electric power generating system in Nigeria and assessed the economic viability of converting open cycle to combined cycle gas power plants in order to maximize the electricity generation output without further gaseous fuel consumption in the existing thermal plants in the country. Data were obtained through primary and secondary sources on all the operational power plants in Nigeria. These data were analyzed using engineering economy methods. The result showed that by using the average generation of each plant for a period of 3 years as a baseline for conversion, an additional 1142.1 MW would be obtained after conversion to combined cycle without increase in gas consumption. In addition, the result showed the NPV values and benefit-cost ratio were greater than zero and one respectively, indicating that the project is economically viable for each conversion process. The sensitivity analysis over a range of values from ±10 to ±30% of the investment cost did not affect the economic viability of the project. Furthermore, the result showed that the cost of generating electricity borne by the society is much lower for a combined cycle than for an open cycle. The study concluded that conversion of the gas turbine from open cycle to combined cycle is economically viable and an additional generation of 1142.1 MW can be obtained without increasing the gas consumption.

Sucralose, an eco-friendly novel promoter of carbon dioxide hydrate formation: Kinetic investigation

Gas hydrates represent a cutting-edge technology for the separation and storage of greenhouse gases, capturing the interest of numerous researchers. Nevertheless, the challenges of low storage capacity and slow hydrate formation can be surmounted through the application of kinetic promoters. This study investigates the kinetic parameters of CO2 hydrate formation with the influence of sucralose, an eco-friendly additive, at various concentrations. Lab-scale experiments were conducted in a reactor, with initial conditions of 3 MPa pressure and 274.15 K temperature. Among the tested concentrations, the addition of 0.75 wt% sucralose exhibited the highest gas consumption and storage capacity. Compared to pure water at t = 300 min, the inclusion of 0.75 wt% sucralose resulted in a 37 % increase in gas consumption and a corresponding enhancement in storage capacity. Likewise, at t = 20 min, the water-to-hydrate conversion and storage capacity (SC) increased by approximately 35 % compared to pure water. However, as the sucralose concentration in the aqueous solution surpassed 0.75 wt%, the promoting effect on gas consumption declined, showing a diminishing return. Notably, a slight inhibitory behavior was observed during the experiment with a 10 wt% sucralose concentration. Furthermore, the experiments were replicated for certain sucralose concentrations in the aqueous solution under the same initial pressure but at an elevated temperature of 276.15 K. The results demonstrated a reduction in the promoting effect of sucralose, suggesting that raising the cell temperature during the hydrate formation process negatively impacted the kinetic parameters.

ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE NATURAL GAS HEAT OF COMBUSTION

The shortage of fuel and energy resources, the increase in natural gas prices and the continuous increase in gas consumption indicate the relevance of the issues of measuring the natural gas amount and assessing its quality indicators. Ukraine is implementing the European methodology for calculating gas consumption based on its quality and efficiency. The problem of determining the gas quality in Ukraine requires a thorough assessment and research.
 The main physical and chemical indicator of the natural gas quality, which characterizes its energy value, is the specific volumetric gas heat of combustion. The value of this parameter differs for different gas fields. The gas heat of combustion determines the efficiency of its use both in everyday life and in industry.
 The aim of the work is to analyze the main methods for determining the calorific value of natural gas.
 The gas heat of combustion is determined by calorimetric, chromatographic and correlation methods.
 The calorimetric method is characterized by the complexity of the measurement process, complete combustion of the test gas, and long term process. This ensures the objectivity of the results, which is based on taking into account the moisture content of the gas and the presence of non-combustible components in it.
 The basis of the chromatographic method is the separation of the components of a gas sample in a chromatographic column. The result is a chromatogram that shows the percentage composition of hydrocarbons in the gas. The characteristic properties of the method are the identification of a wide range of components and the repeatability of the results.
 When using correlation methods for determining the heating value of natural gas, various physicochemical parameters of samples are measured (such as total hydrocarbon concentration, heat capacity, acoustic wave propagation velocity, carbon dioxide concentration, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, dynamic viscosity, and others).
 Correlation dependence is based on the choice and association of such parameters. This dependence is studied on different test gas mixtures and allows us to determine the empirical dependence. The mixtures correspond to gases with different calorific values. The obtained empirical dependence is used to register the heat of combustion of real natural gas. The paper evaluates the features of these methods application and instruments based on them.

Renewable energy strategy analysis in relation to environmental pollution for BRICS, G7, and EU countries by using a machine learning framework and panel data analysis

The present research uses machine learning, panel data and time series prediction and forecasting techniques to establish a framework between a series of renewable energy and environmental pollution parameters, considering data for BRICS, G7, and EU countries, which can serve as a tool for optimizing the policy strategy in the sustainable energy production sector. The results indicates that XGBoost model for predicting the renewable energy production capacity reveals the highest feature importance among independent variables is associated with the gas consumption parameter in the case of G7, oil consumption for EU block and GHG emissions for BRICS, respectively. Furthermore, the generalized additive model (GAM) predictions for the EU block reveal the scenario of relatively constant renewable energy capacity if gas consumption increases, while oil consumption increases determine an increase in renewable energy capacity until a kick point, followed by a decrease. The GAM models for G7 revealed the scenario of an upward trend of renewable energy production capacity, as gas consumption increases and renewable energy production capacity decreases while oil consumption increases. In the case of the BRICS geopolitical block, the prediction scenario reveals that, in time, an increase in gas consumption generates an increase in renewable energy production capacity. The PCA emphasizes that renewable energy production capacity and GHG, respectively CO2 emissions, are highly correlated and are integrated into the first component, which explains more than 60% of the variance. The resulting models represent a good prediction capacity and reveal specific peculiarities for each analyzed geopolitical block. The prediction models conclude that the EU economic growth scenario is based on fossil fuel energy sources during the first development stage, followed by a shift to renewable energy sources once it reaches a kick point, during the second development stage. The decrease in renewable energy production capacity when oil consumption increases indicates that fossil fuels are in trend within the G7 economy. In the case of BRICS, it is assumed that gas consumption appears because of increasing the industrial capacity, followed by the increase of economic sustainability, respectively. In addition, the generalized additive models emphasize evolution scenarios with different peculiarities, specific for each analyzed geopolitical block.

Future outlook and influencing factors analysis of natural gas consumption in Bangladesh: An economic and policy perspectives

The development of mechanization and technology has triggered the rising energy consumption in various sectors. The study objective is to investigate the relationship between gas consumption share, energy intensity, economic structure share, per capita gross domestic value, and population at the sectorial level from 1994 to 2020. This study analyzes the factors in three ways: first, the study applies decomposition analysis between key factors. Second, an appropriate decoupling method is applied to investigate the impacting factors to check the driving factors affecting the decoupling using the logarithmic mean Divisia index method. Third, based on aggregated and sectorial variations, the ratio decomposition of each sector is estimated. The results show that the economic activity effect is the main driving factor in raising gas consumption, which increased by 15.11 crore Tk./million during 1994–2020. The energy intensity trend declined by 14.87 Mtoe/crore Tk., which shows an imperative role in natural gas consumption efficiency for production and in economy. The economic structure share provided a record decline by 52.79 crores Tk. during the COVID-19 situation while a significant increase in gas consumption was found until 2013, which could be significant under decomposition changes. Three decoupling states such as expansive negative decoupling, expansive coupling and weak decoupling were found in which the decoupling relationship was gradually a dominated by a weak decoupling. The sectorial index provides a maximum of weak decoupling in which energy-saving technology gap change was found in power, captive power, industry, tea estate, compressed natural gas, and fertilizer sectors. Finally, the scenarios analyzed that natural gas consumption estimates maximum gross domestic product and conserves more energy in the future. Briefly, the decoupling process and its leading factors were obvious among nine major sectors.

Spectral analysis of gas-dynamic characteristics of pulsing gas flows in the exhaust system of a piston engine

THE PURPOSE. To On the basis of spectral analysis, to evaluate the effect of installing a turbocharger turbine on the aeromechanics of pulsating gas flows in the engine exhaust system and to propose a method for controlling the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of unsteady gas flows by creating an ejection effect in the exhaust system.METHODS. A laboratory experiment on a full-scale piston engine model was chosen to achieve this goal. Spectral analysis of harmonic dependences was used to assess changes in the structure of gas flows in the exhaust system. Mathematical modeling of the operating cycle of diesel engines was used to assess the potential positive effects of the use of an ejection system in the exhaust tract of a diesel engine. Three-dimensional solid modeling systems were used for sketch (engineering) studies of new (modernized) exhaust system designs.RESULTS. The article describes laboratory equipment, measuring system and data processing methods. A description of the boundary conditions in the course of experimental research is given. Comparison of aeromechanical and heat exchange characteristics of unsteady flows in the exhaust system of an engine with and without a turbocharger is carried out in the article. The qualitative and quantitative differences in aeromechanics and thermal physics of processes are shown. The proposed method of aeromechanical improvement of the exhaust system by creating an ejection.CONCLUSION. It was revealed that the turbine of a turbocharger has a significant effect on the aeromechanical characteristics of flows in the exhaust system. A significant decrease in the maximum flow rate in the exhaust tract (up to 3 times) is observed when installing a turbocharger. There is a decrease in flow characteristics through the turbocharged exhaust system (within 30%). It was found that the ejection effect in the engine exhaust system leads to stabilization of the flow, an increase in gas consumption by 6-12%, a decrease in specific fuel consumption by an average of 1% and an improvement in reliability indicators by 1.11-1.74%.

Assessment of Technological Feasibility of Converting Open Cycle to Combined Cycle Gas Power Plants

This study assessed the technological feasibility of converting open cycle to combined cycle gas power plants. The study was carried out on all the operational power plants in Nigeria, using both primary and secondary data sources. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that out of the 72 open cycles and 5 combined cycle units considered, 60.0, 0, 33.3 and 6.7 % of the power plants had turbines that were installed between 1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years and 16 years and above, respectively. Similarly, 66.6 and 13.3 % of the plants had General Electric and Siemens machines installed in their plants. The power plants ran efficiently with a heat rate and thermal efficiency range between 9.33 to 14.44MJ/KWh, 25 to 39 % for open cycle plants and 6.63 to 11.97MJ/KWh, 30 to 54 % for combine plants. The result also showed that by using the average generation of each plant in the last 3 years as a baseline for conversion, an additional 1142.1MW would be obtained after conversion to the combined cycle without an increase in gas consumption. The study concluded that conversion of the gas turbine from open cycle to combined plants is technologically viable and an additional generation of 1142.1MW can be obtained.

Synthesis of Cu-Al LDH nanofluid and effectiveness as a promoter for CO2 hydrate formation

The present study focuses on the synthesis of a hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al LDH) and the investigation of its effectiveness as a promoter for CO2 hydrate formation. The Cu-Al LDH nanofluid has been prepared using the one-step co-precipitation technique. XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analyses have been carried out to evaluate the structural features and particle size measurement. The stability of nanofluid is evaluated using zeta potential measurements. The hydrate formation experiments are conducted in a pilot-scale reactor of 25 L volume with a design pressure of 180 bar. The wall temperature of the reactor is set at 2 °C. The charging of the reactor is carried out in both single and dual-stage at the maximum pressure of 30 bar. The results on the enhancement of gas absorption, total gas consumption, and water to hydrate conversion compared to pure water are reported. Parametric study on the effect of Cu-Al LDH nanofluid concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) and molar ratios (Cu2+:Al3+: Na+ = 4:1:4 and 4:1:4.7) have been carried out. The gas absorption process is more sensitive to molar ratio than the concentration of LDH nanofluid, and about 20 times increase in absorption takes place due to LDH nanofluid in dual gas charging mode. The shuttle effect of the nanoparticle is primarily attributed to the increase in CO2 gas absorption. The strength of gas absorption influences the hydrate morphology. Accordingly, hydrate formation is initiated from the gas–liquid interface in low CO2 absorption case, and hydrate slurry formation inside the bulk fluid followed by layer-wise growth of hydrate from the interface takes place in high gas absorption case. Maximum 176.19% increase in gas consumption is observed at 0.5 wt% nanofluid concentration for (Cu2+:Al3+: Na+ = 4:1:4.7) molar ratio compared to pure water.

Quantitative Analysis and Prediction of China's Natural Gas Consumption in Different Sectors Based on Bayesian Network

In view of the heterogeneity of natural gas consumption in different sectors in China, this paper utilizes Bayesian network (BN) to study the driving factors of natural gas consumption in power generation, chemical and industrial fuel sectors. Combined with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and scenario analysis, the gas consumption of the three sectors is predicted. The results show that the expansion of urbanization will promote the gas consumption of power generation. The optimization of industrial structure and the increase of industrial gas consumption will enhance the gas consumption of chemical sector. The decrease of energy intensity and the increase of gas consumption for power generation will promote the gas consumption of industrial fuel. Moreover, the direct influencing factors of gas price are urbanization, energy structure and energy intensity. The direct influencing factors of environmental governance intensity are gas price, urbanization, industrial structure, energy intensity and energy structure. In 2025, under the high development scenario, China's gas consumption for power generation, chemical and industrial fuel sectors will be 66.034, 36.552 and 109.414 billion cubic meters respectively. From 2021 to 2025, the average annual growth rates of gas consumption of the three sectors will be 4.82%, 2.18% and 4.43% respectively.

Solid state radio-measuring optical-frequency transducer of gas flow rate

The paper presents a study of a solid state radio-measuring optical-frequency transducer of gas consumption based on a transistor structure with a negative differential resistance. A mathematical model of a solid state radio-measuring optical-frequency flowmeter was developed, which made it possible to obtain the conversion function and the sensitivity equation. The solid state radio-measuring optical-frequency gas flowmeter is based on a transistor structure with a negative differential resistance, consisting of a HEMT field-effect transistor and a bipolar transistor with a passive inductive element. When replacing the passive inductance with an active inductive element, the transducer can be completely integrated. The negative differential resistance formed by the parallel connection of the impedance with the capacitive component on the collector-drain electrodes of the transistor structure and inductance leads to the occurrence of electrical oscillations in the oscillator circuit. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that with an increase in gas consumption from 0 l/h to 4 l/h, the generation frequency decreases from 812.65 MHz to 811.62 MHz at a supply voltage of 3.3 V, and at a supply voltage of 3.8 V from 813.00 MHz to 811.80 MHz. It is shown that by choosing a constant voltage power supply mode, it is possible to obtain an almost linear dependence of the generation frequency on the gas flow rate and choose channels for transmitting measurement information. The obtained theoretical and experimental studies are in good agreement, the relative error does not exceed 2.5 %.

Enhanced carbon dioxide sequestration by direct injection of flue gas doped with hydrogen into hydrate reservoir: Possibility of natural gas production

Methane recovery from the natural gas hydrates (NGH) represent the largest source of hydrocarbon energy in the world. However, the existing methods of methane recovery are constrained by low efficiency and ecological impact. One method which can offer methane recovery with simultaneous reduction in atmospheric carbon accumulation is carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into methane (CH4) dominated hydrates. This method may also ensure long term CO2 storage in the cages of recovered methane. However, obtaining huge amount of pure CO2 and its storage stability at real saline conditions of hydrate media are two important aspects for a sustainable methane recovery project. This study focuses on reducing reliance on pure CO2 and therefore, an equivalent flue gas composition of CO2 and nitrogen (N2, 0–80 mol%) is tested for hydrate potential. The study is an experimental investigation of CO2 hydrate formation (N2 as binary gas) in common seabed conditions of 2–8 °C and 35–75 bar. The inclusion of N2 was found to depress the conditions of hydrate formation of CO2 and at high N2 composition [40 mol% for saline water and 45 mol% for fresh water], no hydrates formed. The presence of salt was also found to reduce the amount of gas consumption which inhibited the hydrate formation. Further, the role of hydrogen (H2) (in minute compositions, 0.1 and 1 mol%) was investigated as a promoter to enhance hydrate formation at unstable conditions (gas mixtures with higher N2 composition). H2 showed significant increase in gas consumption by 12–18%. Increasing H2 composition (from 0.1 to 1 mol%) was able to restore hydrate formation under saline conditions even in the presence of >40 mol% N2. Based on this study, the use of H2 is recommended as a promoter to ensure long term storage of CO2 in hydrates with its simultaneous usage for sustainable CH4 production.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ВОЗДУХА НА РАСХОД ТОПЛИВА ЛЕГКОВОГО АВТОМОБИЛЯ, ПЕРЕОБОРУДОВАННОГО ДЛЯ РАБОТЫ НА СЖИЖЕННОМ НЕФТЯНОМ ГАЗЕ

Due to the rapid growth of environmental pollution from mobile sources, the part of alternative fuels use is increasing. One of these for motor vehicle is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This study focuses on the LPG use by Mitsubishi Lancer X passenger car in driving conditions. Based on the results of the previous studies analysis, the most significant factors affecting the change in fuel consumption by motor vehicles were identified. It was proved that the decrease in the ambient temperature from +30 to –20 °C leads to an increase in gas consumption from 11.2 to 13.6 l/100 km. In addition, at air temperatures from –20 °C and below, the gas-fueled engine is unstable.

Kinetic analysis of nano-SiO2 promoting methane hydrate formation in porous medium

Natural gas hydrates are abundant and occur globally. The storage and transportation of natural gas in the form of hydrates is considered to be an efficient method limited by low formation rates. In this study, the kinetic effects of SiO2 nanofluids and porous medium on hydrate formation were studied by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology. The SiO2 nanofluid concentration was varied from 0.1 to 0.4 wt% to analyze its influence. The results showed that hydrates formed near the wall and grew into pores with sufficient water. The concentration variation study revealed a significant decrease in induction time and increase in gas consumption during hydrate formation. Among the various concentrations studied, 0.2 wt% had the strongest promoting effect, and the induction time was shortened by 75.7%, while the gas consumption was 67.7% higher than that in pure water at an initial water saturation of 30%. Concentrations of 0.1–0.3 wt% positively influenced the hydrate formation rate, but a concentration of 0.4 wt% significantly inhibited hydrate formation. In addition, hydrate formation was affected by the initial water saturation of the porous medium. The lower the initial water saturation was, the more notable the promotion effect was. This study provides theoretical support for the storage and transportation of natural gas by combining porous medium and nanofluids.

The future natural gas consumption in China: Based on the LMDI-STIRPAT-PLSR framework and scenario analysis

Due to the growing pollution concerns in China, there have been major efforts to design interrelated environmental protection policies. As the policy of reducing coal consumption is implemented, China's natural gas consumption is expected to commensurately rise. Such a trend may lead to the significant impacts on China's energy security and the global gas market. This paper empirically investigates the relationship between the natural gas consumption and influencing factors in a comprehensive LMDI-STIRPAT-PLSR framework. It is found that fossil energy structure and non-clean energy structure are the most important factors followed by urbanization, per capita GDP, industrialization, and industrial energy intensity. And then, these factors from LMDI decomposition are innovatively divided into economic development and cleaning indicators when using scenario analysis to forecast China's natural gas consumption. The prediction results suggest that economic development with high clean energy system would make a significant increase in gas consumption, a commensurate increase in demand even the system of economic-energy under scenario of low economic development and low clean. As China would depend on gas imports to meet this demand, there may be a serious supply shortage by 2020. Therefore, the government should consider the future energy security issue in making economic and environmental policies.

Performance of gas turbines in Russia under the changing climatic conditions

The impact of the expected climatic changes on the performance of gas turbine units (GTU) as part of the power industry and gas pipeline network in Russia is considered. Long-term estimates of changes in the average annual air temperature throughout the country are made based on the authors’ model. The calculations using the efficiency value of gas turbine units as a function of the ambient air temperature show that climatic changes will significantly deteriorate the operational efficiency of gas-turbine equipment in practically all of Russia’s regions. Based on publicly available statistical data, we assessed the installed capacity of gas-turbine power stations (including combined-cycle power plants) and gas-turbine drive of gas pipeline network. Three development scenarios have been considered for gas turbine power in the national electric power industry, differing in the rates of new facilities’ commissioning. Integrated estimates have been made of the increase in gas consumption in Russia’s gas pipeline network and power industry resulting from climatic changes by 2030 and 2050. It is shown that the total increase in the annual gas consumption associated with a reduction in the efficiency of gas turbine units due to climate warming by 2030 could reach approximately 130000 tce (of which approximately 90000 tce in the gas pipeline network and 40000 tce in the electric power industry) and more than 170000 tce (120000 and 50000 tce, respectively) by 2050. Should more optimistic scenarios be implemented for the development of the electric power industry, this effect will increase 1.5–2.0 times by 2050. Despite high absolute values, the increase in GTU fuel expenditures due to higher ambient temperatures resulting from climate change in Russia will only amount to a fraction of a percent of the total gas consumption and will be two orders of magnitude lower than the savings in space heating.

Confined Phase Envelope of Gas-Condensate Systems in Shale Rocks

Abstract Natural gas from shales (NGS) and from tight rocks are one of the most important fossil energy resource in this and next decade. Significant increase in gas consumption, in all world regions, will be marked in the energy sector. The exploration of unconventional natural gas & oil reservoirs has been discussed recently in many conferences. This paper describes the complex phenomena related to the impact of adsorption and capillary condensation of gas-condensate systems in nanopores. New two phase saturation model and new algorithm for search capillary condensation area is discussed. The algorithm is based on the Modified Tangent Plane Criterion for Capillary Condensation (MTPCCC) is presented. The examples of shift of phase envelopes are presented for selected composition of gas-condensate systems.

Powder River Basin Coal: Powering America

Powder River Basin (PRB) coal in Wyoming and Montana is used to produce 18 percent of the electricity consumed in the United States. Coal production from the PRB more than doubled between 1994 and 2009. PRB coal companies produced greater amounts of coal at declining real prices over much of this period through investment in equipment and production systems that achieved massive economies of scale. The bulk of PRB coal is shipped to the middle part of America from Texas in the south to Michigan in the north and New York in the east. States that consume significant amounts of PRB coal have electricity rates well below the national average. The largest industrial users of electricity are in these regions. Replacing PRB coal would require almost 5.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas per year, representing a 26 percent increase in demand. Such an increase in gas consumption would increase prices for natural gas by roughly 76 percent. In such a world, U.S. energy users would pay $107 billion more each year for electricity and natural gas. Hence, by using PRB coal, the U.S. economy avoids $107 billion per year in higher energy costs. Estimates reported in the literature indicate that the gross environmental damages from PRB coal production are $27 billion. Hence, the net social benefits of PRB coal are $80 billion per year. Given the large size and low cost of these reserves, PRB coal will likely supply societal energy needs well into the future as long as the public and their elected officials are willing to accept the environmental impacts in return for the substantial economic benefits from using PRB coal.

Demand on capacity on natural gas in salt caverns to the year 2015 and 2020

The EU Directives implementing the climate and energy package will result in the increased demand for natural gas in all EU countries, especially in Poland, whose energy management is coal-based. In the following decades we will observe the substantial increase in demand for natural gas as an energy carrier in power and heating sectors. Another factor, which will contribute to the increase in gas consumption, is the expansion of gas transmission and distribution network. In order to secure natural gas supply for the customers in is necessary to ensure the proper gas storage capacity, expand the existing underground gas storage facilities (UGS) and build new ones. Currently used Polish underground natural gas storage facilities allow storing 1.6 billion m3. Taking into consideration the expansion of investments in underground natural gas storage facilities and the projected increase in demand for natural gas, it is justified to build the new large salt cavern underground gas storage facility in Poland.

Stability Study and Modelling of a Pilot Controlled Regulator

With the increase of gas consumption and the expansion of the associated distribution network, Gaz de France set up a research program to develop a methodology and a library of models to study the stability of any type of pressure regulator. The pressure level is controlled by pressure regulating stations. The objective of this study is to point out the working conditions that lead to instabilities. Some experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to identify the relative influence of several parameters on the amplitude of oscillations. It turned out from measurements and simulations that the amplitudes of the downstream pressure are especially sensitive to the upstream pressure and to the size of the downstream volume.