Increase In Fly Ash Content Research Articles

SIFAT-SIFAT MEKANIK MATERIAL KOMPOSIT BERBAHAN DASAR FLY ASH DAN PASIR HALUS

Soil stabilization using fly ash is an attractive alternative to be developed. Besides reducing industrial waste, it is also economical in terms of costs. With the presence of water, the lime contained in fly ash would be decomposed and undergone a cementation process and a pozolan reaction which would bind the sand grains. In this study, the effect of fly ash content and curing period on the amount of compressive strength and shear strength was observed using an unconfined compressive and direct shear test, respectively. The stress-strain relationships due to shear loads between sand without fly ash and sand with fly ash were compared to see an increase in shear strength due to the addition of fly ash. The results show that the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength of the composite material increase with the addition of fly ash and curing period. But the opposite happened in compressive strain. It was confirmed that the strain to achieve maximum compressive strength decreased with increasing fly ash content and curing period. The fly ash bond was getting brittle with the increasing compressive strength of the composite material made from fly ash and fine sand.

Effect of fly ash layer addition on the bearing capacity of expansive soil

The long-term structural performance of roads is mainly governed by the characteristics of subgrade soil. Subgrades with highly compressive clays are one of the challenging aspects worldwide. Expansive soils swell and shrink due to moisture variations. Such variations cause serious structural failures, commercial losses and fatalities worldwide. One of the most effective and economical methods for improving the engineering behaviour of expansive soil is the addition of stabilising agents such as lime or fly ash (FA) to expansive soil. In this study, a highly plastic black cotton soil (BCS) was stabilised using FA. Laboratory experiments and model tests were performed to determine the geoengineering properties and to study the strength behaviour of virgin clay soil and clay soil treated with FA. The experimental investigations indicated a decrease in the plasticity index and free swell index of BCS–FA mixes with an increase in FA content. Moreover, an increase in the California bearing ratio of the BCS–FA mix and layered BCS–FA composite was observed. Further, bearing capacity tests were performed on subgrades prepared with BCS–FA layers and BCS–FA mix with up to 40% FA content. The detailed methodology adopted for theoretical and experimental investigations is presented, and the obtained results are critically evaluated.

Texture, morphology and strength performance of self-compacting alkali-activated concrete: Role of fly ash as GBFS replacement

The improvement of the rheology, morphology and strength performance of the self-compacting alkali-activated concretes (SCAACs) incorporated with fly ash (FA) as ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) replacement remains challenging. To meet this need, five mixtures were prepared with different amounts of FA (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70, weight %) as the GBFS substitute. The prepared specimens were thoroughly characterized to examine their textures, microstructures and strength properties. Various characteristics of the obtained SCAACs were compared with the control mixture containing 100% of GBFS. The achieved SCAACs prepared with 40, 50 and 60% of FA displayed enhanced workability performance (plastic viscosity, passing ability and filling, segregation resistance). In addition, the compressive strength, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of the SCAACs were dropped with the increase in FA contents. The concrete prepared with 70% of FA content showed poor structure due to the formation of less hydration products. The observed reduction in the drying shrinkage of the proposed SCAACs was mainly attributed to the addition of the higher amount of FA in the mixture. It is established that the substitution of GBFS by FA may be prospective for the production of the cement-free self-compaction sustainable concretes beneficial towards the building sectors.

Effect of nano and micro iron oxide particles on the workability, strength and absorption rate of cement mortar containing fly ash

Due to the negative environmental impact of cement production, partial replacement of cement with by-products and wastes has been drawn much attention. However, the reduction in binder fraction can affect the fresh and mechanical properties of cement-based materials. In this study, the effects of nano and micro Fe3O4 on the fresh and mechanical properties of plain mortar as well as mortar modified with fly ash were investigated. The preliminary study shows that the optimum dosage of Fe3O4 particle in mortar is 5% nano Fe3O4 (NF). Further study was conducted with 5% NF where cement was replaced by up to 30% fly ash. The results showed that the partial replacement of binder with fly ash at 10% decreases the compressive strength from 18.8 MPa to 15.4 MPa at 28 days, and the least compressive strength was achieved in the presence of 30% fly ash (10.3 MPa). Despite an insignificant change in splitting tensile strength in the presence of 10% fly ash (2.27 MPa), further increase in fly ash content considerably decreased the splitting tensile strength. Although the increasing dosage of fly ash decreased the strength of mortar, the presence of NF could counteract these effects and improve the strength development.

Uniaxial Tensile Performance of PP-ECC: Effect of Curing Temperatures and Fly Ash Contents

To investigate the influence of curing conditions and raw materials on the performance of engineered cement-based composites (ECCs), polypropylene fiber engineered cement-based composites (PP-ECCs) were designed and manufactured. The mathematical relationships between the fly ash content, curing temperature and PP-ECC tensile properties were explored by a uniaxial tensile test and by scanning electron microscopy. The results show the following: 1) with the increase in fly ash content and curing temperature, the ultimate tensile strain, ultimate tensile stress and tensile toughness index of the PP-ECC show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, while the modulus of elasticity increases. 2) The optimum temperature is 20°C for the hydration reaction of the cementitious material inside the PP-ECC matrix. 3) When the fly ash content is 40% and the curing temperature is 20°C, the tensile mechanical parameters, ductility and toughness index of the PP-ECC are the best. This set of variables is recommended as a reference for PP-ECC engineering applications. 4) A mathematical relationship among the tensile strength, tensile strain and elastic modulus of the PP-ECC and coupling variables (fly ash content and curing temperature) is established.

Study on chloride transport performance of eco-friendly coral aggregate concrete in marine environment

This study investigates the chloride transport performance of coral aggregate concrete (CAC) in a marine environment. The effects of the aggregate type, strength grade, and fly ash (FA) content on the chloride concentration distribution, surface chloride concentration (Cs), chloride diffusion coefficient (Da), and porosity are discussed. The results show that the higher the strength grade of CAC is, the lower the Cs and Da will be. The Cs and Da of CAC initially decrease and then increase with increasing FA content. The compressive strength of CAC has a negative correlation with the Da, whereas the porosity is positively correlated with Da. The Da of CAC is higher than that of ordinary aggregate concrete (OAC) at the same exposure time. The Cs of CAC increases exponentially with the erosion time. In addition, the attenuation law of Da with the exposure time can be expressed as a power function. The decay rate of CAC is relatively slow, and the age reduction factor (m) of OAC is 11.95% higher than that of CAC. Furthermore, the age reduction factor is positively correlated with the strength grade and FA content. The content of Friedel's salt decreases gradually with increasing CAC strength grade at the same exposure time; with increasing erosion time, the content of Friedel's salt also increases, but the magnitude of increase is reduced.

Co-disposal of magnesium slag and high-calcium fly ash as cementitious materials in backfill

Waste minimization is a major approach whereby many industries decrease environmental pollution and promote cleaner production. To achieve sustainable development, a novel idea is proposed herein to recycle magnesium slag (MS) and high-calcium fly ash (FA) into cementitious materials which are then mixed with aeolian sand (AS) to produce a type of paste backfill (MFPB) material that can be used in the mining industry. The rheological and mechanical properties of backfill materials with different FA contents were investigated. The results reveal that: (1) fresh MFPB mortars with different proportions conformed to the Herschel–Bulkley model. The yield stress initially decreased, and then increased with rising FA content. When the FA content was less than 20 wt%, the rheology of the MFPB surpassed that of the pure MS mortar, and an FA content of 10 wt%, yielded the best rheological properties of the fresh MFPB mortar. The mini-slump value, which was between 108 mm (MS-FA0) and 141 mm (MS-FA10), first increased and then decreased with increasing FA content. (2) The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased with extended curing times and FA contents, as well as the early-age strength development, which accelerated with increasing FA content. The UCS at 28 d escalated from 2.607 MPa (MS-FA0) to 7.491 MPa (MS-FA40). (3) The microstructure of the MFPB samples was discovered to agree with the UCS results. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted to investigate the hydration products of the MFPB samples. The hydration mechanism of the MS and FA mixture was discussed, and the former was less reactive when used individually, although its reactivity increased with the addition of high-calcium FA. CaO dissolution in the MS and FA led to the generation of Ca(OH)2, which was a prerequisite for the successive pozzolanic reaction between the MS and FA. This study investigated the feasibility of the co-disposal of MS and FA, which could significantly promote a cleaner mineral production, and mining industry, when used together with backfill technology.

Influence of Fly Ash on Geotechnical Behaviour of Red Mud: A Micro-mechanistic Study

The disposal of highly alkaline and hazardous bauxite residue mud generated from the Bayer process in the alumina industry leads to the serious environmental impact on natural resources. Effective and bulk utilization of red mud needs to be done to minimize an adverse impact on environment. The present study contracts to explore the possible utilization of red mud as a geomaterial by modifying its properties with fly ash (Class ‘F’). Detailed geotechnical properties (plasticity characteristics, compaction characteristics, swell index and Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)), physicochemical properties (pH and electrical conductivity) and micro-analyses (XRD, SEM, EDAX and FTIR) have been performed in the red mud amended with varying fly ash content up to 80%. The characterization of red mud demonstrates the higher value of specific gravity, liquid limit, optimum water content (OWC), maximum dry density (ρdmax), pH value, and electrical conductivity than that of the same of fly ash. Further, the amendment with various fly ash content has observed a significant effect on the plasticity and compaction characteristics of the red mud. The results show a significant reduction in liquid limit, plastic limit, OWC and ρdmax of red mud with an increase in fly ash content. Ultimate increase in the UCS of red mud is observed at its substitution with 15% fly ash which can be considered as an Optimum Fly Ash Content (OFC) from strength point of view. Further, experimental results are elucidated through physicochemical and microanalyses.

Stablization of medical waste incineration fly ash in cement mortar matrix

Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the suitability of using medical waste incineration fly ash in cement as a construction material based on the engineering properties of fly ash-cement matrix and the leaching potential of toxic heavy metals from the stabilized mix. Fly ash-cement samples were prepared with different proportions of fly ash (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight) in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The solidified matrix exhibited a compressive strength from 3950 to 4980 psi when fly ash is mixed in varying proportions. The 28-day compressive strength has been found to decrease with the increase in fly ash content but it meets the minimum requirement of compressive strength for cement-mortar. Soundness test exhibited acceptable results for cement-mortar mixes having up to 15% fly ash. Final and initial setting times of cement have been found to generally increase with fly ash content. Water requirement (for normal consistency) also increased with the increase in fly ash content in cement. Based on physical properties of the cement-mortar matrix it is recommended that up to 10% (by weight) medical waste incineration fly ash can be incorporated for producing cement-mortar of optimum quality. Leaching behaviors of several targeted heavy metals (As, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn) were analyzed using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of fly ash and solidified fly ash-cement matrix which shows that the leached concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were reduced by 80.13%, 89.47%, 33.33%, 23.9% and 100% respectively for 10% fly ash incorporated cement-mortar matrix compared to that of original fly ash. The leached concentrations of heavy metals from the matrix were far below the EPA land disposal limits. These results suggest that the solidified fly ash incorporated cement-mortar matrix can effectively confine and immobilize the heavy metals contained in the fly ash without significantly diminishing the engineering properties of cement-mortar.
 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 131-138, 2020

Study on the Preparation of Green and Environmentally Friendly High Toughness Cementitous Composites with Large Amount of Fly Ash

In order to reduce the environmental burden and the energy consumption of PVA fiber reinforced high toughness cementitious composites, special focus is placed on the influence of fly ash type and content and curing type on the flexural performance of high toughness cementitious composites through four-point bending tests. The high toughness cementitious composites without fly ash have been used in the program for comparison purpose. The tests results show that, compared with the basic high toughness cementitious composites, the flexural strength decreases and the deflection increases with the s/b increasing when the fly ash is added. The increase in fly ash content results in an improvement of strain hardening property and increases in both flexural strength and deflection, which show that fly ash is benefit to the pseudo strain hardening performance. However the effects of fly ash type and curing type are not obvious on the load but obvious on the deflection. The deflection of high toughness cementitious composites with type I fly ash or water curing is higher than that of type II or standard curing. It is demonstrated that all the high toughness cementitious composites studied in this paper exhibit strain-hardening and multiple cracking through adding fly ash.

Influence of Fly Ash Addition on Behavior of Soft Clayey Soil

This paper investigates the impact of the fly Ash addition on the Geotechnical properties of soft soil as well as chooses the optimum percentage added of fly ash. To understand the behavior of fly ash mixed with soil, a number of laboratory experiments testing conducted on clayey soil-fly ash mixture in several percentages (5,10,15,20,25, and 30%) as Atterberg test, Specific gravity test, compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) Test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test, Consolidation Test. Test results indicate rising in plastic limit and liquid limit as fly ash adding. Specific gravity decreased essentially by adding fly ash. Whereas there was falling on the Dry unit weight value with the contract to the decreasing in the water content. The CBR and UCS values were increased with increasing fly ash content. 20% was the optimum fly Ash content. This study also benefits the effective use of fly ash and thus a cost-effective method for improving the soil properties.

Effect of silica fume and fly ash on the stability of bound chlorides in cement mortar during electrochemical chloride extraction

This study investigated the stability of bound chloride ions in the cement mortars incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) during the electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) process. The effect of the replacing ratio of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) and sulfate concentration on the chloride binding and distribution after ECE treatment was studied using water and acid-soluble methods, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the concentration of the bound chlorides in the SCM incorporated cement mortars depended heavily on the content of Al2O3 and the pH of the pore solution. Without ECE treatment, an increase in the FA content increased the concentration of bound chlorides while the addition of SF significantly decreased the chloride binding capacity. During ECE treatment, however, the stability of bound chlorides declined with increasing the FA content but increased with increasing the SF content under an electric field. It was also found that the presence of sulfate ions reduced the content of the chemically bound chlorides residing in Friedel’s salts (FS) but had a negligible influence on the physically bound chlorides absorbed by calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H gel).

The Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Stabilized Sands

The stabilization of soil through the addition of fly ash has been shown to be an effective alternative for improving the strength and stiffness of soil through the resulting chemical reactions. The chemical reaction that occurs dissociates the lime (CaO) in the fly ash, and the establishment of cementitious and pozzolanic gels (consisting of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) gel) binds the soil particles and increases the strength and stiffness of the soil. Investigations into the mechanical properties of sands stabilized with fly ash (fly-ash-stabilized sands) were conducted through a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and direct shear strength tests for various fly ash percentages, curing times, grain sizes, degrees of saturation during sample preparation, and content of fines. It was found that the mechanical properties—UCS and direct shear strength (DSS)—of fly-ash-stabilized sands increased with both increasing fly ash content in the specimen and curing time, but decreased with increasing grain size, degree of saturation during sample preparation, and content of fines. The results indicated that fly-ash-stabilized sands required more than a month to attain their optimum performance with regard to binding sand particles.

Study on thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/fly ash composites

AbstractThe present study deals with the development of composite materials utilizing recycled poly(vinyl chloride) (r‐PVC) recovered from waste electrical and electronic materials and waste fly ash obtained from thermal power plants. The effect of the incorporation of fly ash on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the r‐PVC matrix was studied. The primary characterization of r‐PVC and fly ash was done employing FTIR, EDX, particle size analysis and XRD analysis. Subsequently, fly ash with a particle size of approximately 9.29 μm was incorporated within the r‐PVC matrix. Composite sheets were prepared using a melt blending process followed by compression moulding. The mechanical test revealed an increase in the tensile strength and elongation at break of the r‐PVC/fly ash composite up to 30 wt% loading of fly ash beyond which there was a decrease in the tensile strength. The impact strength, however, decreased with increasing fly ash content in the r‐PVC matrix. The morphological properties of the composites showed a good distribution of the filler within the recycled matrix. The thermal properties of r‐PVC also improved with the incorporation of fly ash which was revealed from DSC and TGA studies. The water absorption test showed an increase in water uptake with the addition of fly ash in the r‐PVC matrix. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Early-age behaviour and cracking potential of fly ash concrete under restrained condition

High-performance concrete (HPC) has been used extensively due to its good workability, lasting durability and high strength. However, the low water/cement ratio in HPC generally induces rather high autogenous shrinkage, resulting in high early-age cracking potential. Fly ash (FA) is an effective mineral admixture used to strengthen early-age concrete performance and lower the cracking potential. Although the early mechanical properties of concrete containing FA have been studied, literature on the cracking potential of FA HPC under adiabatic conditions and constant uniaxial restraint is limited. The influence of FA as a partial replacement of cement on the temperature, autogenous shrinkage, restrained stress, tensile creep and cracking potential of HPC was simultaneously investigated in this study. Three groups of large prismatic specimens with different FA replacement ratios (0, 20 and 50%) were tested using a temperature–stress test machine under adiabatic conditions at full restraint. The test results indicated that: autogenous shrinkage, cracking stress and restrained tensile stress rate of the HPC decreased with an increase in FA content; the use of FA as partial replacement of cement increased the ratio of cracking stress to axial tensile strength and the cracking age of the HPC; the specific tensile creep of mixtures with 20% (FA20) and 50% (FA50) replacement with FA was 0·96 and 1·16 times that of the mixture with 0% replacement (FA00), respectively; the integrated criterion used to evaluate the cracking potential decreased with an increase in FA content.

Effect of Reinforcement on Compacting Characteristics of Aluminum/10-Al2O3/Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composite

Abstract Aluminum metal matrix composites are attractive and effective materials because of their unique properties. These properties include high specific strength, light weight, high specific stiffness, excellent wear resistance, good corrosion resistance, and greater elastic modulus compared with the base alloy. They are used in aerospace, automotive, marine, mining, and mechanical structures. Fly ash, an inexpensive waste by-product obtained after the combustion of coal in thermal power plants, is considered as a reinforcement particle in the present study. The aim is to investigate the effect of fly ash in Al-10 weight percentage (wt%) aluminum oxide (Al2O3) metal matrix composites using statistical optimization techniques. One factor and Taguchi approaches are used in planning and designing the experiments. Al/10 wt% Al2O3 with 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% fly ash composites are prepared with the powder metallurgy technique at 300, 400, and 500 MPa compaction pressure with 90, 120, and 150-μm fly ash particle sizes. The wt% of fly ash, compaction pressure, and particle size are the process parameters. Performance parameters such as ejection force and green density, hardness, and compressive strength are considered. The ejection force and green density decreased with the increase in the weight percent of fly ash. Hardness increased with the increase in fly ash content. Compressive strength increased with the increase in fly ash up to 5 wt% and subsequently decreased.

COST ANALYSIS OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE OVER CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

Now a days concrete is one of the widely used constructuction materials in construction industry.Portland cement is the main constituent for making concrete. Geopolymer can be consider as the key factor which does not utilize Portland cement, nor releases greenhouse gases.the geopolymer technology proposed by Davidovits(1978) shows considerable promise for application in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement. He proposed that binders could be proposed by a polymeric reaction of alkaline liquids with the silicon and the aluminium in source materials of geopolymer origin or by-product materials such as Fly Ash,Ground Granulated blast furnace slag ,Rice-Husk Ash etc.He termed these binder as geopolymers. Among the waste or by-product materials,Fly Ash and Slag are the most potential source of geopolymers. The objective of this project is to study the effect of class Fly Ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the micro properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) at different replacement levels (FA0-GGBS100, FA25-GGBS75, FA50-BS50, FA75-GGBS25, FA100-GGBS0)). Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution will be used as alkaline activators. The molar ratio of hydroxide solution considered in the investigation is 10M. The result shows that the mechanical decrease with increase in FA content in the mix irrespective of different curing periods like 7, 28, 56 and 90 days at ambient room temperature.

Experiments on Foamed Concrete for the Development of Building Blocks

Foamed concrete is an innovative and versatile lightweight building material, which is a cement-based mortar consisting of at least 20% of its volume filled with air. Use of lightweight foamed concrete blocks with densities less than 1800 kg/m3 as infills will lead to the design of slender sections. Further, the thermal insulation properties of foamed concrete blocks made it more popular in construction industry. This paper discusses the development of foamed concrete building blocks for load bearing and non-load bearing structures. To make the mix more sustainable, the feasibility of fly ash as a partial replacement to cement is also explored. The variables considered for the production of foamed concrete are foam volume, water/powder (mix of cement and fly ash) ratio, fly ash content and sand/powder ratio. Analytical model is also developed for compressive strength and dry density of foamed concrete considering different variables and it is validated. Compressive strength is found to be increasing with the increase in dry density and with increase in fly ash content. Thermal conductivity is observed to be reduced by the addition of fly ash content.

Product property and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals during pyrolysis of oily sludge with fly ash additive

Oily sludge is mainly engendered during crude oil exploitation, transportation and refining process. The effect of fly ash additive on the product distribution and property of oily sludge pyrolysis was studied by employing a fixed-bed reactor at 600 °C in this paper. The fly ash additives could enhance the yields of oil and gas from oily sludge pyrolysis. The highest pyrolysis oil and gas yields were achieved at 30.43 wt% and 11.56 wt% when the fly ash content is 50.0 wt%. The characteristic of the pyrolysis oil was determined by GC/MS and FTIR analysis. Hydrocarbon-type analysis showed that addition of fly ash to the oily sludge decreased the content of aromatic hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons (resins and heterocycles). The molecular weight of straight chain alkanes reduced with the increase of fly ash content (16.7–50.0 wt%). The lower heating value (LHV) of pyrolysis gas is in the range of 16.62–19.88 MJ/Nm3. The XRF results illustrated that pyrolysis char contains high concentrations of Fe, Ba, Si and Ca. The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) and the ecological risk related to the oily sludge and pyrolysis char were investigated by ICP. The results of this study showed that the potential ecological risk index values of oily sludge, fly ash and pyrolysis char without or with 50.0 wt% fly ash were 220.40, 246.99, 234.33 and 265.85, respectively. The heavy metals of oily sludge, fly ash and pyrolysis chars would be categorized as moderate risk.

Shearing resistance of tailing sand waste pollutants mixed with different contents of fly ash.

The co-placement of mine tailings and fly ash (CMF) can reduce acid mine drainage (AMD) production and decrease metal mobilization. This aids in waste management construction. However, few people have studied a large number of tailing sand-fly ash mixtures under the condition of neutral saturated solution in tailing ponds, wherein the pozzolanic reaction is highly gradual. In this study, a series of tests were conducted to determine the monotonic and cyclic shear characteristics of a mixture of fly ash and tailings. In particular, the effects of the fly ash content on the monotonic shear peak, shear strength parameters, dynamic modulus, and damping ratio of the mixture were analyzed. The results reveal that in a monotonic shear test, the peak shear strength of the saturated CMF mixture decreases as the fly ash content increases. The shear strength parameters (cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) were observed to increase and decrease linearly, respectively, as the fly ash content increased. Furthermore, the maximum dynamic shear modulus was observed to decrease by 41.4% as the fly ash content increased from 0 to 50%, during the cyclic cutting process. Moreover, the experimental results fit well with the fitting formula for the variation in shear modulus in the cyclic shear process of the saturated CMF mixture with varying fly ash content. Meanwhile, the initial damping ratio of the cyclic shear was observed to increase from 10.3 to 13.6% as the fly ash content increased. Therefore, when the CMF method is used to treat AMD waste, it is necessary to consider the extent to which the design stability of the tailing pond may be reduced. These experimental results can be used as a reference for similar CMF projects.