Increased Fiber Intake Research Articles

Fiber Intake and Vegan Lifestyle Behaviour on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study.

The study aims to determine the relationship between blood glucose level control with a vegetarian diet and vegan lifestyle behavior in patients with T2DM. Diabetes prevalence escalates each year. Nutritional therapy is one of its management, by choosing a suitable diet to maintain nutrient intake. This was a case-control study including 46 patients with T2DM divided into 24 people for the case group and 22 people for the control group selected using purposive sampling method. Data was obtained using a general questionnaire; food intake with the SQFFQ; the 8-item Morisky Scale questionnaire, to assess medication adherence; the IPAQ, to assess physical activity. Blood sugar measurements were observed by measuring the respondents' fasting blood sugar in the last six months. The data was then analyzed using Chi-square statistical test and logistic regression. The results indicate a relationship between a vegetarian diet and a vegan lifestyle behavior that control blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM (P = 0.004). Diabetic patients on a nonvegetarian diet had a six times greater risk of having uncontrolled blood sugar (OR = 6.476). A significant relationship was found between a vegetarian diet and fasting blood sugar control based on bivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, fiber intake was most significant to blood glucose control (OR=18.824; 95% CI 2.795-126.795). Vegetarian diet affects blood sugar control in T2DM patients. The type of nutritional intake needs to be more considered rather than the vegetarian diet in general, so that nutritional therapy in diabetics can be started by increasing fiber intake.

Role of prebiotic dietary fiber in periodontal disease: A systematic review of animal studies.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of a tooth in the oral cavity. The relationship between dietary fiber and periodontitis is poorly understood. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate if an intake of dietary fiber modulates periodontal disease in animal models and any concomitant effects on systemic inflammation, microbiota and their metabolites. Animal studies using periodontitis models with any form of fiber intervention were included. Studies with comorbidities that were mutually inclusive with periodontitis and animals with physiological conditions were excluded. Search strategy with MeSH and free-text search terms were finalized and performed on the 22nd of September 2021.CINAHL Complete, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus® and Web of Science Core Collection databases were used to identify studies. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool and CAMARADES were used for quality assessment. Results were synthesized utilizing Covidence© web-based platform software to remove duplicates, and the remaining studies were manually filtered. A total of 7,141 articles were retrieved from all databases. Out of 24 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, four studies (n = 4) were included. Four studies involved the use of β-(1,3/1,6)-glucan (n = 3) and mannan oligosaccharide (n = 1) at differing dosages for different study durations. All studies utilized a ligature-induced model of periodontitis in rats, either Wistar (n = 3) or Sprague-Dawley (n = 1). A dose-dependent relationship between the increased fiber intake and decrease in alveolar bone loss and pro-inflammatory markers was observed. The number of included studies is limited and narrow in scope. They highlight the importance of pre-clinical trials in this field with broader dietary fiber intervention groups before proceeding to clinical trials. The use of dietary fiber as an intervention shows promise in the reduction of inflammatory conditions like periodontitis. However, further research is required to delineate the relationship between diet and its effects on microbiota and their metabolites such as short chain fatty acids in animal models of periodontitis.

Modeling the effect of diet and physical activity on body mass index in prepregnant and postpartum women

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess, using simulation modeling, the theoretical effect of key diet and physical activity (PA) modification scenarios could have on body mass index (BMI) in prepregnant and postpartum women. MethodsSimulation modeling using data from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was performed for a subsample of prepregnant and postpartum women. The regression coefficients for each diet and PA component from multivariable linear regression equations for BMI were used to calculate a predicted BMI. Scenario modeling using a moderation approach was applied to targeted diet and PA components for the entire sample and subgroups of populations of women who failed to meet dietary and PA recommendations and among the lowest socioeconomic groups. ResultsIn prepregnancy and postpartum scenarios, respectively, increasing whole grains by 2 to 3 servings/d reduced BMI by 1.16 and 0.85 kg/m2. For postpartum women, BMI was reduced by 0.28 kg/m2 for every 5-g/d increase in fiber intake. A 480- and 540-min/wk increase in PA resulted in average BMI reductions of 0.95 and 1.19 kg/m2 in prepregnant and postpartum women, respectively. A similar pattern of theoretical reductions in BMI was observed with increased whole grains, fiber, and PA among the most disadvantaged socioeconomic groups of women. ConclusionsIncreasing intake of whole grains by 2 to 3 servings/d could result in reductions in BMI of 1.16 and 0.85 kg/m2, and a 480- and 540-min/wk increase in PA could result in BMI reduction of 0.95 and 1.19 kg/m2 in prepregnant and postpartum women, respectively. This provides an evidence base to guide tailored nutrition messaging for obesity prevention efforts in reproductive age women.

Using cereal to increase dietary fiber intake to the recommended level and the effect of fiber on bowel function in healthy persons consuming North American diets

Background:Dietary fiber intake remains low despite increasing evidence for its health benefits, including laxation. Objective:We aimed to assess the effects of increasing fiber intake on bowel habits and gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy persons consuming a typical Canadian or US diet. Design:Under a randomized crossover design, 23 free-living participants consumed a typical Canadian or US diet (35% fat, 12 g fiber/d) and received 25.0–28.7 g fiber/d from each of 5 breakfast cereals: All-Bran (AB), Bran Buds with Corn (BBC), Bran Buds with Psyllium (BBP), BBC with viscous fiber blend (VFB), or a low-fiber control for 3 wk, with each study arm separated by a washout of ≥1 wk. Seven-day stool collections and a symptom diary were obtained during the last week of each study arm. Results:All study cereals induced significant (P < 0.05) increases in fecal bulk from the control diet at 128 ± 38 g to 199 ± 56, 199 ± 57, 247 ± 87, and 197 ± 63 g with consumption of AB, BBC, BBP, and VFB, respectively; less intestinal transit time; and significantly (P < 0.05) greater bowel movement frequency. Despite the increased activity of the bowel, a positive level of comfort was maintained. BBP was more effective than other cereals in terms of increasing fecal wet weight (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Water-insoluble dietary fibers (ie, AB and BBC) and their mixtures with water-soluble fibers (ie, BBP and VFB) in the form of breakfast cereals (2.5 servings/d) proved to be a practical way of increasing fiber intake to recommended levels, while maintaining a good level of tolerance.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Diyet Posa Alımı ve Dışkılama Sıklığı

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the dietary fiber intake of university students and defecation frequency to examine the relationship between them. &#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in May and June 2019 with volunteer students studying at University. Through face-to-face interviews, the researcher obtained students' demographic information, nutrition and physical activity habits, defecation frequency, and three-day food consumption records.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: While 238 of those who participated in the research were female students, 57 of them were male, in total 295 participated. The mean age of the students is 21.14±2.68 for girls and 21.53±2.59 for boys. It was determined that the BMI values of 11.3% of the female students and 24.6% of the male students were within the overweight range. Mean dietary fiber intakes of female and male students were 14.7±5.5 g and 14.0±6.2 g, respectively. The average number of defecations per day was 1.15±0.69 for all students. A positive correlation was found between the pulp intake rate of the students and the number of defecations per day. Dietary fiber intake has been found to have a significant effect on defecation every day. One unit increase in fiber intake increased the daily defecation rate by 0.17 times. It was calculated that the students consumed a mean of 3.50±4.1 liters of tea/coffee daily, whereas they drank 1.71±0.71 liters of water.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that both female and male university students did not meet their daily fiber requirement according to their three-day food consumption records, and the number of defecations increased as dietary fiber intake increased. Considering the positive effects of dietary fiber on health, nutrition education should be given to university students to meet their daily fiber requirements, or national nutrition education programs should be developed.

Dietary Fiber Intake Is Inversely Associated with Periodontal Disease among US Adults

Background: Approximately 47% of adults in the United States have periodontal disease. Dietary guidelines recommend a diet providing adequate fiber. Healthier dietary habits, particularly an increased fiber intake, may contribute to periodontal disease prevention.Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the relation of dietary fiber intake and its sources with periodontal disease in the US adult population (≥30 y of age).Methods: Data from 6052 adults participating in NHANES 2009–2012 were used. Periodontal disease was defined (according to the CDC/American Academy of Periodontology) as severe, moderate, mild, and none. Intake was assessed by 24-h dietary recalls. The relation between periodontal disease and dietary fiber, whole-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes were evaluated by using multivariate models, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and dentition status.Results: In the multivariate logistic model, the lowest quartile of dietary fiber was associated with moderate-severe periodontitis (compared with mild-none) compared with the highest dietary fiber intake quartile (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.69). In the multivariate multinomial logistic model, intake in the lowest quartile of dietary fiber was associated with higher severity of periodontitis than dietary fiber intake in the highest quartile (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.62). In the adjusted logistic model, whole-grain intake was not associated with moderate-severe periodontitis. However, in the adjusted multinomial logistic model, adults consuming whole grains in the lowest quartile were more likely to have more severe periodontal disease than were adults consuming whole grains in the highest quartile (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.62). In fully adjusted logistic and multinomial logistic models, fruit and vegetable intake was not significantly associated with periodontitis.Conclusions: We found an inverse relation between dietary fiber intake and periodontal disease among US adults ≥30 y old. Periodontal disease was associated with low whole-grain intake but not with low fruit and vegetable intake.

The global agenda on obesity: what does this mean for Singapore?

The global agenda on obesity: what does this mean for Singapore?

Zmiany w mikrobiomie człowieka oraz w symulatorze ludzkiego ekosystemu drobnoustrojów jelitowych (SHIME®) w odpowiedzi na dietę i suplementację probiotykami

Background. The Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) is used to study the behavior of a human microbiome in response to various factors. The aim of this study was to simultaneously demonstrate changes in the microbiome of a human volunteer and in the SHIME® system in response to a change in a diet and probiotic therapy due to a scarcity of published research with similar design. Results and conclusions. The probiotic therapy resulted in a decrease in fasting insulin and glucose (by 18 % and 13 %, respectively), while the increased fiber intake in the experimental diet seemed to reduce triglyceride, total and LDL cholesterol levels (by 27 %, 15 % and 14 %, respectively) in the volunteer's blood. Due to the improvement of the volunteer's metabolic status, changes in her microbiome were observed. Namely, the improvement of glucose homeostasis led to the occurrence of bacteria of the genus Akkermansia in the feces, while the improvement of lipid homeostasis resulted in an increase in the abundance of bacteria of the genus Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium (approx. two and four times, respectively). While changes in the microbiome diversity in the SHIME® luminal fluid (L-SHIME) and in the faeces microbiome were partially similar, the microbiome of SHIME’s intestinal wall (M-SHIME) behaved differently. The characteristic feature of both L- and M-SHIME was a microbiome that differed in its composition compared to the volunteer’s microbiome at parallel sampling points. The results of this study indicate that adjustments to the standard SHIME® experimental protocol should be made to enable the replication of the human microbiome diversity and its changes in the system.

Short-Term Effect of Additional Daily Dietary Fibre Intake on Appetite, Satiety, Gastrointestinal Comfort, Acceptability, and Feasibility.

Background: There is evidence that high-fibre diets have significant health benefits, although the effect of increasing fibre on individuals’ appetite, satiety, and gastrointestinal comfort is not well established, nor is its acceptability and feasibility. Methods: This mixed-methods feasibility randomised control trial included 38 participants allocated to one of three conditions: FibreMAX (two daily servings of 25 g of BARLEYmax®), FibreGRAD (two daily servings with the amount of fibre gradually increased), and Control (two daily servings totalling 25 g of placebo product). Participants completed a food diary at baseline. The Hunger and Fullness Questionnaire and questions regarding gastrointestinal response were completed at baseline and at the end of each week. Participants completed the acceptability of intervention measure and engaged in a semi-structured interview, following trial completion. Results: The qualitative data suggested that increased fibre influenced appetite and fullness perceptions. Baseline fibre consumption and the method of increased fibre increase did not influence our findings. The qualitative results also indicated that the fibre intake was perceived as beneficial to well-being; it influenced feelings of hunger and caused some minor acute gastrointestinal symptoms that dissipated after a short adaption period. Conclusion: This study suggests that increasing fibre intake through BARLEYmax® is a safe intervention that is acceptable to participants.

S431 Associations of Dietary Fiber and Fat Intake with Barrett’s Esophagus and Stages of Progression to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Introduction: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased dramatically over the past half century. Changes in dietary patterns over this time may partially account for this trend. Prior studies have found inverse associations between fiber intake and both Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and EAC, and studies of fat intake have reported increased risk or no association. However, it is unknown whether fiber or fat intake contribute to neoplastic progression in BE patients. Methods: We performed a multi-center case-control study of patients with and without BE. We collected demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data and categorized BE by worst degree of histology ever. Subjects completed the NCI DHQII, a validated food frequency questionnaire assessing dietary intake over the preceding 12 months. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess associations of energy adjusted fat and fiber intake with BE and with advanced neoplasia (high grade dysplasia or EAC vs. no dysplasia/indefinite/low grade dysplasia). Four models were developed: 1) fat and fiber intake; 2) Model 1 and EAC risk factors (age, sex, BMI, smoking history, family history); 3) Model 2 and aspirin and statin use; 4) reduced parsimonious model (final model: age, sex, family history). Results: We enrolled 162 subjects; 108 subjects (37 non-BE, 71 BE; 21 with advanced neoplasia) completed the questionnaire and were analyzed. Compared to controls, BE patients were older and more likely (p< 0.01) to be male, aspirin users, statin users, and ever smokers. BE patients had significantly higher energy-adjusted fiber intake but no difference in fat intake compared to controls. (Figure A-B) Adjusted for fat intake, increased fiber intake was associated with reduced odds of BE (per g/1000 kcal, OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.70-0.93), with similar associations in all the models (Table). There was no association between fat intake and BE. There was no significant association between fat or fiber intake and stages of progression to EAC (Figure C-D), and neither fat nor fiber intake was associated with advanced neoplasia in multivariable analyses. (Table) Conclusion: Fiber intake was inversely associated with BE but not with stages of progression to EAC. There was no association between fat intake and BE or dysplasia or EAC, but this may reflect our small sample size. Future larger studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which fiber may protect against the development of BE.Figure 1.: Comparisons of energy-adjusted intake of A) fat and B) fiber between BE and non-BE subjects. Comparisons of energy-adjusted intake of C) fat and D) fiber across stages of progression to EAC. Table 1. - Multivariable logistic regression models for associations between energy-adjusted fat (% kcal) and fiber (g/1000 kcal) intake with BE (vs. no BE) and with advanced neoplasia (HGD/EAC vs. ND/IND/LGD). (ORs per unit increase) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 BE Fat 1.01 (0.95- 1.08 1.03 (0.95- 1.08) 1.03 (0.94- 1.11) 1.03 (0.95- 1.11) Fiber 0.81 (0.70- 0.93) 0.82 90.67- 0.99) 0.82 (0.67-1.00) 0.80 (0.66- 0.97) Advanced neoplasia Fat 1.00 (0.93- 1.08 1.00 (0.92- 1.09) 1.02 (0.93- 1.12) 1.01 (0.98- 1.09) Fiber 0.94 (0.75- 1.18) 0.85 (0.65- 1.1) 0.87 (0.65- 1.16) 0.96 (0.75- 1.24)

S3382 Budesonide in Treating a Patient With Microscopic Enteritis

Introduction: Microscopic enteritis is an inflammatory condition in the small bowel that causes chronic diarrhea and bloating. It is associated with gluten intolerance, allergies, drug therapy, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune conditions. Despite the prevalence of risk factors for microscopic enteritis, the understanding of the disease remains limited. Case Description/Methods: A 33-year-old man with past medical history of major depressive disorder presented with chronic diarrhea. Seven months ago, he started to have 2-5 loose bowel movements daily, with Bristol stool consistency ranging from 4-7. The diarrhea did not improve with fasting and was not nocturnal, but heavy meals worsen his symptoms. The patient denied having abdominal pain, bright red blood per rectum, incontinence, weight loss, fever, or chills. The patient attempted to take pancrelipase, loperamide, probiotics, increased fiber intake, with no improvement in his symptoms. Workup was negative for tissue transglutaminase and stool culture for gastrointestinal pathogens, but significant for fecal calprotectin >200 mcg/g. Colonoscopy showed non-bleeding internal hemorrhoids, normal entire colon and terminal ileum (Figure). Pathology of the biopsy taken from the terminal ileum showed small intestinal mucosa with mild intraepithelial lymphocytes suggesting a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease vs microscopic enteritis. The patient was started on budesonide 9 mg by mouth daily for 2 months, which led to diarrhea resolving and remaining asymptomatic off the medication. Discussion: Microscopic enteritis is an inflammatory condition that affects the small bowel. It can be caused by infection, gluten intolerance, medications, or autoimmune diseases. Workup for microscopic enteritis involves testing for endomysial antibodies, anti-tissue transglutaminase, HLA typing and immunoglobulin titers. To avoid missing this diagnosis in a patient with chronic diarrhea, in addition to the common practice of random colonic biopsies to rule out microscopic colitis, intubation of the terminal ileum along with biopsies should be performed. Histologically, the epithelium in microscopic enteritis is infiltrated with lymphocytes, and lamina propria has increased eosinophils and plasma cells. Given the known response of microscopic colitis to budesonide, a trial of budesonide was started and was sufficient to resolve the patient’s symptoms and lead to complete clinical remission.Figure 1.: A. descending colon; B. ascending colon; C. ileo-cecal valve; D. terminal ileum.

The Effect of Fiber Supplementation on Chronic Constipation in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

ABSTRACTBackgroundChronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that remains challenging to treat. Studies suggest increasing fiber intake may improve symptoms, although recommendations on the fiber type, dose, and treatment duration are unclear.ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of fiber supplementation on stool output, gut transit time, symptoms, and quality of life in adults with chronic constipation via a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsStudies were identified using electronic databases, backward citation, and hand searches of abstracts. RCTs reporting administration of fiber supplementation in adults with chronic constipation were included. Risks of bias (RoB) was assessed with the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Results were synthesized using risk ratios (RRs), mean differences, or standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs using a random-effects model.ResultsSixteen RCTs with 1251 participants were included. Overall, 311 of 473 (66%) participants responded to fiber treatment and 134 of 329 (41%) responded to control treatment [RR: 1.48 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.88; P = 0.001); I2 = 57% (P = 0.007)], with psyllium and pectin having significant effects. A higher response to treatment was apparent in fiber groups compared to control groups irrespective of the treatment duration, but only with higher fiber doses (>10 g/d). Fiber increased stool frequency [SMD: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.08; P = 0.0001); I2 = 86% (P < 0.00001)]; psyllium and pectin had significant effects, and improvement was apparent only with higher fiber doses and greater treatment durations (≥4 weeks). Fiber improved stool consistency (SMD: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.46; P < 0.0001), particularly with higher fiber doses. Flatulence was higher in fiber groups compared to control groups(SMD: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.13; P < 0.00001).ConclusionsFiber supplementation is effective at improving constipation. Particularly, psyllium, doses >10 g/d and treatment durations of at least 4 weeks appear optimal, though caution is needed when interpreting the results due to considerable heterogeneity. These findings provide promising evidence on the optimal type and regime of fiber supplementation, which could be used to standardize recommendations to patients. The protocol for this review is registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020191404.

Assessment of nutritional status, dietary intake and adherence to dietary recommendations in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents.

Currently, T1D is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that more than 1.1 million children and adolescents are living with (T1D). A few studies have evaluated the relationship between dietary intake and glycemic control (GC) in people with T1D, and in particular, children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, lipid profile, inflammation, dietary intake and GC in comparison with international guidelines. The study included a sample of 240 children, aged 15 years old or less with T1D. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the socio-demographic status, disease characteristics, and diet of the participants. Weight, height, and WC were measured and WHtR and BMI were calculated. Biochemical measurements were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. Saturated fat intake was five times higher than recommended. Only 8.3% of participants reached the recommended level of fiber. Overweight, obesity, TC, TG, HDL and CRP were significantly higher in children with poor GC to those with good GC. In addition, participants with poor GC had significantly low intakes of calories, carbohydrates, fiber, MUFAs, and PUFAs and high intakes of fat and SFAs. The use of Bivariate correlation analyses showed that calorie, protein, fat and fiber intake were positively correlated with weight, height, WC, and GO, whereas carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with these parameters. On the contrary, CO showed a negative correlation with calorie, protein, fat and fiber intake and a positive correlation with carbohydrate intake. The results revealed that the dietary quality was poor and adherence to dietary recommendations was low with insufficient fiber intake and excess SFA. These results suggest that GC can be improved by a healthy, balanced diet by increasing fiber intake and limiting SFA intake. Liczba pobrań: 2.

Protein/Fiber Index Modulates Uremic Toxin Concentrations in Hemodialysis Patients.

Background: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), two uremic toxins (UTs), are associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are produced by the microbiota from the diet and excreted by the kidney. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of diet on IS and PCS concentration in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: We performed a prospective monocentric study using a seven-day diet record and determination of serum IS and PCS levels in HD patients. We tested the association between toxin concentrations and nutritional data. Results: A total of 58/75 patients (77%) completed the diet record. Mean caloric intake was 22 ± 9.2 kcal/kg/day. The protein/fiber index was 4.9 ± 1.8. No correlation between IS or PCS concentration and protein/fiber index was highlighted. In the 18 anuric patients (31%) in whom residual renal function could not affect toxin concentrations, IS and PCS concentrations were negatively correlated with fiber intake and positively correlated with the protein/fiber index. In a multivariate analysis, IS serum concentration was positively associated with the protein/fiber index (p = 0.03). Conclusions: A low protein/fiber index is associated with low concentrations of uremic toxins in anuric HD patients. Diets with an increased fiber intake must be tested to determine whether they reduce PCS and IS serum concentrations.

Pengaruh konsumsi cookies garut (Marantha arundinacea) yang mengandung glukomanan porang sebagai makanan selingan terhadap kadar kolesterol total penyandang diabetes mellitus tipe 2

Effect of consuming arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang as a snack on total cholesterol levels of people with type 2 diabetesBackground: People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a risk of dyslipidemia, which is an increase in total cholesterol levels. Dietary fiber is known to have health benefits for improving lipid profiles. Arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang is a snack with high dietary fiber content.Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of consuming arrowroot cookies as a snack for 8 weeks on the total cholesterol levels of people with type 2 diabetes.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test post-test design with control group. Subjects are type 2 diabetes patients who are registered in four Yogyakarta City Health Centers. The intervention group was given five arrowroot cookies (65 grams) as a substitute snack for 8 weeks. Arrowroot cookies contain 0.57% soluble fiber and 15.80% insoluble fiber. Fasting total cholesterol levels, nutrient intake, anthropometry, and physical activity were measured twice, at pre- (week 0) and post-intervention (8th week).Results: The average total cholesterol levels of the control group and intervention group changed with no significant difference between the two study groups. The intervention group experienced a significant increase in total cholesterol levels (p&lt;0.05) from 182.36 mg/dL to 202.55 mg/dL. There were no significant changes in anthropometric and physical activity. There was an increase in fiber intake in both groups but it was not significant for the intervention group (p=0.051).Conclusion: There was a significant change in the total cholesterol level of people with type 2 diabetes after consuming arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang as a snack for 8 weeks.

Effects of short-term feeding with high fiber diets on growth, utilization of dietary fiber, and microbiota in pigs.

Finishing pigs can adapt to high-fiber diet smoothly according to the production performance and their intestinal microbiota through a 28-day trial or longer. However, it is unclear, at which stage during the experimental period, the adaptation occurred. Here we studied the dosage effects of dietary fiber (Total dietary fiber (TDF) from 16.70 to 24.11%) on growth performance, fiber digestibility, fecal microbiota, and microbial fermentation of finishing pigs during a 14-day feeding period. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) of pigs were not affected as the dietary fiber increased. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and TDF of pigs remained unchanged when TDF was between 16.70 and 17.75%, while strikingly decreased when TDF increased from 17.75 to 24.11%. It is worth noting that increasing fiber intake seemed to favor hemicellulose digestion. In addition, the increase in fiber intake increased fecal microbial diversity, especially improved the proportion of the members of the family Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, and decreased the abundance of the genus Streptococcus. Moreover, the increase in fiber intake promoted the digestion of fiber, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and enhanced microbial pyruvate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. In conclusion, short-term high fiber feeding has no adverse effects on the growth performance of finishing pigs. ATTD of dietary fiber of finishing pigs was maintained when TDF was at 17.75%. And short-term high fiber feeding improved microbial diversity and fiber degradation functions of finishing pigs.

Intake of Resistant Starch Reduces Colonic Inflammation in the Colon of Obese, C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High Fat Diet

ObjectivesIntake of fiber has beneficial effects for gut health which may be due to short chain fatty acid (e.g., butyrate) production during colonic fermentation. In contrast, obesity and obesogenic diets are linked to increased colonic inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that increasing fiber intake reduces colonic inflammation in C57BL/6 mice fed an obesogenic diet.MethodsFour-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 5 dietary groups (n = 22/group) for 24 weeks: (1) AIN93G as a control diet (AIN); (2) a high fat diet (HFD, 45% energy fat); (3) HFD + 5% resistant starch from corn (RS); (4) HFD + 10%RS; or (5) HFD + 20%RS. We used biochemical, gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, and histological approaches to determine the effect of RS on the inflammatory status in the colon of C57BL/6 mice fed HFD.ResultsAll animals receiving HFD exhibited increases in body mass and body fat composition compared to the AIN group irrespective of RS dosage. However, the HFD + RS groups exhibited an increase in fecal butyrate content in a RS dose-dependent manner over the HFD group with 2.1- and 3.3-fold increase in the HFD + 10%RS and HFD + 20%RS groups, respectively. Consistent with butyrate's beneficial effects, there were concomitant > 0.5-fold decreases in inflammatory cell infiltration and b-catenin protein staining in the colon of animals receiving 20% RS supplementation relative to the HFD group.ConclusionsThese data indicate that even under obesogenic conditions in a mouse model, RS consumption reduces colonic inflammation.Funding SourcesThis work was supported by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, research project 3062-51,000-056-00D.

Dietary Fibre Supplementation Improves Semen Production by Increasing Leydig Cells and Testosterone Synthesis in a Growing Boar Model.

Testicular development is imperative to spermatogenesis, and pre-puberty is the key period for testis development. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of fibre supplementation on testis development and its possible mechanism in a growing boar model. Thirty Yorkshire boars were randomly divided into a control group (Control) and a fibre group (Fibre) from day 0 to 90 after weaning, with three pigs per pen and five pens per treatment. Blood and testes were collected for analysis. Dietary fibre supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance, testicular volume, or libido but increased the semen production of boars. Boars fed with fibre had lower serum cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to those on the Control diet; however, testicular CHO, triglyceride (TG), and LDL concentration in the Fibre group were significantly higher than the Control group (P < 0.01). Testicular histological analysis showed that seminiferous tubules and testicular germ cells of 120-day-old boars were densely arranged in the Fibre group, and the number of Leydig cells was significantly higher than that of the Control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the diet supplemented with fibre significantly decreased leptin, leptin receptor (Leptor), and luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations in boar serum (P < 0.05), whereas follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone concentrations were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of AMH, AMHR2, and SYCP3 genes related to proliferation and differentiation, and hormone-related genes STAR and SOCS3, were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). OCCLUDIN expression was up-regulated, whereas CDH2 expression was down-regulated. In conclusion, increased fibre intake during the pre-puberty period in growing boar is crucial for Leydig cell proliferation, up-regulating the expression of genes related to hormone synthesis and thereby promoting the secretion of testosterone and semen production.

Effects of Energy and Dietary Fiber on the Breast Development in Gilt.

To study the effects of energy and dietary fiber on breast development in gilts and its possible mechanisms, 32 gilts (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allocated into a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive a diet with low or high energy [LE: 33.37 MJ/d digestible energy (DE); HE: 41.87 MJ/d DE] and low or high fiber (LF: 0.3 kg/d dietary fiber, HF: 0.6 kg/d dietary fiber). The weight of breast tissue was recorded. The mammary glands were collected for further analyses. The high energy intake increased the relative weight of breast tissue (p < 0.05) and the content of breast fat (p < 0.05). At the same time, the oil red staining of breast slices also showed an increase in breast fat content in high-energy treatment. High energy intake increased the DNA concentration in breast tissues (p < 0.05). In addition, high energy intake increased the concentration of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol in the blood of gilts (p < 0.05), and the supplementation of high fiber tended to reduce free fatty acids, total cholesterol, and estradiol (p < 0.1). Proteomic analysis suggested that there were notable differences in the cytoskeleton, intracellular non–membrane-bounded organelle, apoptosis, receptor activity, and endopeptidase inhibitor activity in molecular function between the energy and fiber effects (p < 0.05). High fiber intake also decreased the mRNA expression of 5-HT7, Bax, and caspase-3 in the breast tissue of gilts (p < 0.05), which further confirmed the importance of fiber in regulating breast development in gilt. Our results indicate that increasing gilt energy intake improved breast weight and fat deposition and increased breast cell apoptosis. Increased fiber intake reduced breast fat deposition and breast cell apoptosis at high energy intake in gilts. These results provide a potential strategy for dietary intervention against high energy intake in gilts and even in humans.

787 THE PRUNE PROJECT: USING PRUNES AS A CONSTIPATION AID IN OLDER SURGICAL INPATIENTS

Abstract Introduction Constipation is a common and difficult issue in elderly surgical patients, often contributing to prolonged stay on inpatient wards (Sethi et al, Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:250–256). Increasing dietary fibre is a commonsense tactic to mitigate against constipation. However it is rarely formally employed on NHS wards. Prunes are beneficial in increasing fibre intake and are a natural source of sorbitol, which acts as an osmotic laxative (Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis et al, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2001;41:251–86.) Method We performed a closed-loop audit on the use of prunes in reducing constipation. We collected data from surgical inpatients over 60 years, including the number of days since bowels were last opened, and the number of laxatives that each patient was taking. Patients were then given a prune product (either 3 dried prunes, 125 mL prune juice or 70 g prune puree) three times a week. Following the intervention, the data was recollected to complete the audit cycle. Results In our cohort of 36 patients, the mean time since bowels were last opened reduced from 1.49 to 1.17 days (p = 0.1624) after introducing prunes three times a week, and the mean number of laxatives reduced from 1.81 to 1.50 (p = 0.1671). Conclusion Surgical patients are at increased risk of constipation (Davies et al, J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008; 31:561–566) due to multiple factors including immobility, poor oral intake and opiate use. Constipation is more common in the elderly (Talley et al, Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:19–25), who are also at increased risk of polypharmacy (Morin et al, Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:289–298). These results show that using prunes to aid regular bowel motion can have a positive impact on reducing pharmacy and increasing frequency of bowels opening. We hope that, by introducing tactics to promote regular bowel motions in hospital, we can reduce polypharmacy and instill good health habits post-discharge.